语言

西方语言学流派知识分享！学习西方语言学流派有这一张思维导图就够了， 内容覆盖区分流派与分支、宏观区分流派、形式主义者说儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力；功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展。感兴趣的小伙伴可以下载收藏。

语言学流派

• 1.区分流派与分支
  • 1.1 流派
    • 多指思潮，有代表人物，代表著作，主要观点，研究方法，盛行时代，有其影响，往往有历史视角
    • Schools refer to trends of thought, with their representative figures, works, unique ideas, methods and influence on later development;a diachronic perspective.<br>
  • 1.2 分支<br>
    • 多指领域，研究范围，也有经典著作，有影响人物，多用共时观点。可能多个流派都对它有过贡献。
      • 分配时间
      • 完成结果
    • Branches refer to areas of study,with their classics, and influential figures; often a synchronic perspective.
  • 1.2 语言的分支：Branches:<br>
    • 从内部分：distinction from within:<br>
      • 语音学，音系学，词汇学，形态学，句法学，语义学，语用学（？）phonetics，phonology，lexicology，morphology，ssyntax，semantic,pragmatics(?)<br>
    • 从外部分：without:<br>
      • 心理语言学，社会语言学，计算语言学，神经语言学，文化语言学，人类语言学，语料库语言学。psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,computation linguistics,neurolinguistics,anthropogical linguistics, cultural linguistics,corpus linguistics.<br>
    • 大分类：<br>
      • 理论语言学 Theoretical linquistics<br>
      • 应用语言学 applied linguistics
  • 1.3 历史视角和共识视角一起可以画出一个十字，像一个坐标。<br>
  • The diachronic and synchronic perspectives will from a cross, which like a coordinate.<br>
  • 1.3 语言学流派<br>
    • 1. 传统语法 traditional grammar<br>
      • Traditional Grammar : focus on phonetics and words; school grammar, prescriptive;influebtial; its terms still in use today<br>
    • 2. 历史语言学 historical linguistics<br>
      • language comparison, family trees of l languages; laws of sound change; Neogrammarians; paved the way for modern linguistics in the 20th century.&nbsp;
    • 3. 现代语言学开端 the beginning of modern linguistics<br>
      • language/speech; arbitrariness of language; synchronic/diachronic; signifier/signified; system of signs
    • 4. 欧洲功能主要 European functionalism<br>
      • the Prague School; the Copenhagen School: contribution to phonology; given/new information; thme/rheme; topic/comment; influential around 1920-40<br>
    • 5. 伦敦学派 The London School<br>
      • Britain has a long tradition of language studies.
    • 6. 系统功能语法 Halliday's Systemic-functional grammar<br>
      • meaning is use; contest detemines meaning; emphasis on both structure and system;linguistic potential and actual behavior; paradigmatic/syntagmatic relations; types of functions of language.
    • 7. 美国结构主义语言学 American structuralism<br>
      • Riged &apos;procedure of discovery&apos;, binary cutting, ignore meanibg; distribution of elements; emphasis on evidence than impression; audio-lingual method in teaching; design features of language.
    • 8. 美国转换生成语法 Chomsky's Generative Grammar<br>
      • a revolution; rationalism in philosophy; cognitive psychology; language is innate; iniitial state of mind; reveal nature of L to show nature of man.
    • 9. 认知语言学 (today) Cognitive linguistics<br>
      • 语言是认知系统的一部分；认知系统是由感知，情感，范畴化，抽象化，和推理等能力组成。目标是解释引起语言行为的心理结构和心理过程，揭示语言背后内在深层规律。
• 2.宏观区分流派 A Macro Distinction<br>
  • 2.1 形式派: The formal school<br>
    • 注重分析语言的形式，结构，成分和成分的布局，对语言进行形式描写和描写的形式化，考虑语言的心理性。
    • emphasize the formal, structural aspects of L, and&nbsp; distribution of elements; formalize the description of L; a psychological perspective.
  • 2.2 功能派 The functional school :<br>
    • 注重分析语言的功能，分析不同层次上的成分的语义功能，认为功能决定形式，考虑语言的社会性。
    • emphasize the functional nature of L; analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels; finction determines form; a sociolinguistic perspective.<br>
  • 2.3 两派的区别：<br>
    • The formal camp say language is a psychological fact; the funtional camp say language is a social fact.<br>
    • 形式主义者认为语言是心理现象；功能主义在说语言是社会现象<br>
  • 2. 形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生理遗传；功能主义者说是来自社会对语言的普遍运用。
    • The formal camp say linguistic unversals are men's biological inheritance; the functional camp say language similaritties come from the common use of language.<br>
• 3. 形式主义者说儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力；功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展。
  • The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language; the functional camp say that language learning comes from children's need and development.<br>
• 4. 形式主义者把语言当成独立系统研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会功能中研究。<br>
  • The formalists regard language as an indepedent system; the formalists study language in the social context by referrring to its social function.<br>
• 5.
  • 形式派把语言看成一系列的结构，这些结构之间可以找出固定的关系；他们强调语言的普遍性，把语法看成语言的基础，因此语法围绕着句子展开<br>
  • 功能派把语言看成是一个关系网，其基本关系借助于结构加以实现；他们强调语言之间的不同点，把语义看作语言的基础，因此语法是围绕着文本或语篇而展开的。
• 6. 语言系统<br>
  • The material process<br>
  • The transitivity system
  • The action process
  • The mental process
  • The internalized process
• 7. 语言功能<br>
  • 工具<br>
  • 调节
  • 交际
  • 个人表达
  • 探索
  • 想象
  • 告知
  • 概念功能
  • 人际功能
  • 语篇功能