主语

主语知识整理，包括：可能的词类、几个复杂主语（动名词、it、主语从句、There引导的句子）。

主语

• 可能的词类
  • 名词
    • Another rocket is going to be launched next week.
    • Are there other universities outside our own?
  • 代词
    • Who's on the phone?
    • Nobody knows the answer.
  • 数词
    • Two-thirds of them are college students.
    • First went to the Chinese team.
  • 动名词
    • Reading French is eathier than speaking it.
    • There's no knowing how long he'll be away.
  • 不定式
    • To compromise appears advisable.
    • It is an offence to drop litter in the street.
  • 词组
    • To each acording to his work is a socialist principle.
    • "Safety First" is our slogan.
  • 从句
    • What she saw gave her a little fright.
    • Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.
  • 名词化的其他词类
    • A is the first letter of the English alphabet.
    • The well-to-do had their cares also.
  • 副词，介词短语（仅限口语）
    • Slowly is exactly how he speaks.
    • Out on the lake will be all right.
    • Between 8 and 9 will suit me.
• 几个复杂主语
  • 动名词
    • 可直接作主语
      • Dancing bored him.
      • Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof.
      • Keeping hens is her hobby.
      • Thus rowing is a sport.
      • Going to the movies is a popular past time.
    • 有时前可有一代词或名词所有格所表示其逻辑上的主语
      • Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
      • Mary's grumbling annoyed him.
      • 有时还可名词化，前面带有冠词
        • The reading of the will took place in the lawyer's office.
        • A ringing of bells marks the end of the old years.
    • 有时可用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放到动词后面去
      • It's no use asking me.
      • Is it any good trying?
      • It doesn't matter throwing that away.
  • it
    • 用it作人称代词（Personal Pronoun)
      • it最基本的用法是做人称代词，主要代表刚提到的东西以避免重复
        • Look at the car. It's going much too fast.
        • Did the black snake frighten you? ----Yes, it did.
      • 也可代表抽象的事物
        • It's all my fault.
        • It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.
      • 也可以指动物或未知性别的婴儿
        • Is this your dog? No it isn't.
        • What a beautiful baby ---- is it a boy?
      • 还可代表一个彼此都知其所指的东西
        • Does it itch much?
        • Where does it hurt?
        • It's meingitis.
    • 用it作非人称代词 (impersonal it)
      • 可指
        • 天气
          • It's sunny.
          • It's a lovely day.
        • 时间
          • It's Tuesday today.
          • It's the third of June.
        • 环境
          • It gets very crowded here in the summer.
          • It's getting so dark.
        • 距离
          • How far is it to Kunming?
          • It's 2 miles to the beach.
    • 用 it强调构成的分裂句（Cleft Sentence)
      • 用分裂结构（Cleft Structure）表示对句子的某一步分加以强调： it+动词be+强调部分+who(m)或that+其他部分
      • 在强调主语时，可用who(间或用that)引导后面的部分
        • 若主语不是人则需用that
        • It was Peter who lent us the money.
        • Was it you who (that) broke the window?
      • 在强调介词宾语时
        • 若是人，则关系代词用whom，间或用that.
          • It's Tom whom you should ask.
          • It's me that he blamed.
        • 若是物，则需用that.
          • It's money that they want.
          • It was a key that I found there.
      • 在强调状语时后边多用that
        • It was on Monday night that all this happened.
        • It's today that he's going.
      • 在口语中，who, that这类关系代词有时省略
        • It was you I thought of all the time.
        • I think it was Goethe said that.
      • 有些否定句也可改成这种强调结构
        • I didn't hear from her until last summer.
        • It wasn't until last summer that I heard from her.
      • 问句也可变成这种结构
        • Who called him "comrade"?
        • Who was it that called him "comrade"?
    • 先行主语it(Preparatory Subject)
      • 功能：作形式主语，不致于把主语拉太长，显得头重脚轻。
      • 移到后边的主语常为不定式
        • 句子的谓语可以是
          • be + 形容词 + 不定式
            • It is easy to criticize others.
              • 原: To criticize others is easy.
          • be+名词+不定式
            • It was his duty to take care of the orphans.
          • be+介词短语+不定式
            • It's not within my power to help them.
          • 及物动词+宾语+不定式
            • It cost 100 dollars to repair the car.
        • 不定式前有时可有for引导的短语，表示其逻辑上的主语
          • What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?
      • it有时也代指动名词主语
        • 句子的谓语可以是
          • be+名词
            • It's no use studying for an exam at the last minute.
          • be+形容词
            • It's hopeless trying to convince her.
          • 其它结构
            • It doesn't matter waiting a few more days.
    • 其它用法
      • it还可表示“是谁（在某处或做某事）“
        • Who is that(it)?----It's me.
        • Is that Tom over there? ----No, it's Peter.
      • 还可以泛指某件事
        • It says here there was a big fire in SoHo.
        • Isn't it awful !
  • 主语从句
    • 由that引导的主语从句
      • 较少放在句首，通常为了强调或避免谓语较长
        • That prices will go up is certain.
        • That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village.
      • 绝大部分主语从句都借助先行主语放到句子后面去
        • 带先行主语的句子主要有如下几类
          • it+be+形容词+that从句
            • It is natural that they should have different views.
          • it+be+名词+that从句
            • It's a shame (that) you're sick.
          • it+动词（+宾语或状语）+that从句
            • It happened that she wasn't in that day.
          • it+动词的被动语态+that从句
            • It's said that there has been an earthquake in India.
          • it+动词Be+that从句
            • It may be that you'll prove yourself the most suitable man.
          • 在口语中that有时可以省略
            • It was clear his words pleased her.
    • 由连接代（副）词引导的主语从句
      • 可放在句首
        • When he'll be back depends much on the weather.
        • How it was done was a mystery.
        • Who is to be sent there hasn't been decided.
        • Whether we'll succeed remains to be seen.
      • 也可借助先行主语it把从句放到句子后部去（用得多一些）
        • 四类结构
          • it+be+形容词+从句
            • It was not clear to me why he behaved like that.
          • it+be+名词+从句
            • It was a mystery how the burglars got it.
          • it+动词（+宾语或状语）+从句
            • It doesn't matter much where we live.
            • It makes no difference whether we go by train or by boat.
          • it+动词的被动语态+从句
            • It is not yet settled wheather I am going to America.
    • 由关系代词型what或whatever引导的从句
      • 关系代词型what也常可以引导从句作主语
        • What you said is perfectly true.
        • What wll be, will be.
      • whatever, whoever这类词也可以引导主语从句
        • Whatever she did was right.
        • Whoever comes will be welcome.
  • There引导的句子
    • 真正的主语
      • 不是there,在后面
        • There is a rainbow in the sky.
        • There's no problem.
        • There's been a gentleman here asking to see you.
      • 构成问句时，there作形式主语，真正的主语在后面
        • Are there many parks in the city?
        • Is there a car-park nearby?
      • 动词和主语保持一致
        • There's a television in the sitting-room.
        • There're a number of swans on the lake.
        • 若有两个或更多主语，动词一般和最近一个保持一致
          • There was a sofa and two armchairs.
          • There is a boy and two girls dancing on the meadow.
        • 有时也可和所有主语保持一致
          • There were one or two chaps there.
          • In addition to her, there were Mr. and Mrs. Delby.
    • there+动词be
      • be作谓语动词，用于各种时态
        • 有各种灵活译法，表示发生某事，有时不宜译作“有”
          • There was thunder in the air.
          • Then there would be a plebiscite.
          • I hope there will be a change in the weather.
          • There was no wind that night.
        • Where there's a will, there is a way.
        • There was little change in him.
        • There has ben no rain today.
        • There'll be a concert in the park tonight.
      • 在主语后有时有修饰语
        • There're ten people coming to dinner.
        • There're a lot of difficulties facing us.
      • there可和to be和being 一道用
        • You wouldn't want there to be another world war.
        • Is it possible for there to be any more trouble?
    • there+复合谓语
      • there 后面可跟由情态动词和be构成的复合谓语
        • There may be another demonstration tonight.
        • There must be something wrong with it.
      • 谓语也可能是由不定式构成的复合谓语
        • Is there going to be any activity tonight?
        • There used to be a cinema here.
        • There seems to be something the matter with her.
    • there+不及物动词
      • there后面有时可跟别的动词（通常为不及物动词）
        • Once upon a time, there lived a fishman on the iland.
      • 有时状语放在前头
        • At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.
      • 有时状语插在主语和谓语之间
        • Subtopic