Introduction to instructional design
Originate: military training
the foundation of instructional design practice: The Conditions of Learning (Robert Gagne) 19650
In this book, it will only be discussed in the educational setting, especially in TEFL.
Instructional design is also defined from the following four perspectives
①Instructional Design as a Process
②Instructional Design as a Discipline
③Instructional Design as a Science
④Instructional Design as a Reality
Characteristics of instructional design
Instructional design is learner-centered
Instructional design deals with what to teach when and how to teach the chosen materials.
The terminal goal of education is to improve the learners' comprehensive competence but not that of teachers.
Instructional design is goal-oriented
Learning goals are statements of what teachers expect their students to learn after studying the course.
Teachers should assess and revise the goals to decide whether they are appropriate or not for their particular students and circumstances.
Teachers should well organize language contents, teaching procedures and classroom activities in their practical language teaching class.
Instructional design focuses on real-world performance
The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find solutions to real-world issues.
Instructional designers have to spare no efforts to create authentic learning settings for students to learn and experience the target language.
Instructional design focuses on outcomes that can be measured in varied ways
Summative assessment
focuses on the testing and outcomes
In practical teaching, summative assessment and formative assessment are usually combined.
Learning theories and the practice of instructional design
Behaviorist learning theory and the practice of instructional design
Language learning is nothing but a process of habit-formation.
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
B. F. Skinner is one of the representatives of behaviorism.
Instructional goals are the main focus.
The programmed instructional materials should be presented gradually.
The Systematic Design of Instruction
The Systems Approach Model was originally based on behaviorism learning theory.
Cognitivism and the practice of instructional design
Cognitivism mainly focuses on learners' internal mental processes.
the most representative theories
Gagne's Information Processing
Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory
Bruner's Discovery approach
Smith and Ragan Model
prescript the instructional strategies
Constructivism and the practice of instructional design
Constructivists believe that knowledge is subjective.
Jean Piaget: accommodation and assimilation
Lev Vygotsky: social interaction and engagement with the target language
John Dewey: learning-by-doing
The instructional design is learner-centered.
Professor He Ke-kang's model which is an integration of the teacher-centered and leaner-centered is relatively more accepted in Chinese context.
Humanism and the practice of instructional design
Humanistic psychology focuses on each individual's potential.
Abraham Maslow: Teachers guide students to know themselves and confident.
Carl Rogers: Non-Instructive Teaching Model
ADDIE Model
the most commonly used instructional design
guideline for effective teaching
Addie model includes the main links of teaching design, and each step is progressive.
According to the humanistic theory, teachers are more of a role model in teaching activities, not only the teaching of knowledge, but also the influence of life attitude and outlook on life. Students' self potential is very great, and teachers are more of a guide
In my opinion, imitation is very important in the early stage of language learning, but in-depth learning requires deep thinking. It is difficult to understand the true meaning of language if we blindly imitate
Cognitive theory holds that thinking is very important.
In my opinion, imitation is very important in the early stage of language learning, but in-depth learning requires deep thinking. It is difficult to understand the true meaning of language if we blindly imitate.
Behaviorism believes that teachers play an important role in teaching activities. Teachers set learning goals for learners and guide students to form language learning habits.
Imitation is an important way of behaviorism in language learning
Evaluation is an important link in teaching process and teaching design.
The ultimate goal of learning is to solve practical problems. The creation of real situations by instructional designers helps learners to spread their thinking and truly integrate knowledge
Instructional goals are the results that learners should achieve after their phased learning. The goal orientation of teaching design enables teachers to carry out efficient teaching activities and students to learn better after class.
Each student is a unique individual. Teaching design is student-centered, which helps teachers analyze students' needs, so as to achieve the purpose of teaching and improve the comprehensive ability of learners.
Instructional design is also a program that transforms educational principles into teaching materials.
Instructional design is mainly a training method for teachers to teach students in English teaching.
