解密英语语法的秘密-2

英语语法、英语时态、虚拟语气、真实语气、英语介词、动词的分类、解密英语语法的秘密、英语语法一张图搞定。

英语语法

• 4.被动语态的思维及框架体系
  • be型被动语态思维及应用
    • 态变时不变被动 = [ be + 完成态 ] = [ be eaten ] 态变: 用be的变化实现态变时不变: 同主动
      • 一般态(瞬态/常态): be eaten
        • 过去: 隐去did + be(was/were) eaten现在: 隐去do/does + be(am/is/are) eaten 将来: will + be eaten过去将来: would +be eaten
          • 时间助动词Do的时间指示任务,转移给了Be
      • 不定态: to be eaten
        • 过去: was/were + to be eaten现在: am/is/are + to be eaten将来: will be + to be eaten过去将来: would be + to be eaten
      • 进行态: being eaten
        • 过去 : was/were + being eaten现在: am/is/are + being eaten将来: will be + being eaten过去将来: would be + being eaten
          • 传统语法上没有将来/过去将来或因be being 连音
      • 完成态: been eaten
        • 过去: had + been eaten现在: has/have + been eaten将来: will have + been eaten过去将来: would have + been eaten
      • 完成进行态: been being eaten
        • 过去: had + been being eating现在: has/have + been being eating将来: will have + been being eating过去将来: would have + been being eaten
          • 常态语法上没有完成进行态的被动语态或因been being连音
    • 例
      • Hebrew has been being studied extensively for many centuries.一直被广泛研究The service has been being tested on the main site. 服务一直在主站被测试This machine has been being studied by them. 机器一直被研究
    • 主动被动转换,时态要一致
      • They fixed that car. —— That car was fixed by them. They fix that car. —— That car is fixed by them.
  • get型被动语态思维及应用
    • 用get 代替 be , 其余皆同被动 = [ get + 完成态 ] = [ get eaten ]
      • Our house gets cleaned every month.The criminal got caught by the police.You will get pinished some day.He said he would get paid ,if he sinished the job on time.He is getting his car repaired.He was getting invovled in a scandal.He has got his car repaired.Tom had got his homework done,before his mother came back.They will have got the fort lost,before the rescue arrives here.He said that he would have got killed,if it had not been us.The crux of the suit is to get these vehicles fixed and safe.What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.His company will be to get parceled out.This bad idea would be to get our election campaign failed.
  • 助动词的秘密
    • 主动词: 就是非谓语动词助动词: 协助主动词实现谓语功能. 又叫时态助词, 分为“时”助动词、“态”助动词.
    • 动词串联
      • 助动词之间组合搭配,可以串联成多级助动词(谓语的第一个助动词是“时”,其后才是“”态助动词)
      • 主动词也可以串联成多级主动词
        • you got tostop letting him boss you around 别再让他对你颐指气使
    • 谓语动词 完整时态框架体系
      • 谓语动词 (助动词和主动词组合)的完整结构
• 5.英语非谓语动词的框架体系
  • 时间的相对性
  • 非谓语动词及其框架
    • 非谓语动词不含时间,不能单独做谓语(需结合时间助动词)但可做做谓语以为的其他句子成份(主宾表定状补)
    • 动态意团(非谓语动词意团): 不含时间内涵的短语结构. 非谓语可以有自己的句子结构(主宾定状补表),和相对的时态/语态,用以表达完整的“动态”含义,但是没有时间内涵.
    • 带有自己结构的动态意团嵌入结构完整的句子中,就形成复杂句(结构中有结构,动态中有动态).
    • 非谓语动词完整框架体系(动态意团是介于词类和句子之间的结构,极大提高了英语表达效率)
  • 不定态-动词意团思维及其应用
    • 句法功能
      • 做主语: To become a writter was her dream. (有自己的宾语,继承谓语的时间,表达了主语的动态性)做宾语: She wants to become a writter. (有自己的宾语,继承谓语的时间,表达了宾语的动态性)做表语: Her dream is to become a writter. (有自己的宾语,继承谓语的时间,表达了表语的动态性)
        • 把动词意团当“名词”看待
      • 做状语: She writes a lot to become a writter. (有自己的宾语,继承谓语的时间,表达了状语的动态性)做补语: Her fiends advise her to become a writter. (有自己的宾语,继承谓语的时间,表达了补语的动态性)
        • 英语中的状语和补语：状语 修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语.用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等.状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾.    副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首.    从句分有时间、方式、伴随、原因、地点、结果、目的、 让步和比较状语从句He lives in Lon'don.他住在伦敦.in london是地点状语状语就是那些什么时间,地点,目的什么的,常见的状语分为时间状语和地点状语,用来说明时间和地点,比如：:I find the book in the room.本句子中,in the room翻译成地点状语好一点,这句话应该翻译成“我在房间里发现这本书”.绝招: 可以去掉的是状语.In 2000,I was a senior high student.(In 2000去掉无所谓吧,是状语.)补语 用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作”宾补“结构:   如：make(使...),ask(请)等等.某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语.而复合宾语的 :    第一部分通常由名词或代词充当,    第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等,称为宾语补足语.这不是一句完整的话：我们使我们的祖国.    应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽             We will make our country more beautiful.   这里的“美丽的（beautiful)”为形容词做补语,说明祖国的状态.作补语的词或词组为：形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等.补语就是补充说明的,一般都是在某些特定句式中的. 补语是要把修饰部分补充完整,否则句子不完整,例如,“I call her Lily”.Lily 就是her的补语,去掉补语,句子不完整.绝招: 去掉补语句子不完整He tried to make me happy.(happy去掉了能理解吗?所以happy是补语.)
        • 状语: 修饰谓语或全句,去掉不影响;补语: 对宾语进行补充,去掉有影响.
      • 做谓语: He is to blame. (加be动词做谓语)
      • For us to finish this huge project is impossible. (有自己的主语、宾语)What I am doing is not for you to judge. (有自己的主语、宾语)Her husband works hard for their kids to get better education. (有自己的主语、宾语)It is time for us to fight back. (有自己的主语、宾语)
        • ?
    • 时态功能
      • 不定态也有自己相对的时态语态
      • 主动一般态: I want to go home. 主动进行态: He happed to be seeing that thief stealing a wallet.主动完成态: She is rumored to have been married again.主动完成进行态: She is said to have been staying in Shanghai.被动一般态: The need to be loved inheres in human nature.被动完成态: My life seems to have been involved in hers.
        • 不定态的时间,跟随谓语时间
    • 思维特征
      • 一段“不含时间”的“未定的”的动态意团,是一种“态”
        • For me to do that job is very diffcult.The question is how to find him.What we need to do is to figure out where we are stuck at.Don’t you have anything better to do?He ran so fast to get away from the arrest.Tell him not to close the door. I forgot to turn off the light.
          • 做句子成份,不独立存在
        • to pick up groceriesto do the laundryto clear the houseto call momto work out
          • 做列表中独立存在,无时间内涵
            • ?
    • 解析
      • see sb do sth看到某人做某事(see后动词不是隐藏to的不定态,而是一般态)see sb doing sth 看到某人正在做某事
        • 一、see的用法1、see既可用作不及物动词，也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时，可接名词、代词、带疑问词的动词不定式、that从句或由疑问词引导的从句作宾语。有时也可接与see不同形的同源宾语。2、“see+量词+of”表示看见某人的频率。see more of sb 是固定习语，意为“较多地见到”， more可换用little， quite a lot， much less， a great deal等表示相应的意义。3、see还可接以as短语、动词不定式、名词、动名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或现在分词，过去分词充当补足语的复合宾语。接动词不定式作补足语时，不带to，但如果用于被动结构则不能省略to。4、see接现在分词或动词不定式构成复合宾语时，现在分词表示宾语的一个主动、正在执行的动作(多是目前的事情)，有时也可表示某动作过程的一部分，还可表示状态; 而动词不定式则侧重一个完整的过程(多是指过去的事情)，表示一个事件。see接以动词的过去分词充当补足语的复合宾语时，表状态，含有被动意义。5、see可用作系动词，接形容词作表语。6、see表示“看见”时，为表知觉的动词，通常不用一般现在时态或进行时态，而常常用 can see和 could see来表示“(当时)看到”。作“会见”“送”解时，可用进行体。二、相关短语的区别1、see sb do sth.表示看到某人做某事了。强调已经完成的事情，或者表述客观事实。例：I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)   2、see sb doing sth.表示看到某人正在做某事。强调正在进行，当前发生的事情。例：I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调”我见他正干活“这个动作。）
        • They saw him kneel on the graound. 句中kneel非隐藏to的不定态,是一般态. He was seen to kneel on the ground. 句中to起分隔动词的作用,非不定态
      • watch、look at、listen to、feel、notice、observe、perceive的用法同see
        • I saw him cut the tree down.He looked at his son cross the street.I watched the boy jump over the fence.I heard her play the piano.Her father listened to us talk.
          • I felt someone open the door.I didn't notice you come.He observed someone go into the house.I did not perceive anything change.
      • make、have、let后接的动词也不是不带to的不定态,而是一般态,实质上是祈使句.
        • The teacher made him wait outside.The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.let's go.
  • 进行态-动词意团思维及其应用
    • 句法功能
      • 传统上: 按句中成份分成:动名词、现在分词.
      • 本书统称: 非谓语动词的进行态,可做句中任何成份
      • 做主语: Teaching English was my job.做宾语: I like teaching English.做表语: My job is teaching Engllish.做定语: That young man teaching English in this school is my nephew.做状语: When teaching English,I feel happy.做补语: We found him teaching English.
        • 自带宾语的进行态动词意团担任句子成份,时间跟随谓语
      • My daughter‘s not coiming back on time made me feel a little worried.Do you mind my/me closing the window?Streets being chaotic,parents shouldn't let their kids go out.Stop being so stupid,please.
        • 动词意团自带宾语以外的其他成份
    • 时态功能
      • 进行态也有自己的相对时态语态
      • He stood there lookig out of the window. [主动一般态]He regrets not having taken his parents' advise. [主动完成态]Having been working there for a year ,Dick warned Jack not to take the job. [主动完成进行态]The summit being hold is of great importance. [被动一般态]Having been building lots of times,he decided to fight baack. [被动完成态]
    • 思维特征
      • 是一段“不含时间”的“主动的”动态意图,是一种“态”.(实质上是简化了的从句)
        • Behaving bad won't help you attract others' attention.While crossing the street,you must be carefull.Jane fell off the bike,cutting her leg.Working hard,you will succeed.We need to achieve our goals witout stating World War 3.I thought about throwing those books away.The house being built is my uncle's.Having been warned several times,he finally gave in.
          • 充当句中成分
        • 1. 运用在目录中: Chapter 1 Exploring Dreams ………… 252. 在列表中的运用: Finding the verb
          • 独立运用
    • 解析
      • 同形名词代表动作名称,与动词同形,易被误认为是动词,一般不被使用.动名词具有动词性,而专有名词只是名词,无动词性.After consideration,I gave up this plan. [consideration是cosider的专有名词]After considering practical difficulties,I gave up this plan. [considering为动名词,可带宾语]
  • 完成态-动词意团思维及其应用
    • 句法功能
      • 做主语: Buried with him was his whole empire.做宾语: You constantly take her for granted.做表语: I am feeling exhausted explaining so simple things to him again and again,做定语: The bike owned by his friend costs $100.做状语: Given another hour,I will fix out this problem.做补语: Don't get yourself hurt when you play basketball.
      • 结合助动词做谓语: Antibiotic drugs are widely uesd in the world.结合助动词作谓语: He has already gone.
      • Job done,we went home. [带主语]With new tecnique adopted,we finally worked out this problem. [带主语]He died without a word left. [带主语]More money given,the project will be more perfect. [带主语]
    • 时态功能
      • 完成态表达被动,只有一般态,没有进行态、完成态、完成进行态的组合
    • 思维特征
      • 是一段“不含时间”的“被动的”带态意图,是一种“态”,表达动作的完成/被动/已发生
        • The driver found his car fixed.The building built last year is for military use.Given better nursing,the wounded will recover soon.As planned,we finished this project on time.They found the windows broken.Explained three times,she still can‘t get it.The injured soldiers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.Compared with his father,he still has a long way to go.
    • 解析
      • 既表达完成,又表达被动.怎么区分?
        • 结合助动词have作谓语时,表完成,无被动内涵结合助动词be作谓语时,表被动,有完成内涵.
          • You have done waht you could.The job is done.I am tired. = I have tired.
        • 作为非谓语,主要表达被动
          • The talk hold yesterday was greatly successful.With the last question answered,the teacher left the classroom.They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.
• 6.英语从句的框架体系
  • 名词从句
    • 在句中起名词作用: 主语从句、表语/宾语从句、同位语从句、形容词补语从句不能独立成句,必须有引导词:
      • 从句由引导词引导(图中圆点)
      • 并列句也有引导词,如and / or / but
    • 从句的引导词: 陈述句: that 一般疑问句: if / whether 特殊疑问句: wh-疑问词(what /whatever、who/who ever、whom/whomever、whose/whoseever、which/whicever、when/whenever、where/whenever、how/however、why)
    • 名词从句本身是主句主干成分,而定语从句则不是
      • that引导陈述名词从句
        • That he was elected president surprised everyone. 主语从句My suggestion is that you should go home. 表语从句I know that he was right. 宾语从句I am happy that she will come with me. 补语从句The fact that he lost the gamen made me crazy. 同位语从句
          • that只起引导作用,不作从句的任何成分,这有别于定语从句
      • whether/if引导一般疑问名词从句
        • Whether/if he will be here on time is unknown.The question is whether/if he will come.I ask him whether/if he know who I am.I am not sure whether/if I have got admitted to Harvard University.He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.
        • whether : “是否”; if : “是否” + “如果”. [You can leave if you want.]
        • whether/if作引导词,标识是一般疑问从句,且从句用正常语序.
      • Wh-引导特殊疑问名词性从句
        • Who can win the game is unknown.This book is what I am taking about.We don't know how he did this.I am not sure which road we should take.The refugees have no idea when the rescuers will arrive.
          • wh-作引导词,标识是特殊疑问从句,且从句用正常语序.
  • 定语从句
    • 又称形容词从句,修饰名词. 根据句中关系的疏密,分为:限定性定语从句: 限定作用非限定性定语从句: 补充作用
    • 定语从句不是句中主干成分,而是主干成分的成分.
      • 限定定语从句
        • Who is the man that/who was caught by police?A chilld whose parents are dead is called an orphan.The film that/which I am talking about is thrilling.I‘ll never forget those days that/where/(in which) a happay life begins.We don't know the reason that/why/(for which) he gave up.
          • 对名词进行限定
      • 非限定性定语从句
        • Big Tom,who is 70 days old,finally decides to retire. He has a beatiful and smart wife,whose daughters are also beautiful and smart.A man murdered his wife,which frightened me very much.She is lazy at her work, which you should not be.She spoils her kid ,Which we don't.He said he had no political ambitions,which was a lie.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.The first of April is a special day,when(on which) jokes may be played without punishment.Beijing is a capital city,where(in which) several important kings had built their palaces.
          • 对名词,或整句进行补充
      • My wife who always wears red bought a house. 有好几个wifeMy wife, who always wears red , bought a house. 只有一个wife
  • 状语从句
    • 为主句提供时间/地点/原因/条件/目的/让步/结果/方式/比较等信息,用法比较简单
    • 属于字句的主干,位于句子首/尾.位于句首, 加逗号隔开,特别强调;位于句尾,无特别强调
• 7.英语疑问句的思维
  • 疑问句的语序秘密
    • 一般态疑问句
      • 一般是否? 句首重音,助动词提前,正式
        • 特殊疑问句
      • 一般质问? 句首重音,语序正常, 非正式
    • 不定态疑问句
      • 一般
        • 特殊
    • 进行态疑问句
      • 一般
        • 特殊
    • 完成态疑问句
      • 一般
        • 特殊
    • 完成进行态疑问句
      • 一般
        • 特殊
    • 西式思维:先重后轻,先内后外,先近后远
  • 疑问句的思维练习
    • 一般疑问句: 在陈述句基础上, 将助动词居首特殊疑问句: 在一般疑问句基础上,将句中非谓语主干(主/宾/补/状)用wh-代替并居首This method is widely used in the aerospace industry.Which industry is this method widely used in? 针对非主干(如定语)提问,需要带上主干(如宾语)居首
  • [动作启动] Look at: 短暂地看(强调瞬间,调整转向要看的物体). look at the blackboard,please.[动作持续] watch: 关注(持续地看,强调状态). Do you watch TV at night?[动作结果] see: 随意(散漫地看,强调结果). I saw Tom yesterday.
• 8.其他
  • ot和no的用法
    • no : 对整句进行否定,否定范围大; not: 对句中成分进行否定 Are you kidding me? No ,I am not.
      • Not否定任意句中成分:主语: Not I like her.谓语: I don't like her.宾语: I like not her,but her (another girl).表语: You are not correct.补语: We electd him not president,but vice president.定语: Can you find a place not noisy?任意状语: I like her not because of her appearance. 时间/地点/…任意动词意团: She swore me not to tell anybody about my secret. 不定态/进行态/完成态…
      • No 的发音比Not语气更强,否定整句. 比如警示用语:No spitting! No spmoking! No parking! No touching! No speaking!
    • 如何回答?
      • Are you a student? Are not you a student?
        • Yes, I am a student.No, I am not a student.
          • 无论正着问,还是反着问,回答都一样(yes肯定; No…not配对否定)
  • 认识介词
    • 介词用于描述事物与时空中的关系
      • 构成句子的元素:实词: 独立作为句子元素;虚词: 依附在实词上,不能独立做句子成分
        • 介词功能表
    • 介词短语担任句中元素
      • 主语: Between nine and ten will be Ok with me.宾语: She is looking after her daughter.表语: She is of a differrent way of thinking.定语: He is a man of guts.状语: He died of diarrhea.补语: We elected him as president. [词类做介词宾语]
        • I had no choice but to wait. [动态意图做介词宾语]I am iterested in learning fly.We have finished the work as scheduled.I worry about whether I can pass the best. [从句做介词宾语]Hi! Watch out! The girl at whom you yelled is my sister.
  • 介词的思维
    • 空间介词
      • 「拖尾巴的是动态介词,没有尾巴的静态介词」Onto是动态: Tha cat jumped onto the table.On是静态: He is sitting on the sofa.
        • On是静态: He is sitting on the sofa.Onto是动态: Tha cat jumped onto the table.
      • in/inside,on,at ,near,under,over,below,above,round/round,through,among,between,behind,in front of,along,across,up,down,opposite,onto,off,out of,past,next to/by/beside,against,over,from to,towards
    • 时间介词
      • about,after, around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(untill),to,towards,within.
    • inonat
      • at强调在一点(零维),表示聚焦(凝缩在一点) ,用于想要表达空间/时间上的精准的距离/速度/位置/点位时
      • on强调在二维表/平面上,未进入物体内部(必与面有接触): 引述为支撑/依靠/承担/借助/进行中等意义
      • in强调在三维空间内部: 适用于有边界的立体时空,或抽象概念,如时间/影视//书画/比赛//领域等
      • on mind压在心头, in mind藏在心里
        • get on a bus/train/plane 因为比较宽敞,能感受到位于一个平面get in a car 因为狭窄,没有位于平面上的感觉
      • at:某时几点/几刻/年龄 on:某日in:某月/周/年,泛指上/下午
    • acrossthroughover
      • across: 强调从表面横穿(类比on),和表面有接触,或部分位于其中through: 强调从中间穿过(类比in)over强调从上方跨越,一般没有接触.
        • come across邂逅,擦身而过come through 经历/安然度过
    • made ofmade from
      • made of: 一眼看得到原材料 (of近亲--同质)made from: 一眼看不到原材料 (from远亲--源自)
        • Chairs are made of wood.The cloth is made from cotton.
          • die of : 内因致死die from: 外因致死
      • of用于定语
        • All Master cartons must be the cartons of shiping carton quality. 省略the cartons保留of起强调作用.Environment protection is a matter of great importance. 省略a matter保留of起强调作用
    • offonto
      • off与onto相反,表示从一个平面/表面上脱离接触.(脱离物与平面非同质/非一体)
      • The big ship is anchoring off the lier.He just ordered a lion off eBay.
        • He fell off the bed.Don't try to get on or off a moving train. 火车上能感受到平面
    • agobefore
      • I came back three days ago.以现在为基准的三天前 (绝对的“现在”)I visited professior Li three days before I came back. 以后接事件为基准的三天前 (相对某事件而言)
    • beforuntill
      • befor: 表示事件先发生.until: 表示事件后发生.
        • he had to wait in recovery for an hour befor they‘d gotten his post-operative pain under control.他不得不在康复中等待一个小时，然后他们才能控制他的术后疼痛
        • I waited until it got dark. 我一直等到天黑. “我等待”在天黑以后仍然发生.
      • before表示事件后发生时,可以和until互换
        • 一直看电视,直到爸爸回来John sat up watching TV before his father came back.John sat up watching TV until his father came back.
      • tilluntill
        • 别的方面都差不多了,till和until都后接时间. 句首只能用untill不能用till.till(直到)什么时候都怎么样until(除非)到什么时候之前都不会怎样.所以until前的句子通常是否定形式(即not…until 句型)Till I ate my lunch, mother didn't let me out.这是错的.Until I ate my lunch, mother didn't let me out.直到我吃完午饭,我妈妈才准我出去.
          • 一、在句子中的位置不同1、till：till通常不用于句首。例句：I hadn't left home till I was nineteen.我直到19岁才离开家门。 2、until：在 until when 的疑问句中，until要放在句首。例句：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。　 二、在否定句中的句式不同1、till：till在否定句中通常接that的从句，It is not until… that…It is not until suffering from various diseases that people realize the importance of health. 人们直到饱受各种病痛折磨才意识到健康的重要性。2、until：not until 用在在句首，主句用倒装。Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。有一个not...until的形式是固定的，用till不行；别的方面都差不多了。till和until 后面接的都是时间但till指直到什么时候都怎么样until到什么时候之前都不会怎样所以until之前的句子通常是否定形式的，也就是我们通常说的 not…until 句型until和till两者都可作介词及连词，一般情况下意思差不多，都表示”直到...才"但是如果要用到句首，那只能用untill不能用till.如Until I ate my lunch, mother didn't let me out.这才是对的．这句话的意思是:直到我吃完午饭,我妈妈才准我出去.但如果是是Till I ate my lunch, mother didn't let me out.那这就是错的.
          • till不能与not见面until常与not同在
  • 数字的思维
    • 整数
      • 1-99 百 hundred1-999 千 thousand1-999 百万 million1-999 十亿 billion1-999 万亿 trillion
        • eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteentwenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety
    • 小数
    • 分数
    • 时间
      • 差25分到12点: twenty five to twelve12点已过10分: ten past twelve
        • 都是以twenty为参照基准
    • aanthe
      • 泛指: a/an的区别主要是隔断元音,使发音清晰特指: the
  • 英语的框架
    • 框架结构
      • 填充材料
        • 框架和材料的关系
    • 句子框架
    • 极物动词: 动作直接作用于宾语,无需介词不极物动词: 动作不直接作用于宾语,需要介词引导动作朝向后面的非真正宾语,(动作的真正宾语被省略掉)
      • Look at me. 调节目光朝向我 (Look me 调节目光我) 不极物动词look的真正宾语不是me,而是眼睛/目光. look的意思是转动眼睛/调整目光,然后朝向我at me表达“朝向我”的意思
        • look for sthlaugh at someonelisten to me
• 5张大图
  • 英语时态框架表
    • 虚拟时态框架表
      • 被动时态表
        • 非谓语动词框架表

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