导图社区 第十三课下What Is Money and What Are I思维导图
- 89
- 0
- 0
- 举报
第十三课下What Is Money and What Are I思维导图
这是一篇关于第十三课下What Is Money and What Are Its的思维导图
编辑于2022-09-04 17:33:27
- 相似推荐
- 大纲
What Is Money and What Are Its Functions? 金钱及金钱的功用是什么？
课文
Money is something you've been familiar with throughout your life. In fact, you may already consider yourself an expert on the subject. You regularly use money to measure the value of things you own. You also have some of it in your pocket and in bank accounts. It might surprise you to learn that there's a great deal of disagreement among economists about what money is and how to measure it. Money serves a number of functions, and any definition of money must consider all of its functions.
钱是人一生中所非常熟悉的东西。实际上，很可能你已经认为自己就是这方面的专家了。你总是用钱来衡量你所拥有的一切东西的价值。你的口袋里和银行往来帐户上也总是有一定数量的钱。可是经济学家们对于金钱是什么，对于怎样来衡量金钱，却有许许多多不同的意见，你若知道了这一情况或许会大吃一惊。钱的功能和作用有很多，给金钱所下的任何定义必须能把金钱的一切功用都包括进去。
The four major functions of money are as a medium of exchange, a standard of value, a standard of deferred payment, and a store of value.
钱的四种主要的功能和作用就是：交易媒介、价值标准、赊账标准、价值储备。
A Medium of Exchange. As a generally accepted medium of exchange, money rules out the need for barter, the direct exchange of one item for another. Barter is a very inconvenient means of trading because it requires the double coincidence of wants. A seller with a good or service to offer must search for a buyer who has exactly what the seller desires. For example, if a baker wants meat, he must search for a person who sells meat and wants bread under a barter system. Because money is generally accepted as payment for may purchase, a baker who sells bread for money can use the money to buy meat or anything else he wants.
交易媒介。因为一般人都把金钱当然交易媒介，这就不必再进行物物交换了，即不必再以一种商品去交换另一种商品了。物物交换是一种很不方便的交易方式，因为买卖双方的需要都能吻合才行。想出售商品或劳务的卖主必须搜找这样一个买家，在这个买家手里正好有卖主想要得到的东西。例如，用物物交换的交易方式，如果一个卖面包的想要得到肉，那他就必须找一个想得到面包的卖肉的人才能交易。因为钱是一般人都能接受的一种购买任何商品的支付手段，所以一个卖面包的，卖了面包得到了钱，就可以用钱去买肉或者去买他所想买的任何别的东西。
A Standard of Value. Money provides a unit of account that serves as a standard to measure value. The value of an item is a measure of what a person will sacrifice to obtain it. How much is a two-week vacation in Hawaii worth to you? If you're like most people, you'll probably respond to such a question by valuing the vacation in dollars - way $2,000 - rather than in terms of other things (like your car). Whether or not you're conscious of it, you're constantly valuing items in dollars. As a standard of value, money allows the addition of values of many different items as automobiles, repairs, and all other goods and services. The concept of GNP is useless without a standard of value such as the dollar.
价值标准。钱是一种计算单位，用这个计算单位可作为衡量价值的标准。一件商品的价值要由一个人为得到该商品应付多少钱来衡量。一个人到美国夏威夷州去度假两周该花多少钱？如果你像大多数人一样，也许你若回答度这一次假的价值的问题，你会用钱数来回答，比如你回答说$2000，而不会用其他东西的（例如汽车）的数字来回答。不管你意识到没有，反正你总是用美元来衡量某些开支项目的价值。金钱，作为价值标准，能把许多不同的开支项目，比如各种汽车、大修理费和所买的其他所有的商品和劳务费用，加到一起，总共花了多少钱。如果没有像美元之类的价值标准，那么国民生产总值这类概念就毫无用处。
A standard of Deferred Payment. Many contracts involve promises to pay sums of money in the future. The unit of account for deferred payment of debts is also money. If you borrow money to buy a car, the loan contract specifies how much you must pay back every month and the number of months required to satisfy your obligation. However, money serves its function as a standard of deferred payment only if its purchasing power remains fairly constant over time. If the price level rises, the future purchasing power of money over time will go down. Similarly, a decrease in the price level will increase the future purchasing power of money.
赊账标准。许多合同里都有保证将来分几次付款的诺言。分期付款债务的计算机单位也是钱。如果你贷款去买一辆汽车，那么借贷合同上就规定了你每月要偿还多少钱，规定了你偿清债务所需的月份数字。可是，只有在金钱的购买力在一段时间内保持相对稳定的条件下，金钱才能起到赊账延期支付标准的作用。如果物价水平在上涨，那么在将来的一段时期内金钱的购买力就会下降。同样道理，如果物价水平在下降，那么金钱的购买力就会上涨。
A Store of Value. Money can also serve as a store of value that can be quickly converted to good and services. Money as the actual medium of exchange is completely liquid, meaning it can immediately be converted to goods and services without any inconvenience or cost. Other assets that serve as stores of value must first be sold to be converted into a generally accepted medium of exchange. There are often costs and inconvenience associated with liquidating other assets.Holding money as a store of value thus can reduce the transaction costs involved in everyday business.
价值储存。金钱也能起到储存价值的作用，所储存的价值可以迅速转化成商品或者劳务。金钱既然是实际上的交易媒介，它是完全可以流通的。也就是说金钱可以立即转换成任何商品或任何劳务而不会有任何不便之处，不须付出任何代价。可是其他资产若作为价值储存起来，要想转换就必须首先把它卖掉，这才能使之转换成一般人都能接受的交易媒介，而在变卖其他资产时，还经常要支出一些附加费用，这很不方便。可是有了具有储存价值的金钱，就可以免去了日常买卖中的交易费用。
New words
同意
agree
[əˈɡriː]
v. 同意，赞成; 商定; 意见一致，相符; （食物）不对胃口; （地方、经历）适宜;
前缀a- 同ad-,去，往。-gree指“使愉悦”，来自拉丁语gratum, 同词根grat,满意，见gratify, 使满意的。同源词grace（优雅）、congratulate（祝贺；“同乐”）。
agreement
[əˈɡriːmənt]
n. 协定; 意见一致，相符; 同意; 协议书; 呼应;
disagree
[ˌdɪsəˈɡriː]
v. 不同意; 不一致;
disagreement
[ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt]
n. 反对意见; 争执; 不相符;
经济
economy
[ɪˈkɒnəmi]
n. 经济; 经济制度; 节约;
-eco-家 + -nomy, 学说，管理。原指管理“家”的学问，后指经济学。
词根eco(ecu,oce) = house（家）
来源于希腊文 oikos(=house) 意为 house “房屋，家”。词根eco 加上希腊词 nomos（管理）同义词根有来自拉丁语的cas。
词根 nom(y) = 学，术，法，治
来源于希腊语 nomos 法律；词根 -nim- = -nym- = -nom-(name)，即该词根来源于 -nim- 或 -nym- 的变体；
有同形异义词根：-nom- 名，如：nominate 提名这；
有同类词根（在学校学习做学问）：-schol- / -school- 学校 / 学问，来源于拉丁语，如：school 学校 / 学院 / 学派、scholar 学者
economic
[ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk]
adj. 经济的; 经济学的; 有利可图的;
economical
[ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl]
adj. 经济的; 节约的; 简洁的; 精打细算的;
economist
[ɪˈkɒnəmɪst]
n. 经济学家;
economize
[ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz]
v. 节省；节约；节俭;
交换
change
[tʃeɪndʒ]
n. 变化，变革; 替代物; 找零; 硬币; 换车;
v. 变化; 更换; 交换; 给(婴儿)换尿布; 转乘; 兑换(货币); 换挡;
来自PIE*kemb, 弯，转。词源同camp, cant, chamber.
exchange
[ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ]
v. 交换; 交流; 更换;
n. 交换; 交谈; 争吵; 货币兑换; 互访; 交易大厅;
ex-, 向外。change, 改变。
付款
pay
[peɪ]
v. 付款; 偿还; 盈利; 划算; 付代价;
n. 薪水;
来自古法语paier,支付，来自拉丁语pacare,平息，安抚，使满意，来自pacis,和平，平静，词源同peace,pacify.
payer
[ˈpeɪə(r)]
n. 付款人，交款人;
tax payer
payment
[ˈpeɪmənt]
n. 支付，付款; 款项; 报答;
peace
[piːs]
n. 和平; 和平运动; 宁静; 平静; 和谐;
pacify
[ˈpæsɪfaɪ]
vt. 使（某人）安静; 息怒; 抚慰; 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平;
方便
convene
[kənˈviːn]
v. 召集，集合; 开会;
con-, 强调。-ven, 走，词源同advent, venue. 即来到一起，召集会议。
词根 ven,vent = to come 来
恺撒大帝在泽拉战役中著名捷报中用了三个双音节拉丁词汇：veni,vidi,vici [weːniː wiːdiː wiːkiː](即我来，我见，我征服)在文法上，是三个动词：来、见、征服的第一人称完成式。形成了三个重要的词根，即：ven,vid,vic（来、见、征服），由这三个词根组成的单词非常多。
ven来源于拉丁语 venire 的不定式词干，vent来源于venire的动名词词干。它们表示to com来或to happen 发生。
convenient
[kənˈviːniənt]
adj. 实用的; 方便的; 附近的; 省事的;
来自convene, 召集。原指召集到一起协调，使一致，使方便。
convenience
[kənˈviːniəns]
n. 方便; 带来方便的事物; 便利设施; 公共厕所;
inconvenient
[ˌɪnkənˈvi:niənt]
adj. 不方便的; 打扰人的，麻烦的; 不便;
inconvenience
[ˌɪnkənˈviːniəns]
n. 不方便; 麻烦; 为难之处; 麻烦事;
vt. 给…带来不便; 给…添麻烦; 打扰; 使为难;
牺牲
sacrifice
[ˈsækrɪfaɪs]
n. 牺牲; 舍弃; 祭品;
v. 牺牲; 舍弃; 献祭;
-sacr-神圣的 + -i- + -fic-做,作 + -e → 使其(变得)神圣。 词源同 fact,benefice.
单词sacrifice原本是个宗教术语，意思是为了向神灵表达敬意，向其贡献祭品，尤其是人或动物的生命。sacrifice由sacri和fice构成，sacri与sacred（神的）同源，fice与词根fact（做，从事）同源，所以sacrifice的字面意思就是“为神做的事”。
同时发生
coincide
[ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd]
v. 同时发生; 一致; 重叠;
co-, 强调。in-, 使。-cid, 掉落，词源同case, accident.
cid,cad,cas = to fall（落下,降临）
来源于拉丁语的cadere 意为 to fall。同义词根有来源于拉丁语的laps和来源于希腊语的pto。
coincident
[kəʊˈɪnsɪdənt]
adj. <正>同时发生的; （时间上）巧合的; 相符的; 一致的;
coincidence
[kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns]
n. 巧合; 同时存在; 相同;
What a coincidence!
回答
respond
[rɪˈspɒnd]
v. 回答，回复; 作出反应; 有改进;
re-回,向后 + -spond-允诺,约定 词源同 spouse,correspond.
词根spon,spond,spons(spous) = to promise 承诺
来自拉丁语的spondere(=to promise,to answer),spondere 过去分词为sponsus,spond/spons的变形为spous。词根spond,spons 为 spon 的变体,有异形同义词根: jur,vot,vout,vow 承诺,发誓。
spouse
[spaʊs]
n. 配偶，夫或妻;
就来自拉丁语sponsus，本意就是“签订了婚约的人”。
response
[rɪˈspɒns]
n. 答复; 反应;
correspond
[ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd]
v. 符合; 相当于; 通信;
意识到
conscious
[ˈkɒnʃəs]
adj. 意识到的; 神志清醒的; 慎重的; 关注的;
con-, 强调。-sci, 知道，词源同science.
sci = to know
来自拉丁语的sci意为to know。同义词根有来自拉丁语的gno,not。
be conscious of sth
unconscious
[ʌnˈkɒnʃəs]
adj. 不省人事的; 无意识的; 未觉察的; 潜意识的;
n. 无意识;
science
[ˈsaɪəns]
n. 科学; 技术，知识; 学科; 理科;
减少
reduce
[rɪˈdjuːs]
v. 减少，缩小; 使变成; 节食; 使不得不; 使沦为（不好境地）; （使）浓缩;
re-回 + + -duc-引导 + -e → 向后引导 → 缩退,还原
词根ducc,duc,duct(du) = to lead（引导）
来源于拉丁语的ducere 意为to lead,这对词根的孳生能力很强，其同族词不下百个。du 是它们的变形。同义词根有来源于拉丁语的men(mean)和来源于希腊语的agog。此外，还有意为to drive 的来源于拉丁语的词根ag/ig/act,flig,pel/puls(peal)等。
（此外，意为to separate,to observe 的cret/creet/cre/cern 和此词根形态相似，需要加以注意。）
create
[kriˈeɪt]
v. 创造; 创建; 引起; 产生; 授予;
-cre-创造 + -ate动词词尾
cre(cru),cresc,cret = to grow,to increase 生长
来源于拉丁语的creare/crescere 具有to grow,to increase 等含义，元音弱化后变成cru。
①都来源于拉丁语 creare/crescere 制造 / 生长，它们属于一组同源异形根，前者是 -cret- 在添加后缀时的变形，后两者分别为 crescere 的不定式词干和动名词词干。另外，-cres- 也可以理解为：由词根 -creas- 脱落元音 a 而成，如：increase 增加、decrease 减少、increse 增加、decrescent 渐少的；
②来源典故圣诞节 Christmas，是纪念救世主耶稣的日子；
③词根 -cresc- 也可以理解为是根据辅音的交替规律由 -cret- 变来的，属于单 / 双辅音交替规律，如：accretion 添加物、crescent 新月；
④来源基础词creature 创造物，为它的变体，含义为它的引申义，分解为：-creat- 创造 + -ure (n.) 名词后缀，表示集合，创造一切万物，即创造物 / 人 / 动物
decrease
[dɪˈkriːs,ˈdiːkriːs]
v. 减少;
n. 减少;
de-, 向下。-cre, 创造，增加，词源同create, crescent.
increase
[ɪnˈkriːs,ˈɪŋkriːs]
v. 增加，增长;
n. 增加，增长;
in-,进入，使，-cre,增加，创造，词源同create,crescent.
缩写
GNP= Gross National product 国民生产总值；
GDP = Gross Domestic product 国内生产总值
gross
[ɡrəʊs]
adj. 总的，毛的; 严重的; 令人不快的; 粗鲁的;
n. 总收入; 罗（一罗为144个）;
vt. 总共收入为; 总共赚得;
adv. 总共; 全部;
national
[ˈnæʃnəl]
adj. 国家的; 民族的; 国有的;
n. 国民;
product
[ˈprɒdʌkt]
n. 产品; 产物; 乘积;
domestic
[dəˈmestɪk]
adj. 国内的; 家用的; 喜爱家庭生活的; 驯养的;
n. 家佣，家政工;
New grammar knowledge
分词的独立主格:分词短语有独立的主语
当动词和主语之间存在主动关系时，用现在分词；
It being Sunday, you needn’t go to school.= Because it is Sunday, you needn’t go to school.
All people having arrived, the meeting began.= After all people had arrived, the meeting began.
Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer palace.= If weather permits, we’ll go to the Summer palace.
当动词和主语之间存在被动关系时，用过去分词；
All the work done, you can go home.= After all the work is done, you can go home.
另外，分词作独立主格时前面可加 with.
The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green
tender
[ˈtendə(r)]
adj. 纤弱的; 嫩的; 温柔的; 疼痛的;
n. （正式）提出; 投标; 供应船，联络船; 照看者;
vt. 正式提出; 使变脆弱; <古>温柔地对待;
短语表达
be familiar with
I am not familiar with the book he mentioned in his lecture.
mention
[ˈmenʃn]
v. 谈及; 提到; 提名;
n. 提及; 提名表扬;
lecture
[ˈlektʃə(r)]
n. 讲座; 教训;
v. 作演讲; 训诫;
through out
He never stopped learning through out his life.
他一生都在学习。
We want to make this place known through out the world.
我们想让全世界都知道这个地方。
a number of
A number of ways have been suggested to control air pollution.
pollution
[pəˈluːʃn]
n. 污染; 污染物;
A number of students have applied for this part-time job.
许多学生申请了这份兼职工作。
rule out 排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止
The regulations rule out anyone under the age of 16.
根据规定，16岁以下的人不能参加。
regulation
[ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn]
n. 管理; 控制; 规章; 规则;
adj. 规定的，必须穿戴的，必须使用的;
The possibility of suicide has been ruled out.
suicide
[ˈsuːɪsaɪd]
n. 自杀; 自杀者; 自杀行为;
自杀的可能性已经被排除了。
Heavy rain ruled the match out for that day.
大雨使那天的比赛无法进行。
search for
The police are still searching for survivors of the plane crash.
They are searching the wood for the lost child.
wood
[wʊd]
n. 木材，木头; 树林;
worth
This bike is worth 250 yuan.
I don't think a two-day vacation is worth much.
vacation
[veɪˈkeɪʃn,vəˈkeɪʃn]
n. 假期; 休假; 休庭期;
v. 度假;
worth
[wɜːθ]
adj. 价值，值…钱; 值得; 拥有…价值的财产;
n. 价值，意义，作用;
respond to 响应回答对对……反应
How did he respond to what you said?
rather than 而不是；宁可……也不愿
He is a writer rather than a teacher.
Rather than cause trouble, he left.
他不愿惹麻烦，就离开了。
in terms of 依据；按照；在……方面；以……措词
She was asked to express her idea in terms of science.
We usually measure the value of material goods in terms of money.
我们通常用金钱来衡量物质产品的价值。
be conscious of 意识到……；知道
I was not conscious of what was happening.
He was not conscious of his mistake.
convert to
Water can be converted to electricity.
electricity
[ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti]
n. 电; 强烈的感情;
水可以转化为电。
He wanted to convert the US dollars to RMB.
convert
[kənˈvɜːt,ˈkɒnvɜːt]
v. （使）转变; 改造; 换算; （使）改变信仰; 使…迷上;
n. 皈依者; 改变宗教信仰者; 刚迷上…的人;
con-, 强调。-vert, 转，词源同versus, invert. 该词主要用于宗教用语，意为皈依。
对比记忆
convert [kənˈvɜːt,ˈkɒnvɜːt] v. （使）转变; 改造; 换算; （使）改变信仰; 使…迷上;
convene [kənˈviːn] v. 召集，集合; 开会;---ven, 走
coincide [ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd] v. 同时发生; 一致; 重叠;
conscious [ˈkɒnʃəs] adj. 意识到的; 神志清醒的; 慎重的; 关注的;
create [kriˈeɪt] v. 创造; 创建; 引起; 产生; 授予;