导图社区 第二十四课上Savingthe Rainforests for Futu
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第二十四课上Savingthe Rainforests for Futu
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编辑于2022-10-04 11:19:27
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Savingthe Rainforests for Future Generations 拯救热带雨林，造福子孙万代
主题
Rainforests are being cut and burned from Brazil to Indonesia at such a rate that they could well disappear from the earth's surface before the year 2050. They are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located. The most recent figures show that the area of rainforest destroyed last year alone was bigger than the size of Great Britain and Ireland.
从巴西到印尼，热带雨林正在被砍伐，正在被烧毁，其速度非常之快，以致于到不了2050 年，热带雨林就会被砍光烧光而从地球表面上彻底消失。为了获取贵重木材和其他资源，以加速处于热带雨林国家的经济发展，热带雨林正在逐渐被砍伐得干干净净一棵树都不剩了。最近的统计数字表明，仅去年一年被吸掉的热带雨林的面积比英国和爱尔兰两国的面积加起来还大。
If the present rate of deforestation is allowed to continue, the consequences for the earth will be great. We shall see a massive upsetting of ecosystems, very large increases in soil erosion,increases in flooding and in drought, changes in rainfall patterns and regional, quite possibly global, changes in climate. We shall also probably lose many rare plant and animal species.
如果听任现在的热带雨林被毁掉的百分比继续发展下去，给整个地球所带来的后果将是十分严重的。我们将会看到（1）各种生态系统的平衡均遭到大规模的破坏；（2）水土流失现象大规模地增加了；（3）水灾和旱灾大规模增加了；（4）降雨的方式改变了；（5）地区性的气候改变，甚至完全可能导致全球性气候的改变。我们也许会永远失去很多种珍稀的植物和动物。
According to many scientists, the burning of rainforests is also directly contributing to the so-called greenhouse effect. This effect, they say, is raising average temperatures and sea levels as the polar ice caps recede.
根据许多科学家报告，烧毁了热带雨林也直接导致了所谓的温室效应。科学家们都说，这种温室效应正在使全球平均气温升高，正在使南极和北极地区的冰盖融化，随之而来的也正在使全球海洋的水平面上升。
The rainforest is essential in other areas also. It is a medicine chest of unlimited potential.The US National Cancer Institute has identified 2,000 rainforest plants which could be beneficial in fighting cancer. In today's pharmaceutical market, 15 of the 125 drugs derived from plants were discovered in the rainforest.
从其他方面来看，热带雨林对人类也是必不可缺的。热带雨林是一个有着无限潜在能力的取之不尽用之不竭的医药资源的万宝库。美国国家癌症研究院已经证实了有 2000 种热带雨林中的植物对预防和治疗癌症有奇效。在今天的药品市场上，在 125 种单味药中，就有15 种是从热带雨林中发现的植物中提取出来的。
Plant species are not the only forms of life threatened with extinction in the rainforest. Rare birds and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world have been disappearing at therate of one a year since the turn of the century.
各种植物在热带雨林中并不是受到灭种威胁的唯一的生物。世界上除了热带雨林而外，在其他任何地方都找不到的珍稀鸟类和珍稀动物，在这世纪交替的时候正在以每年消失一种的速度逐渐灭绝。
In the face of all these facts, it seems senseless for countries to continue destroying their rainforests. However, the problem is not so simple. The countries in which the rainforests are located are all quite poor and overpopulated. One of them, Brazil, has a population of 140 million,about half of whom are living in absolute poverty. The governments in these countries are usually also too weak to stop large companies and powerful individuals from destroying the rainforests.They have no money, so when the poor whom they cannot feed find work cutting down trees or burning forestland, the governments often have no choice but to turn a blind eye. Moreover, for many of these countries, the valuable timber and other resources found in the rainforests are also a very important source of foreign exchange, which they badly need to pay off their foreign debts and purchase foreign equipment and other goods.
面对这一切事实，这些国家还在继续毁灭他们的热带雨林，这令人觉得他们简直太麻木不仁了。但是，这个问题并不是很简单的。地处于热带雨林的那些国家都相当贫穷而且人口都相当过剩。热带雨林国家之一，巴西，人口有一亿四千万人。其中约有半数人生活在绝对贫困当中。这些国家的政府通常也都是十分软弱的，以致不能制止一些大公司或有权有势的人毁坏热带雨林的行为。那些国家的政府都没有钱，所以当政府养活不起的那些穷人，找到了砍树或在森林里烧树开荒的工作时，政府别无选择，只好睁一只眼闭一只眼。况且，对这些国家中的有些国家来说，热带雨林中的珍贵木材和其他资源也是他们所急需换取外汇的很 重要的资源，以便用来偿还外债和用来购买外国的设备和其他物资。
The only solution to the problem, then, seems to be for the richer countries of the world to help the countries where the rainforests are located. One way they could help would be by cancelling the international debts that countries like Brazil owe, while also working together with these countries to solve their other economic problems. At the same time, they could support programmes to teach the local people to regard the rainforests as gardens to be harvested, and not merely as places where the only way for them to make a living is by senselessly cutting down trees and burning.
那么，令人觉得这个问题唯一的解决办法似乎就是世界上较富裕国家应该援助地处于热带雨林的那些国家。援助的方法之一就是放弃或取消像巴西这类国家所欠他们的国际债务，同时还要同这些国家一起协作去解决他们的一些经济问题。与此同时，他们还应该举办各种培训班，教会当在居民把热带雨林办成获得大丰收的花园、果园、菜园、动植物园，而不要只把热带雨林看成是只能用极愚昧无知的砍树烧树的办法来作为谋生的唯一手段的地方。
Such prpgrammes could teach the local people how to select trees worth exporting and to cut only those trees down while leaving the rest, so that the basic make-up of the forest would not be disturbed. This would also mean that the environment needed for the survival of the many rare species of animals and plants, as well as of the Indian tribes that live in the rainforest, could be preserved. The local people could also be taught to earn more money by cutting the selected trees and making them into furniture on the spot. In addition, they could learn how to harvest other valuable natural materials that are now being wasted, and sell them overseas to earn foreign exchange for their countries.
这类培训班或者还可以教会当地居民如何精选出值得出口的树木，只把有出口价值的树木砍掉，而把其余的树都保留下来，以便使森林中基本的生态平衡不被破坏。这样做，也将意味着会把许多珍稀植物和动物赖以生存所必须的环境以及生活在热带雨林中的印地安人的各个部落所赖以自下而上的环境保存下来。也可以教会当地居民通过采伐精选的树木并用这些树木在当地加工成家具的办法去赚到更多的钱。此外，当地居民在培训班还可以学会怎样去采集现在被浪费掉的其他珍贵的天然材料，然后把这些材料卖到国外去，以便为他们的祖国赚回外汇。
Last but not least, people in the richer countries of the world could also help save the rainforests by using wood-derived products such as paper more carefully and by recycling used paper productsto help reduce the demand for newly cut wood.
最后，同样重要的是，世界上较富裕国家的人民，要更加注意节约使用以木材为原料的纸张之类的产品，回收利用纸制产品，以便有助于减少重新去砍伐树木的需求量，从而有助于拯救热带雨林。
New words
雨林
de-做前缀“除去，分离”
defrost (去冰或霜)
dehydrate (脱水)
detach (分离，解开)
rain
[reɪn]
n. 雨; （热带地区的）雨季，雨天; 雨点般降落的东西; <俚>电子流;
vt.& vi. （雨）降下，（使）降落; 大量地给，（使）大量落下;
PIE*reg,水气，湿的®Proto-Germanic*regna,雨®古英语 regn,雨
词源同 irrigate. 拼写比较 main,might.
用 rain 加名词构成的复合名词
rainbelt (雨带)
rainworm(蚯蚓)
forest
[ˈfɒrɪst]
n. 森林; 丛林; （森林似的）一丛; 一片;
vt. 在…造林，使长满树林，使成为森林;
词源
forest是个地道的外来词。它来自拉丁语forestem silvam，最早出现在法兰克国王查理曼大帝所制订的法律中，表示“平民禁止入内的王室森林”。其中，forestem来自foris（outside），表示“禁止入内”，而silvam才表示“森林”，英语单词silva或sylva（森林里的树木）就来自silvam。不懂拉丁语的英国普通民众将拉丁语forestem silvam拦腰砍断，用前半截forest来表示王室御用森林，后来泛指为任何森林。 值得注意的是，英语单词foreign就来自拉丁语foris（outside），本意就是“外面的、大门外面的”。 forest：['fɒrɪst] n.森林 foreign：['fɒrɪn] adj.外国的，外面的，异质的，不相关的
rainforest
[ˈreɪnfɒrɪst]
n. （热带）雨林;
deforestation
[ˌdi:ˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn]
n. 采伐森林，森林开伐;
The deforestation of rainforests will greatly upset ecological systems.
(热带雨林植物的毁灭将对生态系统造成严重影响。)
The Amazon Basin is quickly becoming deforested.
(亚马逊盆地的植被将被砍伐殆尽。)
amazon
['æməzən]
n. 亚马逊河（南美洲大河）; 蜂鸟; 无乳腺者;
basin
[ˈbeɪsn]
n. 盆; 盆地; 流域; 水坑，池塘;
afforestation
[əˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn]
n. 造林，造林地区;
前缀af-同ad-, 去，往
afforest
[ə'fɒrɪst]
v. 造林于;
deforest
[ˌdi:ˈfɒrɪst]
vt. 砍伐森林; 清除…上的树林;
木材
timber
[ˈtɪmbə(r)]
n. 木材，木料; （用于建筑或制作物品的）树木; 用材林，林场; 素质;
vt. 用木料支撑; 备以木材;
PIE*dom,屋子，住所®PIE*deme,建造， 修建®Proto-Germanic*timran,建筑物®古英语 timber,房屋，建筑物
后引申词义建筑材料，树木，木材， 木料等。
dome
[dəʊm]
n. 圆屋顶; 像圆屋顶一样的东西; 圆顶体育场;
vt. 加圆屋顶于…上;
vi. 成圆顶状;
来源于拉丁语名词dom.us(房子)。 词根词缀： -dom-房子 + -e
domicile
[ˈdɒmɪsaɪl]
n. 住处; 永久住处;
vt. 定居;
lumber
[ˈlʌmbə(r)]
n. 木材; 隆隆声; 废物;
vt.& vi. 砍伐; 笨重地行进; 胡乱堆积;
古英语中的伦巴第人（Lumbard）开的典当铺存物的房间称为lumber house，典当的东西叫lumber®各种废弃家具或无用的杂物及锯好的木柴（此意不可考）。
经济
词根
eco
= house（家）®人的生活（环境）®（生态）”®人的生活基础（经济）
(ecu, oce,oeco-)“家庭（的）”
来源于希腊文 oikos(=house)“房屋，家”
Greek: house, household affairs [environment, habitat], home, dwelling; used in one extensive sense as, "environment"
ecu=eco +希腊词 nomos（管理）®oce
“经济（的）”
economy (经 济)
economic (经济学的，经济上的)。
“环境（的）”，“生态（的）”
来源于希腊语oikos(房屋,家园)。
ecology (生态学)
ecocide (生态灭绝)
ecoclimate（生态气候）
同义词根
拉丁语的cas。
来自PIE*weik, 家，词源同vicinity, village. 字母w脱落。
nom
nom(y) = a field of knowledge, 表示“某一领域的知识”学说，管理。
同类词根（在学校学习做学问）
-schol- / -school- 学校 / 学问，来源于拉丁语
school 学校 / 学院 / 学派、scholar 学者
nom-, nomo- = pasture （牧场）
Greek: a meadow; a pasture; an abode; a place for eating; by extension, "distribution of an acute, necrotizing ulcerative process involving mucous membranes of the mouth or genitalia"
nom-, nomen-, nomin-, -nomia, -nomic= Latin: name名，
nominate 提名这
nomo-="law"法, 治
来源于希腊语 nomos 法律,-nim- = -nym- = -nom-(name)
ecological
[ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl]
adj. 生态（学）的;
-eco-生态 + -log-说 + -ical形容词词尾
economy
[ɪˈkɒnəmi]
n. 节约; 经济; 理财; 秩序;
-eco-经济 + -nom-学科 + -y名词词尾,原指管理家的学问，后指经济学。
The war is a fable blow to the economy of both countries.
这场战争对两国的经济都是一个不可思议的打击。
fable
[ˈfeɪbl]
n. 寓言，童话; 传说; 无稽之谈; 人人谈论的话题;
v. 讲故事，编寓言; 虚构，杜撰; 煞有介事地讲;
blow
[bləʊ]
n. 殴打，打击; 吹风，一阵风; 意外的灾害; 吹奏（声）;
vt.& vi. （风）吹; （轮胎等）爆炸;
vt. 吹，吹气; 使爆炸; 奏出，演奏; 使气喘;
vi. 吹刮，吹动; 随风飘动; 鸣叫; 喘气;
economize
[ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz]
vi.&vt. 节省，减少开支; 有效地利用;
economize on sth
our electricity bills are higher than we can afford, so we need economize on it.
我们的电费太高了，超出了我们的承受能力，所以我们需要节约用电。
economist
[ɪˈkɒnəmɪst]
n. 经济学家，经济专家;
economic
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk]
adj. 经济的; 经济学的; 合算的; 有经济效益的;
It is important to bring about a new economic order in the world.
在世界上建立一个新的经济秩序是很重要的。
concerned with economics and with the organization of money industry, and
trade of a country, region, or social group
economic growth (经济增长)
economic prosperity (经济繁荣)
economic decline (经济衰退)
economic reform (经济改革)
economic order (经济秩序)
economic depression (经济萧条)
economic crisis (经济危机)
economic doctrines (经济学说)
economical
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkl]
adj. 节约的; 经济的; 合算的;
The newly invented machine is economical of time and energy.
新发明的机器省时省力。
invent
[ɪnˈvent]
vt. 发明，创造; 虚构;
cheap，careful，efficient
This car is economical to run.
(开这辆车费用很省。)
The child is so economical that he saves all his pocket money.
(那个孩子很节省，他把零花钱都积攒了起来。)
economics
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪks]
n. 经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况;
ecosystem
[ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm]
n. <生>生态系统;
economically
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkli]
adv. 节约地; 节省地; 经济地; 在经济上;
This region is unevenly developed economically.
(这一地区的经济发展不平衡。)
region
[ˈri:dʒən]
n. 地区，地域，地带; 行政区，管辖区; （大气，海水等的）层，界，境; （学问等的）范围，领域;
unevenly
[ʌn'i:vnlɪ]
adv. 不规则地; 不稳定地; 不平行地; 参差不齐地;
It is necessary that we should learn to live economically.
(我们学会节俭地生活是必要的。)
随后
sequ, secut, su = to follow（跟随）
来源于拉丁语动词sequor, sequi, secutus, sum(跟随)。可追溯至原始印欧语seq-。
sequ来源于拉丁动词sequi
secut来源于其过去分词secutus,
su为其变形。
consequent
[ˈkɒnsɪkwənt]
adj. 随之发生的; 必然的，合乎逻辑的; 继起的; [地]顺向的;
n. 结果; [逻]后件，结论; [数]后项; [语]（条件结构中的）结果子句;
result, effect
The farmers suffered a drought and there was a consequent shortage of food in the market.
suffer
[ˈsʌfə(r)]
vi. 受痛苦; 受损害; 变糟; 变差;
vt. 忍受; 容忍; 容许; 遭受;
shortage
[ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ]
n. 不足，缺点; 缺少; 缺少量; 不足额;
flood
[flʌd]
n. 洪水; 泛滥; 溢流; 探照灯;
vi. 涌出; 为水淹没;
vt. 淹没;
农民们遭受了旱灾，市场上的粮食因此短缺。
consequence
[ˈkɒnsɪkwəns]
n. 结果; 后果; 重要性;
on-, 强调。-seq, 连接，连续，词源同sequence, persecute.即按顺序递进的结果。
If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences.
ready
[ˈredi]
adj. 准备好的，现成的; 即时的，敏捷的; 情愿的; 即将的;
vt. 做好…的准备;
adv. 预先; 已完成地;
n. 现款;
The young man would do what he likes regardless of the consequences.
(那个年轻人将不顾后果去做他喜欢的事。)
They found themselves in a dilemma as a consequence of rapid changes in society.
(由于社会的飞速发展他们发现自己处于进退两难的境地。)
dilemma
[dɪˈlemə]
n. 窘境，困境; 进退两难;
rapid
[ˈræpɪd]
adj. 快速的; [摄]感光快的; 险峻的;
n. 急流; 高速交通工具，高速交通网;
He is a man of great consequence.
(他是一个举足轻重的人。)
He will have to take the consequences if he doesn't apologize.
(如果他不道歉，一切后果将由他承担。)
apologize
[əˈpɒlədʒaɪz]
vi. 道歉，认错; 辩解，辩护;
consequently
[ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]
adv. 所以，因此; 因此，因而; 终于，这样; 合乎逻辑的推论是;
She was a bright and eager student and, consequently, did well in school
bright
[braɪt]
adj. 明亮的，鲜亮的; 聪明的; 辉煌的; 活泼的，机灵的，乖巧的;
adv. 明亮地，光明地，光亮地; 欢快地，愉快地;
n. 车头灯; <古>光辉，辉煌;
她是一个聪明好学的学生，因此在学校成绩很好
consequently adv. therefore，so，as a result
(所以，因此)
The rain was heavy and consequently the football match was put off.
(雨下得很大，因此足球赛被延期了。)
therefore
[ˈðeəfɔ:(r)]
adv. 因此; 所以; 故; 乃;
名词均含"结果"之意。
consequence 多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果，不强调直接的因果关系，而侧重事件发展的逻辑关系。
result 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重因某种原因所产生的最终结果，而不是眼前的结果。
result
[rɪˈzʌlt]
n. 结果; （尤指足球比赛的）胜利; [体]比分; 成功实现的事;
vi. 发生，产生; 归结为，导致; 后果，终结; 由…而造成[产生];
effect 指因某种原因直接产生的结果，着重持续稳定与其影响。
effect
[ɪˈfekt]
n. 影响; 效果; 印象; 所有物;
vt. 使发生; 引起; 产生（效果）;
outcome 普通用词，多指事物经过一系列发展变化所导致的最终结局，而不是某种原因的直接结果。常可与result通用。
大量
词根mass
拉丁动词mittere‘to send’（派遣）®missa一词开始被用以指整个弥撒仪式®英语作masse®mass。原始含义是dismissal（解散，遗散）
同源词
mission（使团，使节）和missionary（传教士）
源自希腊语maza‘barley cake’（大麦饼），由法语masse‘kneaded dough’（揉好的面团）®“块”、“堆”、“群众”
同源词
amass（枳聚）和massive（大而重的）
mass
[mæs]
n. 大量，大多; 块，堆，团; [物理学]质量; 弥撒曲;
adj. 群众的; 大规模的; 整个的; 集中的;
vi. 聚集起来;
vt. 使集合;
massive
[ˈmæsɪv]
adj. 大的，重的; 大块的，大量的; 魁伟的，结实的; 大规模的;
extremely large
The massive increase in oil prices put the taxi-drivers in a difficult situation.
(燃油价格的大幅上升使出租车司机们面临困难。)
He saw massive changes in the village when he went there 20 years later.
(20 年后回到那个村子，他发现那儿的变化很大。)
A massive young man in police uniform came in.
(一个身着警服身材魁梧的年轻人走了进来。)
uniform
[ˈju:nɪfɔ:m]
n. 制服; 军服; 通讯中用以代表字母 u 的词;
adj. （形状，性质等）一样的; 规格一致的; 始终如一的;
v. 使规格一律; 使均一; 使穿制服;
uni-,一，词源同 unit,form,形式。用于指制服。
massiveness
[ˈmæsɪvnɪs]
n.沉重；巨大，大块；大量
打乱
词根
sat(set) = enough 满
来源于拉丁语 satur/satis/satiare 意为 enough,元音弱化后变成set。
set = fix, 表示“安置好”
set
[set]
vt. 放置，安置; 使处于某种状况; 设置; 摆放餐具;
原始意义是“坐的原因cause to sit”
PIE*sed, 坐下®Proto-Germanic*satjan,使坐下®古英语 settan,使坐下，放置，建造
词源同 sit,seat, settle,session
vi. 落山; 出发; 凝结;
n. 一套，一副; 集合; 布景; 电视机;
拉丁语 secta,追随，组织，过去分词格于 sequi,跟随，追 随，®古法语 sette,顺序，次序，来自 字母 c 脱落,最初的意义是“人群”
词源同 sect,sequence.
adj. 固定的; 位于…的; 顽固的; 安排好的;
upset
[ʌpˈset]
vi. 打翻，弄翻; 打乱，打搅;
vt. 打乱，搅乱; 推翻，弄翻; 使心烦意乱; 使翻倒;
n. 翻倒，颠覆; 心烦意乱; 混乱;
adj. 难过的; 失望的; 沮丧的; （肠胃）不舒服的;
up向上 + set下沉,原义为 set up,固定。现词义实际上是 overset 的部分词义转移给 upset.
mess up,turn over accidentally(弄乱；打翻)
make sb. worried or unhappy (使苦恼)
adj. be unhappy or disappointed, distressed (心烦意乱的，心情不安的)
setup
['setʌp]
n.体制，组织方式；<非正式>栽赃，陷害；（软件或硬件的）安装；（故事或笑话的）引子
He upset a cup of coffee on the carpet.
(他把一杯牛奶打翻在地毯上。)
carpet
[ˈkɑ:pɪt]
n. 地毯，桌毯; 毛毯，绒毯; 地毯状覆盖物; （装在飞机上的）雷达电子干扰仪;
vt. 在…上铺地毯; 把地毯铺在…上; 斥责;
来自PIE *sker, *kerp, 砍，切，收割，词源同harvest, shear. 即用粗糙羊毛制作的毯子。
Make sure that he stays where he is. If he comes, he will upset the whole atmosphere.
(确保他呆在他该呆的地方。如果他来了会把整个气氛搅乱。）
atmosphere
[ˈætməsfɪə(r)]
n. 大气，空气; 大气层; 风格，基调; 气氛;
The news upset him.
(那消息使他心烦意乱。)
She was upset about the rumours.
(她为那些谣言感到十分烦恼。)
rumour
[ˈru:mə(r)]
n. 传闻，谣言; 流言;
vt. 谣传;
He was upset to learn that his proposal was not discussed at the meeting.
(他听说自己的建议没在会议上被讨论而感到沮丧。)
They were upset by the poverty they saw in that area.
(他们为在那一地区看到的贫困现象而苦恼。)
upset 作形容词用，在句子中做表语时，以及 upset 作动词用时，应该成/ʌp′set / ；upset 作形容词用，在句子中做定语时，应读成 /′ʌpset /.
还应注意，upset 做动词用时，其过去式，过去分词与动词的原形相同。
侵蚀
词根
rod, ros = to gnaw（咬；啮）bite, 表示“咬”
rod,ros来源于拉丁语的rodere（to gnaw）
Latin: gnaw, eat away; eaten away, gnawed off, consumed
-rad-, -ras-= to rub, to scrape（刮擦）
来源于拉丁语动词rado, radere, rasi, rasus(剃,刨,刮),to rub, to scrape 刮擦。其变形为raz，ras。
Latin: scrape, scratch, shave, rub
radi-, -ray-, -rad-, -radio- = ray, beam 光线, 辐射
来源拉丁语 radix /radius/radiare 光 / 辐射，-ray-,-rad-,-radio- 为 -radi- 的变体。它相应的希腊语词根为： -acti(n)-,-actino- 光,光线,呈放射状的,放射线的。
e-是前缀，相当于 ex-，意思是 out
corrode(腐蚀；侵蚀),
emerge(出现)
evaporize (蒸发)
erase (擦去)
erode
[ɪˈrəʊd]
vt.& vi. 侵蚀，腐蚀;
vi. 逐渐毁坏; 削弱，损害;
e-, 向外。-rad, 刮，磨，词源同raze, rodent.
erosion
[ɪ'rəʊʒn]
n. 腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损; 烧蚀; 磨蚀; 糜烂;
erosion 是动词 erode 的名词形式
They decide to plant more trees to prevent soil erosion.
(他们决定种更多的树以防土壤受侵蚀。)
They protested strongly against erosions of civil rights.
(他们强烈抗议对公民权的侵害。)
erosive
[ɪ'rəʊsɪv]
adj. 侵蚀性的，腐蚀性的;
erose
[ɪ'rəʊs]
adj. 不规则形状的，不整齐牙齿状的，啮蚀状的; 凹凸齿状;
rod，ros 是词根，意思是 gnaw (咬)
干旱
drought
[draʊt]
n. 干旱（时期），旱季; 旱灾; （长期的）缺乏; 枯竭;
词源同dry, 干的，干旱的。引申义旱灾。
来源于史前日耳曼语draug-, drug-。 同源词：dry, drain
The land is in a state of drought.
土地处于干旱状态。
In many parts of China, people are fighting drought.
(在中国的许多地区，人们在抗旱。)
dry
[draɪ]
adj. 干的干燥的，干旱的; 干旱的，口渴的; 干咳的; 无趣味的，枯燥的;
vt. 从…去掉水分，使…变干; 脱水保存（如肉或其它食物）;
vi. 变干;
n. 干涸; [复数] drys [非正式用语]主张禁酒的人;
PIE*dher 坚固，支撑®*dhergh, 干燥，巩固
词源同firm.
draught
[drɑ:ft]
n. 通风; 气流; （船的）吃水深度; 一饮，一口之量;
vt. draft的变体; 起草; 征兵; 选派;
adj. 汲出的; 拖拉的;
拉，拖，牵引；被拉的东西，
That drought was too much for the horse to pull.
(那负荷太重了，马拉不动。)
鲜啤酒，散装啤酒
Give him a glass of draught, please.
(请给他一杯散装啤酒。)
一饮的量；吸入
He drank the wine in one draught.
(他一口喝干了那酒。)
来自PIE*dhragh, 拉，吸出，词源同drag,draw. 引申义通风气流，棋子，喝一口。
draft的变体,来源于史前日耳曼语及古英语中的dragan。 同源词：draw, drag, dray, draft
球
词根
glob = sphere
来自拉丁语的glob 意为sphere。
glob-, glom-
Latin: a round body, a ball; round, a sphere; the earth; "sphere" came from Latin globus, "round mass, sphere"; related to gleba, "clod, soil, land". Sense of "planet earth," or a three-dimensional map of it, appeared first in 1553
【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families related directly, or indirectly, to: "land, ground, fields, soil, dirt, mud, clay, earth (world)": agra-; agrest-; agri-; agro-; argill-; choro-; chthon-; epeiro-; geo-; lut-; myso-; pedo-; pel-; rhyp-; soil-; sord-; terr-. Related ball, sphere-word units: hemoglobin-; sphero-.
-al 是形容词后缀，常用在名词后面构成形容词。
regional (局部的，地区的)
emotional (情感的)
seasonal (季节的)。
glob
[glɒb]
n. 一滴，一小滴水珠，（可塑性物质的）一团;
来自PIE*glebh, 球体，成球状，词源同cling, glue.
globe
[gləʊb]
n. 球，球状物; 地球，世界; 天体; 地球仪;
v. （使）成球状;
来自PIE*glebh, 球体，成球状，词源同cling, glue. 用来指地球仪。
global
[ˈgləʊbl]
adj. 全球的，全球性的，有关全球大局的; 全面的，整体的，全局的; 球形的，球状的，球面的，球体的; [计]全程的;
The earth is a global mass.
(地球是一个球形体。)
The global economic growth is on the decline this year.
(今年总体经济增长呈下降趋势。)
decline
[dɪˈklaɪn]
n. 下降; （力量、健康、品格、权力、价值等的）衰退; 下倾; （人、生命等的）衰退期;
vt.& vi. 辞谢，谢绝（邀请等）;
vi. （道路、物体等）下倾; （太阳）落下; （在品格、价值上）降低; 衰落，谢绝;
vt. 谢绝，婉拒;
A global picture of their progress can be obtained from these marks.
(从这些分数中你可以得到他们进步的全貌。)
I'll try to give you a global idea of the situation.
(我将尽力把形势的总体情况告诉你。)
He makes friends with people from every corner of the globe.
(他与来自世界各地的人们交朋友。)
globalize
[ˈgləʊbəlaɪz]
vt. （使）全球化，全世界化;
glebe
[gli:b]
n. 土，旱田，土地;
来自PIE*glebh, 球体，成球状，词源同global. 引申义土块，泥土。
cling
[klɪŋ]
v. 附着于，紧贴; 抓紧或抱住; 坚持; 沿（岸）前进，贴着（墙）走; （尤指情感上）依恋，依附;
来自PIE*glei,黏，粘，词源同clay,glue.
glue
[glu:]
vt. 胶合; 紧附于;
n. 胶水; 胶粘物; 粘聚力;
来自PIE*glei, 黏，粘，词源同clay, cling.
贡献
词根
tribo-, trib-
Greek: friction, rub, rubbing, grind, wear away; spend, waste time; be busy
【相关词根词缀】 Cross references of word families that are related directly, or indirectly, to: "rub, rubbing; wear away; wipe": bruxo, brux-; frica-, frict-; terg-; -tripsy; trit-.
trib，tribu(t) = to give, to pay（给予）
来源于拉丁语动词tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributus(交给)。
Latin: to assign, to allot, to bestow, to give, to grant; from tribe, to give out among the tribes was tribuere which is the source of many of the words located in this unit
最早的tribute表示部落里族长主持分战利品，或者进贡给某个部落的贡品，从而作词根时有了“给予”的含义，如contribute（贡献）、distribute（分配）、retribution（报答，报偿）等词。
tribe
[traɪb]
n. 部落，部族; [生]族; 一帮，一伙; 大群;
ri-是前缀“三”，be表“存在”。tribe和“三”的关系可能是来自古罗马最初有三个部落组成，即拉丁人、萨宾人和伊特鲁利亚人。
attribute
[əˈtrɪbju:t]
vt. 认为…是; 把…归于; 把…品质归于某人; 认为某事[物]属于某人[物];
at（=ad，去）+tribute（给予、分配）→把…分配至、归于→归属→属性
词源解释：tribute←拉丁语tributus（给予、分配的过去分词）←拉丁语tribuere（给予、分配）
同源词：tribute（礼物、贡品）；contribute（贡献）；distribute（分配）
常见搭配：attribute sth to（把某事归因于） 衍生词：attribution（属性、归属）
contribute
[kənˈtrɪbju:t]
vt.& vi. 贡献出; 捐赠（款项）; 投稿（给杂志等）; 出力;
con-, 强调。-trib, 贡献，词源同tribe, attribute.
His behavior contributed effectively to the solution of the dispute.
他的行为有效地促进了争端的解决。
effectively
[ɪˈfektɪvli]
adv. 有效地; 实际上，事实上;
effective
[ɪˈfektɪv]
adj. 有效的; 起作用的; 实际的，实在的; 给人深刻印象;
n. [军]现役兵额，有生力量，精兵;
effect
[ɪˈfekt]
n. 影响; 效果; 印象; 所有物;
vt. 使发生; 引起; 产生（效果）;
ef-, 向外。-fect, 做，词源同fact, affect. 即做出来的效果。
dispute
[dɪˈspju:t]
vt.& vi. 辩论，争论;
vt. 就…进行争论，辩论; 对…的真实或有效进行争论，怀疑; 争夺，竞争; 抵抗，抵制;
n. 辩论; 争端; （劳资）纠纷; 罢工;
vi. 激烈争辩; 争执; 争吵; 吵架;
They contributed food and medicine to people in the flooded area.
(他们向受淹地区的人们捐助食物和药品。)
flood
[flʌd]
n. 洪水; 泛滥; 溢流; 探照灯;
vi. 涌出; 为水淹没;
vt. 淹没;
He didn't contribute any idea to the discussion.
(他在讨论中没有提出任何意见。)
discussion
[dɪˈskʌʃn]
n. 讨论，谈论; 详述，论述;
She contributes articles to the newspaper weekly.
(她每周为那家报纸撰稿。)
The two sisters contributed to their mother's support.
(两姐妹合力赡养母亲。)
contribution
[ˌkɒntrɪˈbju:ʃn]
n. 贡献，捐赠，捐助; 捐赠，捐助物; 投稿，来稿; [军]（向占领地人民征收的）军税;
The young policeman made a remarkable contribution to the public safety.
那位年轻的警察为公共安全做出了卓越的贡献。
remarkable
[rɪˈmɑ:kəbl]
adj. 异常的，引人注目的，; 卓越的; 显著的; 非凡的，非常（好）的;
re-再 + mark记号 + -able形容词词尾
I'm sure your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem.
(我相信你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。)
They are determined to make contributions to public safety.
(他们决心为公众安全作出贡献。)
determined
[dɪˈtɜ:mɪnd]
adj. 坚定的；毅然的；确定的;
v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定( determine的过去式和过去分词)；决定；确定；使决定
contributory
[kənˈtrɪbjətəri]
adj. 促成的; 促进的; 起作用的; 需要受益人付钱的;
contributor
[kənˈtrɪbjətə(r)]
n. 贡献者; 捐助者; 投稿者;
All contributors to the church will have a meeting today.
church
[tʃɜ:tʃ]
n. [宗]教堂; [宗]教徒; [宗]教派; [宗]教会;
adj. 教会的; 礼拜的;
vt. 领…到教堂接受宗教仪式;
所有给教堂捐款的人今天都要开会。
distribute
[dɪˈstrɪbju:t]
vt. 分配，散布; 散发，分发; 把…分类; [电]配电;
devote
[dɪˈvəʊt]
vt. 把…奉献（给），把…专用（于）; 奉献;
de-, 强调，整个的。-vot, 说，发愿，词源同vow, vote,voice. 引申义发下宏愿的，虔诚的。
为…贡献
contribute to (doing) sth后面不接 one's life 或 oneself。
Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases.
(空气污染会引起呼吸道疾病。)
respiratory
[ˈrespərətri,rəˈspɪrətri]
adj. 呼吸的;
respire + -atory
respire
[rɪˈspaɪə(r)]
vt. 呼吸; 呼气和吸气; （植物）进行呼吸;
re-再 + -spir-呼吸 + -e
spir, spirat = to breathe（呼吸）
源于拉丁语的spirare/spiratum ,词根spirat 来源此词的动名词词干，在英语中只出现于与某些动词相应的名词或形容词中；都意为to breathe。此外，它还有a cail的意思。
devote to (doing) sth.献身于某一事业或目标
She devoted all her life to the welfare of women and children.
(她一生致力于妇女和儿童的福利事业。)
welfare
[ˈwelfeə(r)]
n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁;
He devoted himself to teaching in the mountain village.
(他致力于在那个山村教书。)
再注意区别 contribute 与 distribute。
distribute：
give out, hand out (分发)
share sth. among the members of a particular group (分布)
supply sth.to sb. (销售商品于特定的市场；运送货物给个别顾客)
The teacher distributed the papers to the students.
(教师把试卷分发给学生。)
Fuel resources are unevenly distributed.
(燃料资源分布不匀。)
fuel
[ˈfju:əl]
n. 燃料; （为身体提供能量的）食物; （维持、增加感情的）刺激物; 竞选提神（或兴奋）剂（一种健怡可乐，饮用后能使人精力充沛地从事竞选活动）;
vt. 给…加燃料，给…加油; 激起;
vi. 补充燃料;
自拉丁语focal, 火炉的，焦点的，来自PIE*bha, 照耀，发光，词源同beacon.引申词义燃煤，燃料。
unevenly
[ʌn'i:vnlɪ]
adv. 不规则地; 不稳定地; 不平行地; 参差不齐地;
They distributed their cars through out the world.
(他们的汽车销往世界各地。)
contribute：
give money in order to help someone
help to make sth. successful
influence sth.
温室
greenhouse
[ˈgri:nhaʊs]
n. 温室，花房; [军]<俚>周围有玻璃的座舱，轰炸员舱;
green
[gri:n]
adj. 绿色的; 未熟的，青春的; 未成熟的; 主张保护环境的;
n. 绿色蔬菜; 绿色的衣服; 植物;
vi. 绿化，使重视环境保护问题;
词源同grow, grass.
green 表示“绿色”，也可作形容词用表示“缺乏经验的；幼稚的；青春的”
greenback (美钞)
greenbelt (绿化地带)
green-carder (绿卡持有者)
greenroom (剧场里的演员休息室)
a green hand (生手)
the green years (青春年华)
green-eyed monster (嫉妒)
greenhouse effect (温室效应)
green revolution (绿色革命)
极
词根
-pol-
“极”：PIE*qwolo-(旋转,--英语wheel也来源于此)®希腊语中为polos(球的转轴,--英语pulley也来源于此)®拉丁语为polus®英语pole(极)。
-pol-极 → pole极 同源词：pale²; wheel, pulley
“杆,棒”：来源于拉丁语palus(木桩),英语同源词有pale²
pol(y) = 卖
词根pol 有来源于希腊语 polis的同形异义词根pol，含义是“国家，城市”。
pol = smooth （光滑）
-ar 是形容词后缀
popular(受欢迎的，民众的)
similar (类似的)
pole
[pəʊl]
n. [物]极点，顶点; 地极; 杆; 两极端;
vt.& vi. 用篙撑船，摆船;
vt. [航海] 用一根杆来推动; 以杆推进; 以杆支撑（植物）; 用杆子击打、戳、或搅拌;
vi. 用滑雪杖加速;
polar bear; be poles apart 南辕北辙
polar
[ˈpəʊlə(r)]
adj. 极地的，两极的; 正好相反的; [化，物]磁极的，有磁性的;
n. [几]极线，极面;
Most insects don't live in polar regions.
(大多数昆虫在两极地区不存在。)
insects
['ɪnsekts]
n. 昆虫( insect的名词复数 ); 虫类;
region
[ˈri:dʒən]
n. 地区，地域，地带; 行政区，管辖区; （大气，海水等的）层，界，境; （学问等的）范围，领域;
They are thinking about how to survive in a polar winter.
(他们正在考虑如何在极地冬季生存。)
After reading his report you can see that he holds polar viewpoints.
(读完他的报告你就能明白他的观点正好相反。)
后退
词根
ced, cess(ceed, ceas) = to go 走
来源于拉丁语动词cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus (行走,退让)。
ced是不定式词干；ceed是ced 在英语中的音变形式，它在英语中只有proceed,succeed和exceed三个原生派生词
cess是动名词词干，用来组成与某些动词相应的名词或形容词。
同义词根
拉丁语的grad/gress/gred,it,vad/vas
希腊语的bat[bet,bit]
盎格鲁-撒克逊语的fare。
recede
[rɪˈsi:d]
vi. 后退; 减弱; （价值，品质等）跌落，低落，变坏; 收回意见，退出（某种活动）;
re-回,向后 + -ced-行走,退让 + -e动词词尾,词源同 accede,precede.
move further away into distance (远去)
gradually become less clear (变模糊)
The article receded from the newspaper.
(这篇文章从报纸上撤下了。)
He receded from his promise.
(他背弃了自己的诺言。)
The memory was receding and he couldn't remember anything.
(记忆在变得模糊，他什么也想不起来了。)
accede
[əkˈsi:d]
vi. （正式）加入; 答应; （通过财产的添附而）增加; 开始任职;
ad（去）+cede（移动）→接近→加入→同意、就任。 词源解释：cede←拉丁语cedere（走、移动） 同源词：precede（领先），recede（后退）
precede
[prɪˈsi:d]
vt.& vi. 在…之前发生或出现，先于; 在…之上，优于; 给…作序; 处于…前面的位置;
pre-前,先 + -ced-行走 + -e动词词尾 → 走在前面
advance
[ədˈvɑ:ns]
vt. （使）前进; 将…提前; 预付; 提出;
vi. （数量等）增加; 向前推（至下一步）; 上涨;
n. 增长; 借款; （价格、价值的）上涨; 预付款;
adj. 预先的; 先行的;
ab, 从，从...离开，词根ante 前面的
withdraw (撤回)
The plane gradually out of sight.
(飞机渐渐远去看不见了。)
secede
[sɪˈsi:d]
vt. 从…中脱离;
vi. 脱离; 退出;
vi. With draw formally from membership in a group, association, organization, etc.；to break off one's connection with others, as in a political or religious group (从宗教、政党、联盟等组织中退出，脱离)
Nine States seceded from the Union government and established their own confederate government.
(九个州脱离联邦政府，成立了自己的邦联政府。)
They seceded from the EEC.
(他们从欧洲经济共同体中退出。)
人口过剩
词根
over-是一个前缀，意思是 too much (过度，太过)
overcrowd (过度，拥挤)
overdo(过度烹煮)
overeat (吃得过多)
overestimate (估计过高)等等。
popul 意思是 people (人)
populous (人口稠密的)
depopulation (人口减少)
populace (大众)等等。
populate
[ˈpɒpjuleɪt]
vt. 居住于; 生活于; 移民于; 占据;
popul-,人，民众，-ate,使。引申词义居住，迁移等。
The center of the city is a densely populated area.
densely
[denslɪ]
adv. 浓密地，稠密地，密集地;
population
[ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn]
n. 人口; 全体居民; 特定[生物]种群; [物]布居;
The country is adopting radical measures to control the growth of its population
radical
[ˈrædɪkl]
adj. 根本的，基本的; 激进的; 彻底的; [植]根生的;
n. 激进分子; 根基，原子团; [数学]根数;
measures
['meʒəz]
n. 程度; 度量法; 度量单位; 度量器具; （一定的）量( measure的名词复数 ); 程度; 措施;
v. 量( measure的第三人称单数 ); 测量; 衡量; 量出;
这个国家正在采取激进的措施来控制人口增长
overpopulate
[əʊvə'pɒpjʊleɪt]
vt. 使（某一地区）人口过剩;
The city is noisy, overpopulated, and seriously polluted.
(这座城市喧闹，人口过多而且污染严重。)
seriously
[ˈsɪəriəsli]
adv. 认真地; 严肃地; 严重地;
overpopulated
[ˌəʊvəˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd]
adj. （城市等）人口过密[过多]的;
If we didn't carry out family planning, our country would be much more overpopulated.
overpopulation
[ˌəʊvəˌpɒpjʊ'leɪʃn]
n. 人口过剩; 生齿过剩;
Overpopulation has caused many problems.
(人口过多已经造成了许多问题。)
贫穷
poverty
[ˈpɒvəti]
n. 贫穷; 缺乏，不足; 贫瘠，不毛; 低劣;
拉丁语pauper,穷的，少的®古法语poverte,贫穷，贫乏
call off
poor
[pʊə(r)]
adj. 贫穷的，贫乏的; 令人怜悯的，可怜的; 匮乏的; 低劣的;
n. the poor 贫困者，穷人;
PIE*pau,少的，小的®拉丁语paucus(少许)+parare(得到,准备)=pauper(贫穷的)®古法语povre®英语poor。
其中拉丁语parare(准备)在英语中派生了词根-par-(准备)。
-paros,生育，产生
词源同parent
拉丁语pauper(贫穷的)派生的拉丁语paupertas是英语poverty的词源
同源词：pauper, poverty
词源同few
取消
cancel
[ˈkænsl]
vt. 取消，注销; 抵消，偿还; 〈数〉约去;
vi. 抵消，中和;
n. 撤销，注销; 〈数〉（相）约;
PIE *sker（围，弯）®拉丁词carcer拼写变体（监狱，围栏）后指组成围栏的斜栅，形如字母X，因而引申词义删除。
词源同ring, curve.
The performance will have to be cancelled because of an accident.
(由于意外，演出不得不取消。)
The flight was cancelled because of the snow-storm.
(航班因暴风雪而取消。)
They won't be able to come tonight, I have to cancel the hotel reservations.
(他们今晚来不了了，我得取消旅馆预定。
reservation
[ˌrezəˈveɪʃn]
n. 保留; 预订，预约; 保留地，专用地;
re-回,向后 + -serv-保持,留心 + -ation名词词尾
Cancel the nasty words from your composition.
(把你作文中的那些下流的词语删掉。)
composition
[ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn]
n. （音乐、艺术、诗歌的）作品，作文，作曲; 创作; 构图，布置; 妥协，和解;
com-共同 + -posit-放置 + -ion名词词尾
nasty
[ˈnɑ:sti]
adj. 肮脏的; 下流的，令人讨厌的; 恶劣的，艰险的; 严重的;
n. 令人不愉快的事物;
词源不详，可能来自nose,鼻子，引申义难闻的，厌恶的，下流的。
cancellation
[ˌkænsəˈleɪʃn]
n. 取消; <数>（相）约; 被取消的事物; 作废;
incarcerate
[ɪnˈkɑ:səreɪt]
vt. 监禁，禁闭; 关进监狱; [医]钳闭;
in-,进入，使，-carcer,围，监狱，词源同carceral,circle.
欠债
owe
[əʊ]
vt. 欠…债; 感激; 应归功于; 怀有情感;
owe to sb/sth
I owed a great deal to my family and my friends for their support.
We owe our progress to persistence and a little good luck
persistence
[pəˈsɪstəns]
n. 坚持不懈; 执意; 持续; 留存，（荧光屏上余辉的）保留时间;
He owned her 200 dollars.
(他欠她 200 美元。)
He owned the landlady two months' rent.
(他欠房东太太两个月的房租。)
rent
[rent]
n. 租金; 地租; （意见等的）分裂，分歧; （衣服等的）裂缝;
vt.& vi. 出租; 付地租; “rend”的过去式和过去分词; 租借;
adj. 撕碎的; 分裂的;
She owned her success to hard work.
(她把成功归因于辛勤工作。)
He owes his life to a kindhearted man.
(多亏一位好心人他才活了下来。)
kindhearted
['kaɪnd'hɑ:tɪd]
adj. 好心肠的，仁慈的，同情的; 心慈; 心眼儿好; 心地善良;
PIE*aik,掌握，掌管®Proto-Germanic*aigan,占有®古英语agan,拥有，所有
其现义来自古英语习语agan to geldanne,用拥有的去支付或偿还，即own to yield.从而与own产生词义上的差别。
own
[əʊn]
n. 自己的事物; 自己人;
vt. 拥有; 承认;
vi. 承认;
adj. 自己的; 特有的;
ought
[ɔ:t]
aux. 应该（指道义上有责任）; 应当（显示所采取行动正确或明智）; 可能会; 预料会做（某事）;
vt.& vi. 应该（指道义上有责任）; （表示愿望）应当（显示所采取行动正确或明智）; 可能会; 预料会做
来自古英语ahte,拥有的，所有的，来自agan的过去分词，拥有，所有，后词义由拥有的引申为有义务去支付或偿还，并最终在语法上演变成虚拟情态动词。
选择
select
[sɪˈlekt]
vt. 选择; 挑选; 选拔; （在计算机屏幕上）选定；（从菜单中）选取;
adj. 精选的; 挑选出来的; 优等的; 第一流的; 苛责的；（地点）仅供精英阶层专用的；有辨别能力的;
n. 被挑选者;
se-,分开，-lect,拿，收集，词源同 collect,elect.即拿出来，分开，引申词义选择。
They select books that are useful to them.
(他们挑选那些对他们有用的书。)
You can select friends from your schoolmates.
(你可以在同学中挑选朋友。)
They voted to select a new monitor.
(他们投票挑选新班长。)
vote
[vəʊt]
v. 投票，选举; 提议; 投票表决; 公认，由舆论决定;
n. 投票，表决; 投票数; 投票权; 决议;
活
live
[lɪv]
v. 生存; 居住; 活着; 留存;
live是alive的缩写形式，life的动词形式形容词
来源于史前日耳曼语lib-(保持,继续)在古英语中派生的两个动词libban和lifian的组合,其变体派生了英语词汇leave和life。
alive
[əˈlaɪv]
adj. 活着的; 活泼的; 有生气的; 敏感的;
living
[ˈlɪvɪŋ]
adj. 活（着）的; 现存的; 在使用中的; 逼真的;
n. 生计; 生活方式; 生存之道;
v. 活( live的现在分词); 居住; 以…为生; （按照规矩）管理生活;
make a living
life
[laɪf]
n. 生活，生计; 生命，性命; 一生，寿命; 人生，尘世;
leave
[li:v]
vt. 离开; 遗弃; 忘了带; 交托;
vt.& vi. 离去; 出发; 舍弃; 留下;
n. 准假; 假期; 辞别; 许可;
组成
make-up
[meɪkʌp]
n. 化妆（品）；组成；编排方式；排版;
We do wonder the make-up of the material.
我们确实想知道材料的构成。
It took him a long time to do his make-up for this new part.
他花了很长时间为这个新角色化妆。
make up 动词词组，组成、化装
得到
词根
riv = flow/brook/river 流动, 小溪, 河
来源于拉丁语 rivus 小溪,-rive- 为 -riv- 的变体；
rival
[ˈraɪvl]
n. 对手; 竞争者;
vt. 与…竞争; 比得上某人;
vi. 竞争;
adj. 竞争的;
来源于拉丁语中rivus(溪流)派生的rivalis(溪流的)。依同一溪流而居的人们,溪流往往是争夺的资源。
derive
[dɪˈraɪv]
vt.& vi. 得到，导出; 源于，来自; （从…中）提取;
de-, 从，向下，离开。-riv, 流动，原指从源头处流下，引申义衍生于。
derive from
Electric power can be derived from the sun-warmed surface waters of the ocean.
(电力可以从晒热的海洋水面获得。)
They derive enormous pleasure from reading.
(他们从阅读中得到了极大的乐趣。)
enormous
[ɪˈnɔ:məs]
adj. 巨大的; 庞大的; 极恶的; 凶暴的;
He said he derived no real satisfaction from his work.
(他说他从工作中得不到真正的满足。)
This word is derived from Latin.
(这个单词从拉丁语派生而来。)
rivulet
[ˈrɪvjələt]
n. 小河，小溪;
run
[rʌn]
vt.& vi. 跑; 移动; （使）流动;
n. 奔跑; 行程; 放映期; 一系列; 趋向，态势;
vi. （工作等）进行; 延续; 逃跑; 行驶;
vt. 使奔跑; 使…快速移动; 运行，经营; 划;
来自 Proto-Germanic*ren,跑，奔跑，鼻音化自 PIE*reie,奔跑，流动，可能进一步来自 PIE*ser, 流动，词源同 serum,rheumy.引申诸多相关词义。
感知
词根
-sens-, -sent-= to feel感觉
来源于拉丁语动词sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus(感觉)。
分别来源于拉丁语 sensum/sentire(sentire 的过去分词sensus)
同义词根
希腊语的path,pati,(a)esthes/(a)esthet
拉丁语的pat/pass。
-ess-, -sent-, -senc-存在
PIE*be动词es-派生的拉丁语be动词为esse
-sent-来源于拉丁语be动词esse的现在分词词干
-senc-来源于esse在拉丁语中派生的词干-sentia
-ess-来源于esse在拉丁语中派生的抽象名词essentia(存在)。
sense
[sens]
n. 感觉，官能; 意识，观念; 理性; 识别力;
vt. 感到; 理解，领会; 检测出;
-sens-感觉 + -e
来自古法语 sens,感觉，知觉，理解，五种感官的功能，来自拉丁语 sensus,感觉的，知觉的， 感知的，过去分词格于 sentire,感觉，感知，知晓，来自 PIE*sent,感觉，可能来自 PIE*sent, 走，离开，送出，词源同 send.其逻辑关系可能为摸着石头过河，根据感觉找路。引申诸相 关词义。
sensitive
[ˈsensətɪv]
adj. 敏感的; 感觉的; [仪]灵敏的; 易受影响的;
n. 敏感的人; 有灵异能力的人;
sensible
[ˈsensəbl]
adj. 明智的; 合乎情理的; 通情达理的; 意识到的，能感觉到的;
n. 可感觉到的东西; 敏感的人;
senseless
[ˈsensləs]
adj. 无知的; 愚蠢的; 无意义的; 无感觉的;
He fell senseless to the ground.
(他昏倒在地。)
It was a senseless thing to do so.
(这样做毫无意义。)
He put forward some senseless proposals at the meeting.
(他在会上提出了几个愚蠢的建议。)
药房
词根
pharmaco-, pharmac-, -pharmic
Greek: medical drug, medicine; poison
pharmacy
[ˈfɑ:məsi]
n. 药房; 配药学，药学; 制药业; 一批备用药品;
自希腊语pharmakeia,用药，药品，制药，治疗，巫术，来自pharmakis,巫术，魔力，咒语。词义演变比较leech,医生，古义为念咒的人。
pharmacist
[ˈfɑ:məsɪst]
n. 药剂师;
pharmaceutist
[fɑ:məs'ju:tɪst]
n. 药师，药剂师;
pharmaceutical
[ˌfɑ:məˈsu:tɪkl]
adj. 制药的，配药的;
n. 药物;
pharmaceutics
[ˌfɑ:mə'sju:tɪks]
n. 配药学，制药学; 药物学;
pharmacology
[ˌfɑ:məˈkɒlədʒi]
n. 药理学，药物学;
出口
export
[ˈekspɔ:t]
vt.& vi. 出口，输出;
vt. 传播，输出（思想或活动）;
n. 出口；输出，出口产品；输出品;
ex-出,向外 + -port-运输,携带
这个单词用作动词时，发音的重音在后面的第二个音节上，用作名词时，重音在第一个音节上。
They banned all exports of weapons.
(他们禁止武器出口。)
ban
[bæn]
vt. 禁止，下令禁止; 剥夺权利; [古]诅咒;
n. 禁止，禁令; 谴责; 诅咒，诅骂; 革出教门;
They grow coffee, cotton and bananas for exports.
(他们种植咖啡、棉花和香蕉出口。)
One third of exports from industrial nations go to the developing countries.
(工业国家三分之一的出口品进入发展中国家。)
Raw materials are exported at low prices.
(原材料的出口价格低廉。)
Intensive reading
Rainforests are being cut and burned from Brazil to Indonesia at such a rate that they could well disappear from the earth’s surface before the rear 2050.
such…that; at a …rate
时态：现在进行被动
“are being cut and burned”是现在进行时被动语态：
The problem is being discussed now.
(这个问题现在正在讨论。)
The car is being repaired by Mr. Smith.
(那辆车正由史密斯先生修理。)
“at such a rate that” (以这样的速度（砍伐、焚烧）以致于…)
such 的后面接名词，而 so 的后面接形容词或副词
He spoke for such a long time that people began to feel bored.
(他讲了那么长时间,人们开始觉得厌烦了。)
He made such a rapid progress that both his teachers and his parents were happy.
(他取得了飞快的进步，他的老师和父母都觉得高兴。)
rapid
[ˈræpɪd]
adj. 快速的; [摄]感光快的; 险峻的;
n. 急流; 高速交通工具，高速交通网;
It was such a fine day that we decided to go for a walk.
(天气这样好，我们打算去散步。)
The work was so difficult that I couldn't finish it in 2 hours.
(这项工作太难，两小时内我完不成。)
She spoke so fast that I could catch her.
(她讲话太快，我没听懂他的意思。)
“they could well disappear” 他们很可能消失。well 在本句中的意思是“很可能的， 很”
It might well turn out true.
(这很可能会成为真的。)
It's well worth trying.
(这很值得一试。)
He must be well over forty.
(他很可能大大超过四十岁了。)
They are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located.
are being cleared
本句中的 clear 用作动词，意思是 remove (清除)
Brazil's forests were being cleared at the rate of almost 7,000 square miles a year.
(巴西的森林以每年近 7，000 平方英里的速度被清除。)
square
[skweə(r)]
n. 正方形；广场；平方；方格;
adj. 成直角的；平方的；（尤指在生意上）公平的；正方形的;
adv. 四四方方地；成直角地；正直地；坚定地;
vt. 使成正方形；使成直角；检测…的角度；调整，改正;
vi. 一致；成方形;
The children were helping me clear weeds from the garden.
(孩子们在帮助我清除花园里的杂草。)
in which they are located 定语从句修饰 nations
speed up = increase the speed（加速；使加速）
Tom speeded up and overtook his classmates.
(汤姆加快了速度，赶上他的同学们。)
注意 speed 用在词组动词中时，其过去式和过去分词为 speeded, 其他情况下，其过去式和过去分词为 sped。
Africa's population growth speeded up.
(非洲的人口增长加速。)
Bad housing and poverty speed up the breakdown of family life.
(恶劣的住房条件和贫困加快了家庭的破裂。)
表示“坐落于某地”时，locate 常用在被动语态中，be located。in which they are located中的 they 指 rainforests, which 指 nations。
The factory is located in the suburb.
(那家工厂坐落于郊区。)
suburb
[ˈsʌbɜ:b]
n. 郊区，城郊; 边缘; 附近，周围;
The hospital is located in the center of the city.
(医院坐落于市中心。)
According to many scientists, the burning of rainforests is also directly contributing to the so-called greenhouse effect.
contribute to 在本句中的意思是 help to bring about (促战，造成)
Your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem.
(你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。)
Carelessness contributed to his errors.
(粗心大意造成了他的错误。)
so-called 用作形容词，意思是“所谓的”
He was deceived by his so-called friend.
(他被所谓的朋友骗了。)
deceive
[dɪˈsi:v]
v. 欺诈; 误导;
The so-called Christian even showed no love to his own children.
(这个所谓的基督徒连对自己的孩子都没有爱心。)
christian
[ˈkrɪstʃən]
n. 基督教徒，信徒; 克里斯琴; <口>人类，文明人，正派人; [电影]克里斯蒂安;
adj. 信基督教的，基督教的，基督教徒的; <口>人（类）的，文明的，<口>正派的，高尚的;
even
[ˈi:vn]
adv. 甚至; 更加; 即使; 恰巧在…时候;
adj. 公平的; 平坦的; 偶数的; 平均的;
vt. 使平坦; 使相等;
vi. 变平; 成为相等;
effect 在句中用作名词，意思是“效果，效应”
The sound effect of this movie is great.
(这部电影的音响效果很棒。)
Excessive smoking will have a bad effect on your health.
(吸烟过多将会给你的身体带来不良影响。)
excessive
[ɪkˈsesɪv]
adj. 过度的，极度的; 过分的; 过多的; 过逾;
Too much rainfall affected the harvest.
(过多的雨水影响了收成。)
harvest
[ˈhɑ:vɪst]
n. 收割; 收获季节; 收成; 结果;
vt.& vi. 收割，收成;
vt. 收到; 收割（庄稼），捕猎（动物、鱼）;
I hope what I have said won't affect your decision.
(希望我的话不会影响你的决定。)
It is a medicine chest of unlimited potential.
chest
[tʃest]
n. 胸部，胸腔; 箱子; 金库; 资金;
chest 可以指胸腔或柜子、箱子，medicine chest 是“药箱”的意思。
potential
[pəˈtenʃl]
adj. 潜在的，有可能的; [语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的; 有能力的;
n. 潜力，潜能; [物]电位，势能; 潜能的事物; [语]可能语气;
potential 在句中用作名词，意思是“潜力”，potential 也可用作形容词，意思是“潜在的”
They are determined to tap their potential to the full.
(他们决心充分挖掘自己的潜力。)
tap
[tæp]
v. 轻敲; 打拍子; 利用; 窃听;
n. 龙头，阀门; 轻敲; 踢踏舞; 电话窃听;
The aim of this advertisement is to attract potential customers.
(这则广告的目标是吸引潜在的顾客。)
You have to know more about the potential demand of the market.
(你得对市场上可能达到的需求量有更多的了解。)
The countries in which the rainforests are located are all quite poor and overpopulated.
热带雨林所在的国家都很贫穷，人口过剩。
They have no money, so when the poor whom they can't feed find work cutting down trees or burning forestland, the governments often have no choice but to turn a blind eye.
the poor 代表“穷人们”
cutting down trees or burning forestland 是现在分词作定语修饰 work
have no choice but to do sth.固定短语 (别无选择，只能…)
I had no choice but to take the last train to go home.
(我别无选择，只能乘末班火车回家。)
They had no choice but to accept the term.
(他们别无选择，只能接受这个条件。)
turn a blind eye (to sth.) (对…视而不见)，类似的表达不有 turn a deaf ear to sth.
He turned a blind eye to the messy room
(他对凌乱的房间视而不见。)
messy
[ˈmesi]
adj. 凌乱的，散乱的; 肮脏的，污秽的; 复杂的，麻烦的，难以应付的;
mess
[mes]
n. 混乱; 食堂; 肮脏; 困境;
vt. 弄脏; 搞砸; 给…供膳;
vi. 把事情弄糟; 制造脏乱;
The manager turned a deaf ear to the customers' complaints about the poor service.
(顾客报怨服务太差，经理对此置若罔闻。)
one way they could help would be by canceling the international debts that countries like brail owe, while also working together with these countries to solve their other economic problems
they could help 定语修饰 one way
canceling 动名词
that countries like brail owe 定语，修饰 the international debts
working together with 同 canceling 用法相同
solve problem
international
[ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl]
adj. 国际的; 两国（或以上）国家的; 超越国界的; 国际关系的;
n. 国际组织; 国际体育比赛; 外国居留者; 国际股票;
debt
[det]
n. 债务; 负债情况; 义务; 罪，过失;
brail
['breɪl]
n. 卷帆索，抄网;
v. 用卷帆索卷，以抄网捞;
巴西 （ Brail ）
他们可以提供帮助的一种方式是取消像巴西这样的国家所欠的国际债务，同时与这些国家合作解决它们的其他经济问题
Last but not least, people in the richer countries of the world could also help save the rainforests by using wood-derived products such as paper more carefully and by recycling used paper products to help reduce the demand for newly cut wood.
last but not least;
In today's pharmaceutical market 15 of the 125 drugs derived from plants were discovered in the rainforest.
derived from plants 是现在分词短语做定语，相当于被动语态的定语从句
derive from 意思是 get from, obtain from, 如：
Much of his knowledge is derived from books.
(他的许多知识得自书本。)
He derived his stories from his experiences in the countryside.
(他的故事来自于他在农村的经历。)
experience
[ɪkˈspɪəriəns]
n. 经验，体验; 经历，阅历;
vt. 亲身参与，亲身经历; 感受; 发现;
The beer bought from the supermarket is very light.
(在超市买的那啤酒口味很淡。)
The candy made from cactus tastes strange.
(用仙人掌做的糖果味道很怪。)
cactus
[ˈkæktəs]
n. 仙人掌;
taste
[teɪst]
n. 味道; 滋味; 味觉; 风味;
vt.& vi. 尝，品尝;
vt. 吃; 喝; 浅尝;
vi. 尝味; 略进（饮食）; （少量地）吃; 有某种味道;
candy
[ˈkændi]
n. 糖果; 冰糖; 〈美俚〉古柯碱，可卡因; 巧克力;
vt. （用糖煮过以）保存; 使结晶为砂糖;
adj. 〈美俚〉（服饰）花哨的; 甜言蜜语的;
candle
[ˈkændl]
n. 蜡烛; 烛光; 蜡烛状物;
vt. 对光检查;
来自词根cand, 照明，进一步来自PIE *skai, 照耀，见shine.
15 of the 125 意思是 125 中的 15种
two of the three (三个中的两个)
在今天的医药市场上，125种药物中有15种是从热带雨林中发现的植物中提取的。
Rare birds and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world have been disappearing at the rate of one a year since the turn of the century.
句中的 else 是形容词，常接在不定代词的后面，表示“其他的，别的”
Is there anything else I can do for you?
(我还能为你做些别的事吗？)
Did anybody else know this?
(有其他人知道这件事吗？)
He didn't go anywhere else.
(他没去其他地方。)
one a year 意思是“每年一种”
Take the medicine three times a day.
(每日三次服这种药。)
They met three times a week.
(他们每周见三次。)
He finishes 5 books a month.
(他一个月读完五本书。)
当时间状语用 since 引导时，句子中的时态常用完成时
He has been living here since he came to Nanjing 5 years ago.
(自从他五年前来到南京，他就一直住在这儿。)
They haven't seen each other since last May.
(自去年五月起，他们一直没见过面。)
turn 在句中做名词，意思是“转折点”
since the turn of the century 意思是“自本世纪初（或上世纪末）。”
He hasn't written home since the turn of the year.
(自去年底以来他还未给家里写过信。)
At the turn of the two centuries, they had many hearty wishes for their family.
(在两个世纪交替之时，他们对家人有许多衷心的祝愿。)
rare
[reə(r)]
adj. 罕见的，特殊的; 半熟的；半生的; 稀薄的，经过稀化的; 三分熟;
In the face of all these facts, it seems senseless for countries to continue destroying their rainforests.
介词短语 in the face of 意思是“面对”
They didn't give up in the face of adversity.
(面对逆境，他们没有放弃。)
adversity
[ədˈvɜ:səti]
n. 逆境; 不幸; 灾难;
ad-朝,向 + -vers-转 + -ity名词词尾 → 转向反面
advance
[ədˈvɑ:ns]
vt. （使）前进; 将…提前; 预付; 提出;
vi. （数量等）增加; 向前推（至下一步）; 上涨;
n. 增长; 借款; （价格、价值的）上涨; 预付款;
adj. 预先的; 先行的;
He kept his head in the face of flattery.
(面对奉承，他保持镇静。)
flattery
[ˈflætəri]
n. 奉承（话）; 阿谀奉承会/不会使你如愿以偿;
it seems senseless for sb. to do sth.
(对于某人来说做某事是愚蠢的)
senseless
[ˈsensləs]
adj. 无知的; 愚蠢的; 无意义的; 无感觉的;
it 是形式主语，动词不定式真正的主语
It is important for us to get into contact with them as soon as possible.
(我们尽快与他们取得联系是很重要的。)
It seems useless for you to argue further with him.
(你再跟他争辩下去似乎是毫无意义的。)
argue
[ˈɑ:gju:]
vt. 坚决主张; 提出理由证明; 说服，劝告; 表明，证明;
vi. 争论，辩论; 提出理由;
further
[ˈfɜ:ðə(r)]
adj. 更远的，较远的; 更进一步的，深一层的; 更多的;
adv. 进一步地; 更远地; 而且;
vt. 促进，推动; 增进;
在动词 continue 的后面既可以用动词不定式也可以用动名词，意思都是“不间断地做某事”
It is necessary for us to continue to learn things in life.
(我们在生活中不断学习是必要的。)
He continued doing his homework.
(他继续做家庭作业。)
…which they badly need to pay off their foreign debts and purchase foreign equipment and other goods.
badly 在本句中用作副词，意思是 extremely
I am badly in need of advice.
(我急需建议。)
We need the money badly.
(我们非常需要这笔钱。)
pay off 的意思是 pay all that is owed (清偿)
It book him 6 years to pay off the debt.
(他花了六年时间才还清那笔债。)
He won't be able to pay off a home all his life.
(他一辈子也不能付清购买住房所下的钱。)
equipment 是不可数名词，不可在其后加 s。
goods 是复数名词，意思是“商品；货物”。
…how to select trees worth exporting and to cut only those trees down while leaving the rest, so that the basic make up of the forest would not be disturbed.
形容词 worth 后面通常接动名词或名词
This book is worth reading.
(这本书值得一读。)
The equipment is worth 10,000 dollars.
(这台设备值一万美元。)
请注意区别 worth，worthy 和 worthwhile：
be worth + n. = be worthy of + n.
This matter is worth consideration.
This matter is worthy of consideration.
be worth doing = be worthy of being done to be done
This matter is worth considering.
This matter is worthy of being considered.
to be considered.
It is worthwhile doing sth.
to do sth.
It is worthwhile to consider the matter.
considering the matter.
make-up 在句中用作名词，意思是“组成，构造”
He didn't know the make-up of the mineral.
(他不知道这种矿物质的构成。)
The make-up of Chinese characters is hard for many foreigners.
(对许多外国人来说汉字的构造很难。)
make-up 还可以表示“化妆”、“虚构”、“补考”
Last but not least, …
本句的意思是 the last point but not the least important one (最后一点，但并不是最不重要的点。)
短语
1. at such a rate
2. speed up
3. be located
4. be allowed to
5. according to
6. contribute to
7. derive from
8. continue doing
9. in the face of
10. continue doing
11.stop sb. fromdoing sth.
12. cut down
13. turn a blind eye
14. pay off
15. regard…as
16. make a living
17. be worth doing
18. make…into…
19. on the spot
20. in addition to