医学英语

Immunology：INTRODUCTION、INFECTION AND IMMUNITY、IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCE、VACCINATION：AN ONGOING，WORLDWIDE ENTERPRISE



• Immunology
  • INTRODUCTION
    • Immunoloy grew out of observation.
    • The English word immunityroots in the Latin term immunis,meaning"exempt".
    • The immune system
      • defends the body against invaders as diverse as the virus and the flatworm.
      • generates an enormous variety of cells and moleculars.
      • specifically recognizes the pathogen and eliminates or neutralizes the invaders.
  • INFECTION AND IMMUNITY
    • Medical microbiology
      • Pathogens:viruses,bacteria,fungi,parasites pervade,ubiquitous
        • Pathogenesis
          • Infection
    • Immunology
      • Immunity preexist
        • strategies are poised to respond the instant a pathogen breaches the host′s barriers.
        • defenses are crafted to act after infection is established.
    • Health
    • Immunity
      • Innate immunity
        • Less specific components: cellular, molecular Present: before the oneset of infection Recognize classes of molecules peculiar to frequently encountered pathogens,not a particular pathogen.
        • The first line of defense against infection the skin and the mucosal membranes the acidity of the stomach contents and of perspiration enzymes such as lysozyme phagocytes antimicrobial compounds a variety of soluble factors,protein lysozyme,the interferon proteins,and components of the complement system
      • Adaptive immunity
        • More specific components: lymphocytes and antubodies
        • responds to the antigen with high degree of specificity as well as the remarkable property of memory within five or six days after the initial exposure to the antigen.
        • responds to the same antigen more quickly,neutralizes and clears the pathogen more strongly and effectively than the first.
  • IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCE
    • The immune system is deficient.
      • Failing to protect the host adequately
    • It overreacts or misdirects its activities.
      • Discomfort,debilitating disease,or even deatheffective vaccines
    • Manifestations of immune dysfunction:allergies and asthma,graft rejection and Graft-versus-host disease,autoimmune disease,and immunodeficiency.
  • VACCINATION：AN ONGOING，WORLDWIDE ENTERPRISE
    • Apply vaccine universally
      • Smallpox was eradicated.
    • End the universal vaccination
      • The number of people with no immunity to the disease rise; The disease is reintroduced by unnatural means.
    • Develop new and safer vaccines against smallpox
    • Practice current vaccination
      • Diseases(mealsless, mumps,whooping cough,tetanus,diphtheri and polio)are nonexistent.
        • The suffering and mortality are reduced.
        • The immense cost to treat these illnesses and their aftereffects or sequelae is eased.
    • Manufacturer and administrate effective vaccine
      • Influenza′s spread is defended against.
    • Utilize molecular and cellular biology,genomic,and proteomics to develop effective vaccines
      • Major killers such as malaria and AIDS will be made inroad into preventing.