英语语法Basic Parts of a Sentence

英语语法Basic Parts of a Sentence中有关句子成分的知识点，包含主谓宾定状补部分相关知识。

Basic Parts of a Sentence

• The basic parts of a sentence include subject, predicate, object, complement, attribute and adverbial 句子的基本成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语和状语
  • A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence has two basic parts: a subject and a predicate，the two parts can be thought of as the topic and the comment.
    • subject主语 （主题）
      • A subject is the thing about which the speaker or writer is speaking or writing. It is the topic, the theme, the gist or the focus of a sentence. It usually comes first in a sentence. 主语通常是句子叙说的对象，即话题
      • Subjects are nouns and other forms that can function as nouns, such as pronouns(介词), clauses（从句）, infinitiyes（不定式） and geryndsg（动名词） . 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词或具有名词功能的代词、名词性从句、不定式和动名词充当。主语是说话人或写作者想要表达的对象，是句子的话题、 主题或重点，通常放在句子的开头
      • Most sentences have subjects that can be easily found; however, some contain subjects that are more elusive.Each of the following four sentence patterns deserves a closer look. (难找的主语)绝大多数句子的主语都不难找， 但有些句子的主语却不太容易确定以下四种句型的主语需要特别留意。
        • There/Here be .… 存在句
          • Most frequently, a subject comes first in a sentence and goes before a predicate. However, sentences may be built so that the predicate comes before the subject. One way to make such a sentence is to begin a sentence with there or here. Notice the placement of subjects in the following examples. The subjects are underlined once and the verbs twice 存在句是英语中常见的句子结构。它以引导词there开始，后接动词be的各种形式，再后才是主语， 主语之后又常有表地点和时间的状语。动词be具有“存在”之意，所以是一实义动词。存在句中的be也可以用其他表示存在概念的不及物动词替代。
            • Here is your ticket. Here are the children. There are lots of pine trees in the park.
        • Imperative sentences 祈使句
          • An imperative sentence gives an order or command, or makes a request. The subject you is understood and does not need to be stated. Obviously, the word you means the person (subject) being ordered or commanded 祈使句是用来发出命令或指示， 提出要求、建议、劝告等的句子。它以动词原形开头，第二人称主语you 通常省略
            • (You) shut up! Show me your passport. (You) show me your passport.
        • Imterrogative sentences 疑问句
          • An interrogative sentence asks a question, usually ending with a question mark. When you build questions, you place an auxiliary/helper verb before the subject and the base verb after 疑问句是用来提出问题的句子、 通常以问号结尾。主语放在助动词与主动词之间
            • Have you applied for the job? Did Jim fìnish his project and hand it in early? When did the witness report the accident?
        • Inverted sentences 例装句(动词谓语在主语前)
          • An inverted sentence is built in such a way that the predi-cate comes before the subject. It serves to add emphasis to the subject. An inverted sentence usually begins with a prepositional phrase（介词短语） 倒装句是将谓语置于主语之前的句子，用来强调主语，通常以介词短语开头
            • Along country roads grow many flowers. On the floor is your homework assignment. Down the steps of the palace walks the journalist.
    • predicate谓语（评述）
      • A predicate is the“doing" or “being” part of a sentence, expressing the action performed by the subject or its state of being. The predicate is what is said about the subject. 谓语是对主语的描述
      • Predicates are the parts of sentences containing the verbs, as well as other words such as direct objects（直接宾语）, predicate nouns（谓语名词）, predicate adjectives（谓语形容词）, and adverbs（副词） or adverbial phrases（状语短语）. The predicate, in short, is everything that is not the subject.（in a simple sentence） 谓语是除主语之外，包括动词在内的所有其他句子成分，是对主语的动作或状态所做的陈述或说明。它表达主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，一般在主语之后，是句子结构和语义解释的中心。分析句子通常从谓语动词着手
      • The predicate, at its core, is a verb that tells what the subject does or is. A verb often consists of more than one word. 谓语的核心是（谓语）动词，谓语动词通常由几个词组成。谓语动词是句子结构和语义的中心
        • • The verb that expresses the subject's action or state of being is called the main verb 表达主语行为或状态的动词叫主动词
          • The word that accompanies the main verb is called an auxiliary or helper verb. It helps the main verb express mood or time by forming various tenses 辅助主动词表达语气或时态的词叫助动词
        • • An action verb expresses an action, such as do, act, make, walk, take, break, react, write, see, say, buy, build and so on. 行为动词
          • A linking verb links or joins the subject of a sentence (often a noun or a pronoun) with a noun, a pronoun or an adjective that identifies or describes the subject. It does not express action, but rather the existence or state of being of the subject. 系动词不表示行为动作，本身虽然也有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等
            • 系动词
              • 1) expressing judgment or change: be, get, turn, prove 表判断或变化的
              • 2) indicating five senses of humans: look, feel, smell, taste, sound 表五官感受的
              • 3) “GRABS”: grow, remain, appear, become, seem 其他
  • Generally, verbs may be divided into two categories: linking verbs and action verbs. Both may require a word to complete their meaning. We call such a word complement(补语).
    • predicative表语（subject complement）
      • A noun, pronoun or adjective that follows a linking verb is called a predicative. It points back to the subject to rename it, to identify it or to describe it further 表语是谓语的一部分，位于系动词之后，说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态，一般由名词、代词、形容词和介词短语等充当
      • The complement of a linking verb is called a predicative or a subject complement, which renames or describes the subject. 系动词的补语叫表语或主语补足语，用来描述或补充说明主语
        • My favorite playwright is William Shakespeare. Mark Twain became a steamboat pilot. She felt uneasy in the crowd.
    • object宾语
      • The complement of an action verb is called an object. The subject performs the action, and the object receives the action. 行为动词的补语叫宾语。主语是行为的发出者，宾语是行为的接受者
      • Sometimes action verbs have two different objects: a direct object and an indirect object. The direct object receives the action, while the indirect object receives the direct object. 有时行为动词有两个不同的宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是行为的接受者，而间接宾语是直接宾语的接受者
        • • indirect object间接宾语
            • Usually, the preposition "to" or "for" may be put in front of the indirect bject, but then the resulting prepositional phrase should follow he direct object. 通常，间接宾语前可加介词to或for，表示行为对象，放在直接宾语的后面
          • direct object直接宾语
      • 宾语补足语
        • Different from the indirect object, an object complement is used to complete the meaning of the direct object. In general, it comes immediately after the direct object,to identify or describe it. 与间接宾语不同，宾语补足语用来补充直接宾语的意思，一般紧直接宾语，对其说明或描述
          • No one considered him an expert. The bouquet of flowers made his girlfriend happy.
        • Some verbs that usually have object complements include appoint, make, consider, call, elect, name, think, choose, find and prove.
  • adverbials状语
    • Adverbials indicate time, place, manner and reasons. They answer such questions as when, where, how and why. Adverbials may be adverbs,prepositional phrases or adverbial clauses. 状语表示时间、地点、方式和原因，用来回答“何时”、“何地”、“怎样”以及“为什么”等问题。副词、介词短语或状语从句都可以做状语
    • As a rule, long adverbials are placed at the end of a sentence, while short adverbials may be placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end. Adverbs are often placed between two parts of a verb 一般说来，状语太长则放在句末，而短的状语可置于句子开头、 中间或末尾
      • The train will arrive tomorrow morning. He had carefully driven his car to the station. Very soon she knew the full story.