英国文学

英国文学简史思维导图学习笔记总结。英国文学经历了一个怎样的历史发展？每个阶段有着哪些代表人物与事件？下面这张思维导图可以找到答案。从早期英国与中世纪文学、应该文艺复兴时期文学到应该奏本阶级改革时期、18世纪文学，再到英国浪漫主义、批判现实主义文学以及英国19世纪中后期的散文家和诗人，整个过程均有总结。

English Literature 英国文学

• early and medieval English Literature 早期英国和中世纪文学
  • the making of England
  • Beowulf 贝奥武夫第一部英雄史诗
    • the national epic of the English people
    • written in the tenth century
    • the main story is fights with monsters
    • reflect the feature of the tribal society of ancient times
    • feature one is the use of alliteration(头韵)
      • four accents in a line and three show alliteration
      • begin with the same consonant
    • feature two is the use of metaphors of understatement
  • Feudal England
    • Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in English
      • social feature: Two classes: landlords and peasant
      • miseries of Peasant
      • the rising of 1381 农民反叛
        • 1 leader: John Ball
        • shake the feudal system in England to the root
    • The Romance
      • the central character is the Knight
      • Chivalry(骑士精神): the code of manners and morals of a knight
      • Loyalty was the cornerstone of federal morality.
      • The audience was usually that of the court or of the castle.
      • the Death of King Arthur(亚瑟王之死)
  • Langland
    • Describing a picture of a federal England.
    • Written in the old alliterative verse.
  • The English Ballads
    • Oral literature
    • The Ballad:Understand the outlook of English common people in the society.
    • the Robin Hood Ballads(罗宾汉民谣)
  • Geoffrey Chaucer
    • The founder of English poetry
      • The first period: Works translated from French.
      • The second period: Works adopted from the Italian.
      • The third period: Works in purely English.
        • The Canterbury Tales
          • A long poem made up of a general introduction and 24 stories
          • One of the monumental works in English literature.
          • His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time
    • The founder of the English realism
      • his language called Middle English, vivid and exact.
      • He is the master of word-pictures.
      • The heroic couplet(英雄双韵体）
        • 五步抑扬格
        • 押尾韵对偶句
        • 韵尾:AA BB CC DD 不重复
• the English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴时期文学
  • Old England in transition 封建-资本
    • The New Monarchy(新政): Tudor dynasty(都铎王朝) Meet the need of the rising bourgeoisie. (新兴资产阶级)
    • The reformation(宗教改革)
      • Protestantism(新教主义)
    • the English Bible.
      • John Wycliffe translated into English language as (The morning star of the reformation. )
      • 1616 Authorized Version(钦定本)
        • Religious influences.
        • had great influence on English language and literature.
    • The enclosure movement. (圈地运动)
      • The commercial expansion(商业扩张)
        • The war with Spain.
    • The Renaissance
      • The first feature is a thirsty curiosity for the classical literarure
      • Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of the humanity
        • The human beauty and human achievement.
    • Humanism
      • The Key-note(主旋律) of Renaissance
    • William Caxton
      • the introduction of printing.
  • More
    • The greatest of the English humanlists
    • Utopia(乌托邦)
      • book one
        • The picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the labouring classes.
        • Fully opened to the evil reality of his time.
        • In conclusion, more points out that the root of the poverty is the private ownership of social wealth.
      • book two
        • A scratch of an ideal commonwealth some unknown ocean, Where property is held in common and there is no poverty.
  • The flowering of English literature
    • A nest of singing birds.
      • Sidney
        • a poet and critic of poetry.
        • Apology for poetry. (诗辩)
          • to answer the attack on poetry and drama as "the school of abuse. "
          • philosophy is abstract and general/ history is past
          • The poet can create.
      • Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞)
        • The Poet's Poet of the period. (诗人中的诗人)
        • The Shepherd's Calendar(牧羊人日记)
        • The Faerie Queene(仙后)
          • a Knight is assigned to each guest and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures.
          • 代表了伊丽莎白一世和12个骑士(每个骑士代表一种品质)
          • pentameter(抑扬格五音步)
          • Alexandrine(抑扬格六音步)
            • scheme :ababbcbcc
      • John Lyly
        • Gentle reader. (文雅读者)
        • Euphuism(委婉体)
      • Francis Bacon
        • intellectual energy of this age showed itself in the achievements of Francis bacon.
        • The founder of English masterialist philosophy. (英国唯物主义哲学创始人)
        • Founder of modern science in England.
          • Advancement of learning(学问的演进)
          • New instrument. （新工具）
        • Famous for his essay
          • Bacon is the first English essayist
  • Drama
  • Marlowe
    • the most gifted of the University wits
      • Tamburlaine(帖木儿大帝)
      • The Jew of Malta
      • Doctor Faustus(浮士德博士)
        • humanity
          • is an insatiable thirst for knowledge.
      • 成就:抑扬格五音步不压尾韵
  • Shakespeare
    • apprenticeship
    • mature
    • great tragedies(伟大悲剧) dark comedies(阴郁喜剧)
    • romantic drama
    • The Later Comedies(晚期喜剧)
    • poems
      • Sonnet
    • drama feature
      • One of the founder of realism.
      • His creation often used the method of adoption.
      • A master hand for playwriting
  • Ben Jonson
    • prolific dramatist
      • Every Man in His Humour
    • a poet and critic
• the period of the English Bourgeois and revolution 英国资本阶级改革时期
  • the English revolution and the restoration
  • Milton
  • Bunyan
  • metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets
  • some prose-writers
  • restoration Literature
• the Eighteenth Century 18世纪文学
  • the enlightenment and classicism in English Literature
  • Addison and Steele
  • Pope
  • Swift
  • Defoe and the Rise of the English novel
  • Richardson
  • Fielding
  • Smollett and Sterne
  • 18th Century Drama and Sheridan
  • Johnson
  • Goldsmith
  • Gibbon
  • Sentimentalism and pre-Romanticism in poetry
  • Blake
  • Burns
• Romanticism in England 英国浪漫主义文学
  • the romantic period
  • wordsworth
  • Coleridge and Southey
  • Byron
  • Shelley
  • Keats
  • Lamb
  • Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt
  • De Quincey
  • Scott
• English critical realism 英国批判现实主义文学
  • the rise of critical realism in England
  • Dickens
  • Thackeray
  • Some Women Novelists
• prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19th Century 英国19世纪中后期的散文家和诗人
  • Carlyle
  • Ruskin and some Other prose-writers
  • Tennyson
  • the Browning
  • the rossettis and Swinburne
  • William Morris
  • Literacy Trends at the End of the Century
• twentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学
• 英国第二次世界大战前后创作的诗人和小说家