第二十四课下Life on the Tundra接近北冰洋的冻土带上的

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Life on the Tundra 接近北冰洋的冻土带上的生活情景

• 课文
  • Tundra is the name given to the low, marshy plains of Europe, Siberia, and North America that border on the Arctic Ocean. In Alaska, the vast, cold region known as the "Northern Slope" is part of the tundra. Nature sets harsh terms for survival in this land. Only those plants and animals that are adapted to the hostile environment can survive in it.
    • 欧洲、西伯利亚和北美洲接近北冰洋的低洼沼泽平原名之为冻土带。在美国阿拉斯加洲，那块广阔寒冷通称为"北边坡地"的地区就是冻土带的一部分。大自然为这片土地设置的自下而上条件十分恶劣。只有那些能适应在逆境中生存的植物和动物才能在这种环境中生存下来。
  • Long periods of darkness and bitter cold are the major threats to life on the tundra. At the Arctic Circle, the sun cannot be seen above the horizon in December. North of the Circle, the darkness lasts even longer. Over the northern reaches of the tundra, no sunlight can be seen at all for several months of the year.
    • 长期的黑暗和刺骨的严寒对在冻土带上生活是两大最主要的威胁。北极圈在 12 月份，在地平地线之上是看不到太阳的。从北极圈往北黑暗的时间通常会持续得更长些。在冻土带北部边缘的上空，一年中有好几个月根本见不到阳光。
  • The darkness is balanced, to some degree, by continuous daylight during the summer months.But even in the warmest month, the temperature only averages about 50 degrees F (10 degrees C).During the dark winter months the average temperature falls to - 16 degrees F ( -27 degrees C),and sometimes to ?40 degrees (C and F) and below.
    • 持续的黑暗，在某种意义上来说，同夏季几个月连续不断的的白昼达到了平衡。但即使是在最暖和的月份里，平均温度刚刚能达到华氏约 50 度。在冬季那几个黑暗的月份里，平均气温降到华氏负 16 度，有时达零下 40 甚至更低。
  • Because of the intense cold, the subsoil of the tundra remains permanently frozen to a great depth. During the brief summer, a few feet (about a meter) of soil thaw at the surface. It is this thin layer of active soil that supports all living things on the tundra.
    • 由于酷寒，冻土带的下层封都冻得很深。在短暂的夏季仅三英尺的表层土壤能解冻。正是这被太阳晒暖了苏醒过来的薄薄的一层土壤养活着冻土带上的一切生物。
  • For nine months of the year, the tundra is a dark, seemingly lifeless wild land. Then in June, as if by magic, a never-setting summer sun gives birth to hundreds of species of arctic plants to cover the ground.
    • 每年长达 9 个月，冻土带都是一块看上去毫无生机的荒凉的土地。然后到 3-6 月份，好像是施了魔法一样，一轮永不落的夏天的太阳生出了数百种北极的植物覆盖着大地。
  • A plant that grows more than three feet (about a meter) is unusual on the tundra. There are no tall trees. The frozen subsoil prevents roots from growing deep enough to support them. By the end of August the breath of winter returns, and by mid-September the tundra is White again.
    • 一种植物若能长得超过了三英尺，这在冻土带上就是很不平常的了。冻土带上根本就不要有高大的树木。深层的永冻土使植物的根不能常常地扎下去来支撑高大的树木。到 8 月底， 冬天的气息又返回来了，到了 9 月中旬这冻土带又是冬天了。
  • The animal life on the tundra is unusually rich for an environment that seems so harsh. Herds of arctic deer move from place to place in search of food. Bands of wolves follow them and hunt for the weak or sick ones.
    • 在这种非常恶劣的环境中，冻土带上动物的生活却非常充实。一群一群的北极鹿到处迁徙以便寻找食物。一帮一帮的北极狼跟踪着北极鹿群以便猎吃鹿群中的老弱残病者。
  • Few birds actually live on the tundra. However, a variety of birds migrate to nest and feed during the summer. The wet, marshy lance produces a large number of insects that provide food for the smaller birds that, in turn, provide food for the arctic fox and the wolf.
    • 实际上几乎没有鸟类生活在冻土带上。但是各种各样的候鸟到了夏季会到这里来筑巢繁衍生息。这湿润的沼泽地能生出大量的昆虫，这就给小鸟提供了食物。接下来这些小鸟又充作了北极狐和北极狼的食物。
  • The balance of nature is so delicate on the tundra that even minor disturbances may produce major changes in the environment. Any in-crease or decrease in the population of one species may affect all other species on the tundra. For example, if the number of wolves and foxes decreases, the food chain is upset. Without wolves, the number of grazing animals - like the deer - would increase. This increase would result in a food shortage, which would cause death to many smaller animals. A decrease in the number of these srnaller animals would in turn decrease the food supply for the arctic fox and the wolf. In this way, the entire food chain might be affected by a change in the number of a single species.
    • 自然界的平衡在冻土带上是非常灵敏的，那怕只要稍微有一点破坏平衡的现象出现就可能产生环境上的一些重大变化。任何一个物种在数量上的增加或减少都会影响到冻土带上所有的其他物种。例如，如果北极狼和北极狐的的数量减少，那食物链就会遭到破坏就会脱节。倘若没有了北极狼，那些食草兽--像驯鹿之类--就会增加，这一增加就会导致很多小动物的死亡。倘若这些波动的数量减少了，接下来就会减少了供应给北极狐和北极狼的食物。这样下来，由于某一物种的数量的改变，就有可能影响到整个食物链的脱节。
  • Until recently, the changing seasons on the tundra were seen only by a few Eskimo hunters and explorers. What would draw men and women to live in such a hostile land? The answer is oil.
    • 不久前，也只有极少数的爱斯基摩的猎手和探险家才能深究到冻土带上的寒来暑往冬去春来。那么，是什么东西把男男女女都吸引到这块环境十分恶劣的土地上来的呢？答案就是：石油。
  • In 1968, oil was discovered beneath the frozen soil on Alaska's Northern Slope. Now an 800-mile (about 1300 kilometers) pipeline has been built from Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean to Valdes, a port on the south coast of Alaska. The pipeline carries the oil from the Northern Slope,acrossthe tundra, to the port. From there, it is shipped to the rest of the United States.
    • 1968 年在阿拉斯加北边坡地的冻土下面发现了石油。现在已经把一条 800 英里长的输油管从北冰洋上的普拉德霍贝架设到了阿拉斯加北边坡地的冻土下面发现了石油。现在的普拉德霍贝架设到了阿拉斯加南岸的港口城市瓦尔迪兹。这条输油管把石油从北部坡地，越过冻土带，输送到瓦尔迪兹港口，又从那里把石油装船运送到美国其他地方。
  • Thousands of men and women were needed to build and maintain the pipeline. For the first time, large numbers of people were brought into contact with the tundra. Their presence and the presence of the pipeline they built represented a major change in the environment. How will the life cycles of the tundra be affected?
    • 为了和维护保养这条输油管，需要有成千上万的男男女女参与工作。这是破天荒第一次，把一大批又一大批的人送到这里来与冻土带打交道。这些人的到来以及他们所修建的输油管的出现标志着冻土带的环境的重大改变。那么，冻土带的生活周期会受到什么影响呢？
  • The survival of the United States depends on the ability to find new sources of energy. Oil from beneath the tundra is very important to the nations' development. But the survival of the tundra depends on how carefully people maintain the delicate balance of nature in this environment.
    • 美国能否继续生存下去，依赖于是否有能力找到新的能源。来自冻土带下面的石油对美国的发展至关重要。但是，这块冻土带上的一切是否能继续维持下去，这依赖于人们是否能细心地维护在这种环境下大自然里各个物种之间的平衡。
• New words
  • 湿地
    • 词根mar
      • -mar- = sea（海）
        • 来源于拉丁语名词mar.e, mar.is, n(海洋)。
        • mare, mari-, mar-=Latin: sea; ocean
          • Inter-related cross references, directly or indirectly, involving the "sea" and the "ocean" bodies of water: abysso- (bottomless); Atlantic; batho-, bathy- (depth); bentho- (deep, depth); halio-, halo- (salt or "the sea"); necto-, nekto- (swimming); oceano-; pelago- (sea, ocean); plankto- (drifting); thalasso- (sea, ocean).
      • mar = war（战争）
        • 词根来源于拉丁语的mar 意为war,也有sea的意思。
      • mell, mel(mil, mol, mar) = honey（蜂蜜；亲爱的，宝贝儿）
        • 词根mell,mel来自拉丁语的mel,mell意为honey,此外词根mil,mol,mar是他们的变形。
    • marsh
      • [mɑ:ʃ]
        • n. 沼泽，湿地;
      • -mar-海 + sh
        • 来自Proto-Germanic*marisko,来自PIE*mori,海，湖泊，-iskos,形容词后缀。即湖泊状的，引申词义沼泽，湿地。
    • marshy
      • ['mɑ:ʃi:]
        • adj. 沼泽的，多沼泽的，湿地的;
  • 地平线
    • horizon
      • [həˈraɪzn]
        • n. 地平线; 范围; 界限; 眼界;
      • 来自希腊语horizon kyklos,分开的圈，有边界的圈，来自horizein,分开，边界。用于指地平线，引申词义视野，范围。
  • 永久
    • 词根
      • man (mn, main) = to flow, to stay居住,留
        • 来源于拉丁语动词man.eo, man.ere, man.si, man.sus(居住,留),它的变形为mn,main。当意为to flow 时
        • 同义词根
          • 拉丁语的flu,lix
          • 希腊语的rrh
      • -manu-, -mani-, -man-= hand（手）
        • 来源于拉丁语manus(手)及其派生词如manualis(adj.合手的,顺手的), manicula(n.小手), manipulus(n.一把,一撮), manufactum(adj.手工做的)等。
        • 同义词根
          • 希腊语的chiro
    • permanent
      • [ˈpɜ:mənənt]
        • adj. 永久（性）的，永恒的，不变的，耐久的，持久的，经久的; 稳定的; 常务的，常设的;
        • n. 电烫发，烫发;
      • per-完全,贯穿 + -man-居住,留 + -ent形容词词尾
    • permanently
      • ['pɜ:mənəntlɪ]
        • adv. 永久地，长期不变地;
    • permanence
      • [ˈpɜ:mənəns]
        • n. 永久，持久;
    • mansion
      • [ˈmænʃn]
        • n. 大厦; 宅第，公馆;
    • remain
      • [rɪˈmeɪn]
        • vi. 留下; 保持; 留待; 依然;
        • n. 遗迹；剩余物，残骸;
  • 好像
    • see
      • [si:]
        • vt.& vi. 看见; 领会，理解; 查看; 参观;
        • n. 主教教区; 主教权限; 牧座;
      • 来自古英语 seon,看，注视，留意，来自 Proto-Germanic*sehwana,看，注意，来自 PIE*sekw, 看，注意，可能衍生自 PIE*sekw,紧跟，跟随，词源同 sequence,second.引申诸相关词义。
    • seem
      • [si:m]
        • v. 好像，仿佛; 似乎; 装作; 看来好像;
      • 来自中古英语 semen,使合适，使匹配，使合乎举止，来自 Proto-Germanic*somiz,合适的，标 致的，来自 PIE*sem,一，整体，词源同 same,assemble.引申词义外表，表面，后词义抽象化 为看来，似乎，好像等。原词义见 seemly,得体的，合乎礼仪的。
    • seeming
      • [ˈsi:mɪŋ]
        • adj. 表面上的，似乎真实的;
        • n. 外观，外貌，表象;
        • v. 好像，仿佛( seem的现在分词 );
      • seem,看来，似乎，-ing,形容词后缀。引申词义表面上的，貌似的。
    • seemingly
      • [ˈsi:mɪŋli]
        • adv. 看来似乎; 表面上看来; 貌似;
    • 动词"看起来，好像是"
      • appear 指从感观印象看似乎是如此，但有时着重指因视野、观点限制而产生的歪曲印象。
      • look 指从样子看起来，侧重通过视觉而建立的印象。
      • seem 多指从主观印象或个反应得出的看法。
  • 打猎
    • hunt
      • [hʌnt]
        • vt.& vi. 打猎; 猎取;
        • vt. 打猎; 追捕，猎杀; 在…处狩猎; 搜索;
        • vi. 追逐猎物; 寻找; 前后摆动; 积极地寻找;
        • n. 打猎; 狩猎旅行; 参加狩猎旅行的人;
      • 来自古英语huntian,打猎，猎捕，来自Proto-Germanic*huntona,猎捕，捕获，来自PIE*kend,抓住，抓捕，词源同hint.
      • hunt for sth
    • hint
      • [hɪnt]
        • n. 线索，迹象; 提示，注意事项; 暗示; 微量;
        • vt. 暗示;
        • vi. 暗示，提示;
      • 来自中古英语hinten,告知，通知，来自古英语hentan,抓住，词源同hunt.引申词义暗示。
  • 打扰
    • disturb
      • [dɪˈstɜ:b]
        • vt. 打扰，妨碍; 使骚动; 使不安，使烦恼; 妨碍睡眠（休息等）;
      • dis-, 分开。-turb, 转，搅拌，词源同turn, turbid. 即转开，搅拌开，引申词义扰乱。
    • disturbance
      • [dɪˈstɜ:bəns]
        • n. 打扰; 骚乱，变乱; 困扰; 烦闷;
    • -turb-, -turbul-= to agitate，stir”搅动“
      • 来自拉丁语的turb意为 to agitate 搅动，摇动; 使不安
        • turbare(打扰)和turbulare(荒凉的,混杂的)。
        • （*拉丁文turbare(=to disturb),turba(=crowd),原意是“分散群体”。）
      • turb-, turbin-, turbo-, turbu-
        • Latin: uproar, commotion, disorderly, agitated, confusion; whirl, whirlwind
  • 短
    • short
      • [ʃɔ:t]
        • adj. 短的，短暂的; 矮的; 短缺的; 短期的;
        • adv. 突然; 唐突地; 简短地; 横贯地;
        • n. 短裤; 短路; 缺乏;
        • vt. 故意少给…的零头，骗取;
        • vi. 短路;
      • 来自古英语 scort,短的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skurta,切短的，来自 PIE*sker,切，分开，词源 同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义。
    • shortage
      • [ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ]
        • n. 不足，缺点; 缺少; 缺少量; 不足额;
  • 探测
    • explore
      • [ɪkˈsplɔ:(r)]
        • vi. 勘查， 探测， 勘探; [医]探查（伤处等），探索，研究;
        • vt. 探索， 探究， 仔细查看;
      • ex-, 向外。-plor, 大叫，哭喊，词源同deplore. 原指猎人在打猎时通过叫声把鸟赶出山林，后词义引申为探索。
    • explorer
      • [ɪkˈsplɔ:rə(r)]
        • n. 探险家; 勘探者; 探测器; [医]探针;
    • exploration
      • [ˌekspləˈreɪʃn]
        • n. 探测，勘探，探险; 搜索，研究; [医]探查术;
    • plor = cry, weep, 表示“喊, 哭”
      • 来自拉丁语的plor 意为to weep。
        • Latin: to weep, to cry out, to bewail, to lament,
• 短语
  • be known as
    • China is known as one of the four ancient civilizations.
    • She is known as a great singer.
  • adapt to
    • It is hard for him to adapt to the food and climate there.
    • He is well adapted to the harsh environment.
  • threat to
    • Heart diseases are major threatsto life.
    • Darkness is a threat to him.
  • to some degree
    • I agree with you to some degree.
    • To some degree he hated his work.
  • as if by magic
    • His face turned green as if by magic.
    • The sun appeared after the rain as if by magic.
  • give birth to
    • Mrs. Brown gave birth to a baby girl last week.
    • The summer sun gives birth to many species of arctic plants.
  • in search of
    • The whole family was out in search of the lost pet dog.
    • All his life he has been in search of the meaning of life.
  • migrate to
    • Many birds migrate to the south in winter.
    • He migrated from Canada to the United States when he was 30.
  • in turn
    • We drove to the beach last week. The two of us took the wheel in turn.
    • Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
  • result in
    • His carelessness resulted in the accident.
    • Deforestation will result in disastrous ecological changes.