导图社区 连词
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连词
连词知识整理，包括：连词的作用、连词的种类（从属连词(Subordinating Conjunctions)、并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions)）。
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连词
连词的作用
虚词的一种
虚词不担任句子成分
起连接作用
连接词与词
We may be leaving today or tomorrow.
连接句与句
连接从句如that
主语从句
That she should have ignored the realistic world was natural.
宾语从句
He phoned me that he wanted to see me.
表语从句
Your fault is that you're too careless.
同位语从句
He come to the decision that he must act at once.
状语从句
I am hopeful that he will come.
Bring it closer that I may see better.
并列连词把句子连接的更加紧密和紧凑
Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
The manager was sick so I went in his place.
连词的种类
从属连词（Subordinating Conjunctions）
都引导状语从句，随其具体功能不同而继续分类
引导的句子依从前面的句子
所以从属连词后面必须跟完整句子结构
because是从属连词
后跟从句做状语
because of是（成语）介词
后可跟单词构成介词短语做状语
连词以外的从句引导词
连接代（副）词
引导主语，宾语从句等
关系代（副）词
引导定语从句
状语从句的位置
和其他状语一样，多数状语从句都放在句子后部（谓语或宾语后面）
Look before you leap.
状语从句有时也放在主语前（这时通常有一个逗号把它和主句分开）
However cold is it, she always goes swimming.
在少数情况下，状语从句也可插在主语和谓语之间，特别是它比较短的时候
Such things, whether you like it or not, do happen from time to time.
时间状语从句（Time Clauses)
When
Don't get excited when you talk.
When he comes I'll tell him about it.
while
We must strike while the iron is hot.
While I was having dinner Ann was packing.
While doing so, we decided to sell the boat.
as
As he spoke two men came up.
As she was leaving, Mr White saw her.
He smiled as he passed.
Even as a boy he was hopeless at math.
before
Look before you leap.
I slipped out before the lecture started.
Just before I left London I sent him a telegraph.
after
I arrived after he had left.
After he had said a few words, I took his floor.
untill, till
I'll take no steps until you arrive.
I propose waiting till the police get here.
It was not until I saw her next morning that I felt happy.
since
How long is it since you come to London?
Since Marie had left, Martha had married.
It was years since I had seen her.
whenever
You can borrow my car whenever you want.
Whenever he stayed home he went to bed early.
Whenever possible, they play outside.
其它类型的时间状语从句
as soon as, no sooner...than, the moment..., hardly...等词组起连词作用
Next time you come in, please close the door.
Did he tell you anything important the last time he saw you?
Now (that) you're well again to travel.
Once you have learned Spanish you will find Italian easy.
Immediately She entered, his eyes lit up.
She'll come over as soon as I've settled down.
The moment he spoke I recognized his voice.
有些如immediately, now, now that已经变成连词
条件状语从句（Conditional Clauses)
if
I must leave if that's the case.
If necessary, ring me at home.
He will come if asked.
unless
I won't write unless he writes first.
Unless I'm mistaken, I've seen that man before.
I'll go there tommorow unless it rains.
supposing
Supposing that he asks you, will you go?
Supposing his plan goes wrong, what will we do then?
suppose
Suppose she finds out, what shall we do then?
provided
I will agree to go provided(providing) (that) my expenses are paid.
providing
I'll dry the dishes, providing that you do the washing-up.
其它形式的条件状语从句
You will always have a home as long as I have anything.
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
so long as, in case, even if都起连词作用
目的状语从句（Purpose Clauses)
in order that
He left early in order that his children would not be alone in the house.
so that
He looked down so that she should not see his eyes.
so
Can't you fix it some how so you could stay longer?
Check carefully, so any mistakes could be caught.
that
She did it that he might go free.
I tell you this that you may not shrink from the responsibility.
lest（唯恐）
He hurried on, lest she should meet him again.
He was very cautious lest he should be discovered by his wife.
其它类型的目的状语从句
for fear(that), in case起连词作用
She didn't dare to call me for fear they might hear us.
Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold.
结果状语从句（Result Clauses)
so...that
He was too young so that you must excuse him.
He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door.
They were so tired (that) they could do nothing but yawn.
such...that
They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their houce.
There was such a fraught, it's no wonder he caught a cold.
so that
表“因此”
One of her lungs is affected so that she has to rest.
It fell under my desk, so that I couldn't see it.
so
所以其及时从属连词又是并列连词
怎么用都对
It was too dark so I couldn't see very well.
She felt very tired so she went to bed early.
原因状语从句（Reason Clauses)
because
because只是从属连词
Because it was wet he took a taxi.
He was worried because he hadn't had any letter from her.
Why aren't you coming with us? -----Because I have got a bad headache.
as
As Davud had a passion for wakling, we started off on foot.
We don't go there much now, as we are going away so soon.
since
Since they've obviously forgotten to phone me, I'll have to telephone them.
He was not prepared for the question, since he had not make up his mind.
其它类型的原因状语从句
由seeing(that), considering (that), now(that)等引导
Seeing that he's been ill all week, he's unlikely to come.
Considering you've only been studying for a year, you speak English very well.
Now you're here, you may make yourself useful.
很多形容词后的that从句也起原因状语作用（that 有时可省略）
She was glad that she had controlled herself.
He felt ashamed that he had done so little.
I am awfully sorry that this has happened.
让步状语从句（Concessive Clauses)
although
Although(though) everyone played well, we lost the game.
He said they were married, although I'm sure they aren't.
I didn't know that then, although I learned it later.
He's very lovable although not at all tidy.
though
Though times were changed, Bossily was still Bossily.
Though he was going to Edinburgh, be was in no hurry.
It is right for us to go, though I left all for Gerry to decide.
Though not large, the room was light and airy.
The girl, though plain, had a kind face.
even though
He's an honest man even though I have opposed him.
She still loved him even though he had treated her so badly.
even if
I wouldn't do it, even if you paid me a thousand pounds.
I'm going to expose him even if he's brother of mine.
while
While they are my neighbors, I don't know them well.
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
其它类型的让步状语从句
Intelligent as she was, she had not much in sight.
She was unable to make much progress, hard as she tried.
However cold it is, he always goes swimming.
方式状语从句（Clauses of Manner)
as
You ought to do as I tell you.
When in rome, do as the Romans do.
Shelley, as we had seen, had met her through his uncle.
As expected. the afforestation movement rapidly spread.
like
She can't draw like her sister can.
Do it like I tell you.
She behaves like she owns the place.
It looks like I'll be late today.
as if
She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something.
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
as though
We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing.
I remember it vividly as though it were tonight.
however
Arrange your hours however you like.
In one's own home one can act however he wishes.
the way
He doesn't speak the way I do.
I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
地点状语从句（Place Clauses)
Where
I'll drive you where you're going.
Please keep sitting where you are.
Put in an article where necessary.
wherever
Wherever he goes, there's always a spy hanging about.
We'll go wherever you say.
everywhere
Everywhere they appeared there were ovations.
You see it everywhere you look.
no matter where
No matter where you now are in writing, you can improve with practice.
keep your mobile phone with you no matter where you are.
比较状语从句（Clauses of Comparison)
than
You sing better than I do.
They work harder than we do.
It was more expansive than we thougt.
There was more casualties than was reported.
as
You know as much about as I do.
I haven't done as much as I should have liked.
They're as firm as one could expect.
Martin was as impatient as he was stubborn.
That's not so simple as it sounds.
比较状语从句常有省略，只剩下单词或词组
They are wiser than us.
It is even colder than yesterday.
He was more lucky than clever.
Harder beds are healthier than soft ones.
其它非状语从句
that，whether
引导主语从句，宾语从句
that
She always complains that he is down on her.
I'll prove to the world that he was right.
It's natural that they should have different views.
That you're comming to China is the best news I have heard this long time.
whether
I don't know whether you like flowers.
I'll see whether I can include him to accept it.
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
引导表语从句或同位语从句
that
The fact is that he doesn't really try.
The reason was that he was afraid.
I have a feeling that our team is going to win.
He came to the decision that he must act at once.
whether
His first question was whether holmes had arrived yet.
The point is whether we ought to recommend him.
They rised the question whether we ought to call in a specialist.
用在形容词后
It's doubtful whether we'll be able to come.
secretly he was pleased that Jennie should have this fine chance.
I am certain that I posted the letter.
He wasn't sure whether he ought to laugh or cry.
if
引导宾语从句
I wonder if it's large enough.
He asked if I would show him the way.
并列连词 （Coordinating Conjunctions）
连接两个互不依从的词，短语或分句
连接两个互不依从（并列）的成分
并列成分不一定是句子，可以是单词或短语
ex.
Slow but sure.
She'll be back either this week or next week.
I went and she went also.
表示转折意思的连词
but, yet, however, nevertheless
用法
but
主要连接两个并列的分句
All this he did, but it had no effect at all.
James hasn't got a car, but his sister has.
She's been learning Italian for six years, but she doesn't speak it very well.
I'd love to come but I can't make it till 8 o'clock.
有时也可连接两个其它的并列成分
The weather wll be sunny but cold.
The fox may grow grey, but never good.
He no longer felt despondent, but happy and hopeful.
He is not a novelist, but a dramatist.
They see the trees, but not the forest.
有时还可引导状语
He tried to save it, but in vain.
He glanced about, but seeing only the empty room.
yet(仍）
主要连接两个分句
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now.
They are ugly and expensive, yet people buy them.
有时连接两个形容词
It is strange, yet true.
The judge was stern, yet complete fair.
有时还可与and和but一起用
I offered him still more, and yet he wasn't satisfied.
She's a funny girl, but yet you can't help liking her.
however, nevertheless, still等副词也可起连接作用
however
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind.
Scales are poor this month. There may, however, be an increase before Christmas.
I'll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it.
nevertheless
They hadn't trained hard, nevertheless(but)they won.
He's charming; nevertheless, I don't trust him.
He was angry, nevertheless(however) he listened to me.
still
You did wrong. Still, I'm ready to forgive you.
It's raining; still I'd like to go.
He is naughty, but still you cannot help liking him.
all the same(尽管）
Nobody wishes you harm, (but) they down you all the same.
She is naughty, all (just) the same we have to laugh at her jokes.
表示因果关系的连词
for, so, therefore, hence
for
表“因为”， 引导分句而不是从句：对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开。
在书面语中常见，口语中多用 because, as, since等
The days were short, for it was now December.
He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn.
The children soon lost their way, for they had never been in the forest before.
还可以表为什么有前面的看法，此时不能用because,as, since
It must have rained in the night for when I woke the next morning I saw the grass wet.
She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast.
so
表结果，可译为“因此”，“所以”
Nobody seemed about, so I went in.
The play began at eight, so they must dine at seven.
She felt very tired so she went to bed early.
Our cases were heavey, so we took a taxi.
副词起连词作用
therefore, 和so同样的意思，比较文气一点
可以看出可用and再加一个这种副词
双重连词
可以放在分句前
There is fog at Heathrow; therefore the plane has been diverted.
It rained; therefore the game was called off.
可以插在句子中间
即是副词，也起连词作用，联系上一句话让句子结构更缜密
He's out of the country and therefore unable to attend the meeting.
He had finished the Time, there was therefore nothing to do.
He had gone; she therefore gave the mony to me.
hence， 和so，therefore同意，多用在理性文章表达中
多用在句子和分句的开头
My mother is by herself; hence I must go home now.
Microwaves have got cheaper and hence more people can afford it.
Hence he was annoyed by many unwelcome attentions.
有时后面只跟一个动词
The town was built on the side of a hill, hence the name Hillside.
I fell off my bike yesterday----hence the bruise.
其他并列连词
and, or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, both...and, as well as
并列成分自由度最高
用法
and和or
连接并列成分
两个并列的动词
We were singing and dancing all evening.
He started to shout and swear.
You can walk up or take the cable car.
He never smokes or drinks.
两个并列的名词，形容词, 副词
Father and son went to New York by a morning train.
She was sweet and amiable.
Read it slowly and clearly.
Would you like fish or beef?
It's now or never, shall we chance it?
两个并列的分句（句子）
I said it and I meant it.
He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.
Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first?
Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later?
特别意思
and可连接两个分句，表示“只要...就”
Utter one word, and you are a dead man.
Go straight on and you'll see a church.
Give him an inch and he will take a mile.
or可连接分句，表示“否则”
He had to have a job or (he would) go hungry.
Have a care what you say or you may regret it.
Don't drive so fast or you'll have an accident.
either...or...
Either Tim or his brother has to shovel the snow.
She's either French or Spanish.
neither...nor
He can neither read nor write.
both...and
You've given both your uncle and my self a lot of trouble.
He both speaks and writes Swahili.
as well as
John can speak Chinese as well as French.
We shall travel by night as well as by day.
The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into cities.
It is a political as well as an economic question.
not only... but also
He not only did the shopping but also cook the meal.
The cuts will affect not only the school but also other schools in this area.
Not only was my mother unhappy, but Marian, too
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily