国人英语阅读10大坑爹语法点

考研党必看！考研英语是很难的，但如果能够掌握当中的技巧以及题型就可以事半功倍，中国人看不懂专业的英语文章,一定是遇到了这十个问题的排列组合。赶快收藏学起来吧！

10大坑爹

• 比较结构
  • more than(x)， (x)not more than， (x)no more than(x)， (x)no less than(x)， (v)as much as(v), not so much as(x)， (x)as little as(x) hardly more than=not more than， hardly less than=not less than， hardly any more than=no more than， hardly any less than=no more than not any more than=no more than, not any less than=no less than
  • you are more like a friend than (like)a student.
  • I love you more than I can say (I love you)
• 被动
  • be+pp
    • 变为汉语的主动形式
    • 被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”， “由…的”等。
    • keep,stay,remain,become,seem,appear
• 倒装
  • 否定词提前 never,seldom,hardly，in no way,not until,unless
  • only
    • 状语
    • 状从
  • 时间，地点状语提前
• 否定
  • 否定词 no,not,never,little,few,seldom,hardly，barely,rarely
  • 部分否定
    • not+表示全部，肯定的词
      • 并非所有
      • all of you cannot see =不是每个人都能看见我
        • none of you can see me 没一个人能看到我
      • I do not remember both of you =我只记住了俩人中的其中一个
        • I do not remember neither of you 没记住两人中的任何一个人
      • every one do not enjoy the party.并非所有的人都享受聚会
    • 正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。 a. I don’t know anything about her.（一无所知） I don’t know everything about her.（并不全知道） b. None of the answers are right.（都不正确） All the answers are not right. (并非都正确) c. I don’t know any of them.（全不认识） I don’t know all of them.（并非都认识）
  • 否定转移
    • 否定词 .....+because/by/if(状从)
      • you do not do the TOEFL test，because you want to enjoy the reading
      • he did not marry his wife because of love.
        • 违反正常逻辑
      • he did not marry her because of love.
    • 否定词......but
      • 不。。。。则罢，一。。。。就。。。。 不鸣则已，一鸣惊人 违反正常逻辑
      • 正常
        • I have not been to Taxes but I heard about a lot about it.
      • 违反逻辑
        • there is no one here but know KFC
        • It never rains but it pures.
    • 否定词+a.....and+b
      • 在 not…and 结构中，否定的往往是 and 后的部分，但否定词 not 往往否定谓语。
      • not a and b
        • not a or b,not a but b
        • my old house is not big(否定) or comfortable(否定)
        • my old house is not big(否定) but comfortable(肯定)
        • my old house is not big(肯定) and comfortable(否定)
        • I do not speak French(肯定) and English(否定).
        • Do not drink and drive
    • a.否定主语，但否定词 not 在形式上往往否定谓语 Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)
    • b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词 not 在形式上往往否定谓语 The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft. I don’t agree with all of you. (some of you) I don’t like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)
    • c. 否定状语，但否定词 not 在形式上往往否定谓语 He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly) I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.) The students did not sit there listening to the teacher.
    • d.双重否定，意义肯定双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定, 双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些, 译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。 No one can command others who can’t command himself. There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness. There are no roses without thorns. You can’t make something out of nothing. What’s done can’t be undone. Nothing is nothing at all. Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.
      • 可用于表示双重否定的词有 no…not, no (not)…without, no...but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, cannot help + v, without doubt, without fail, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but （除…外，…别无） no one but (除了… 外，没有别人) none too（一点 也不）have no alternative /choice but to do (除...，别无选择), There is no doubt that…, There is no denying that…, There is no question that..., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeased ※We cannot but read books to enrich ourselves. We cannot help admiring his courage. I can’t help but feel sorry for her.
    • e: 几乎否定 几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有： little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, This problem has been little studied. He little realized the danger he was in. She is barely right. I seldom got any sleep last night. Scarcely anything remains to be said.
  • 形肯意否
    • not.....+adj比较级
      • I can not agree with you more
        • I can not agree with you any more
      • he is not shorter than anyone in his class
      • you can not do better
    • not.....too
      • a. cannot …too，越…. 越…, 无论怎样….. 也不过分 (It’s impossible to overdo it. The more..., the more…) 在此结构中，cannot 可改为 can hardly, scarcely, never, too 也可改为 over + v, enough, sufficient 等 You cannot be too cautious. You can hardly praise him too much. A man can never have too many friends. Newton’s contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated. we can not overestimate the impact of the aircarrier. He can’t see you quickly enough. (He desires to see you as soon as possible.) ※cannot wait to do (be eager to do) I cannot wait to read your new book. I cannot wait to see her.
      • b. no（nobody）… but 都， 没有….不，只有….才 There is no man but has his faults. There is no rule but has exception. Nobody reads the book but will be moved. There exists no man but has an enemy. 这种结构中的 but 起关系代词的作用，相当于 that, which, who does/ will/ have not. ※注意句子结构 No one believes that he will succeed. No one believes but he will succeed. There is no one who knows him. There is no one but knows him. There is no man that errs. There is no man but errs. You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly.
    • more than…can =cannot 简直不、无法，难以 The beauty of the park is more than words can describe. This is more than I can tell.
    • more than one can help 尽量不，绝对不 This is more than I can help.
    • more A than B, 是 A 不是 B，与其说是 B，不如说是 A。 在此结构中，A 和 B 必须是同一比较的对象。 c.f. He is taller than his sister. (比较级) He is more brave than wise. He is more a scientist than a writer.
    • anything but, 绝对不，根本不是，一点也不 The draw bridge is anything but safe. He is anything but a scholar.
    • may/ might as well 这不如（最好） It’s still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
    • 动词或动词短语引起的否定意义 miss, deny, lack, refuse, escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder, give up, to say nothing of, not to mention, turn a deaf ear to, lose sight of, let alone, leave alone, 形容词引起的否定 far from, free from/of, safe from, short of, ignorant of, wanting of, reluctant to, immune to, exempt from, 介词，介词短语 past, above, beyond, without, instead of, in vain, in the dark, at a loss, but for, in spite of 副词短语引起的否定 much less, still less, let alone, by no means, in no way, no longer, no more, on no account, under no circumstances, in vain, not …at all, not …in the least
    • ※ before 可以表示否定含义 The bird flew away before he shot. He got up before the moon set down. He would die before he betrayed his county. Another week passed before he knew it. She was handcuffed before she knew it.
  • But 作为否定词
    • But 为否定含义 never (not)…. but (that) 每当…总是…, 没有哪次不是…… I never see you but think of my mother. It never rains but it pours. Never a day passed but brought us good news. He will not be angry but that he is offended.
    • nothing but, none but 仅仅， 只， 只有…才 nothing but 后接非指人的名词， none but 后接指人的名词，与 nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有…才” We can see nothing but water. We found none but an old man in the room. None but me knew what happened. None but a fool would do such a thing. You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia.
    • noting else than(仅仅，完全) His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness.
    • no (none)other than 正是, 仅仅是, This is no other than the book we want to buy. She is none other than my adviser.
    • more often than not, as often as not 常常, 往往 During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not. As often as not, he gets up late. ※as likely as not=很有可能 She will forget all about it as likely as not.
    • 否定词 + 比较级（相当于最高级） I cannot agree with you more. I cannot agree with you any more. He could not feel better. The film cannot be better. He wants nothing more than time. Nothing is more precious than health.
    • 否定词 + without There is no smoke without fire. He believed， not without reason, that the project will be a success.
    • no otherwise than 只是，仅仅 He is no otherwise afraid than of his father. (nobody but….) He does no otherwise than fool around all day. (do nothing but) 在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。 I wonder if he can（not） help you in your work. I don’t know whether he has (no) friends here (or not).
• 省略句型
• 平行结构
  • 并列连词
    • 考省略和逻辑
    • 比较级都是并列连词
• 形式主语
  • 什么是adj
    • adj
    • ving
    • p.p
    • of+抽象名词
    • no+抽象名词
    • it+be+said
      • reported
      • believed
      • claimed
      • expected
      • rumoured
      • presumed
      • estimated
  • it be + adj...
    • when
    • +从句
    • whether
    • to do
    • how
    • 从句简短=(让人).....的是,从句
      • adj=形容人的情感
    • 从句复杂=处理好从句,这真让人.....
      • adj=形容人的情感
  • it+be+said
    • reported
    • believed
    • claimed
    • expected
    • rumoured
    • presumed
    • estimated
• 强调句型
  • it be +非adj+that+从句
    • that/who外,不可替代
  • 变体
    • 大量的修饰语
    • 加入并列形式
  • 逻辑翻译
    • 正是(被强调对象),从句
      • 被强调对象会发生位移
• 9.同位语从句
  • 主句+n+that
    • 标志 去掉that,从句全家福
  • 功能作用
    • 解析说明
      • 主句+that+从句
        • 主句:从句
    • 修饰限定
      • S+简短同从+V+O
    • 逻辑转承
      • S+复杂同从+V+O
        • 先处理从句,再处理主句 句首有任何表示logic的词语 一律给主句,和从句无关
• 10.定语从句
  • 主句+n
    • which
    • 定从
    • prep+which
    • who
    • whom
    • when
    • 定从?状从
    • where
    • that
      • 看后句的结构完整=同从
      • 看后句的结构不完整=定从
  • 主句+n+完整的句子=一定是定从,而非同从
  • 主句+n
    • to do
    • 定语后置
    • p.p
    • ving
    • adj
    • prep
  • 功能作用
    • 修饰
      • 比较简短 合译成.......的
    • 指代
      • 比较复杂 分译 主句+用连词来明确指代对象+从句
        • 就近原则
        • 与从句的谓语是否逻辑一致
        • 从句中的主谓,数量是否一致
    • 转承
      • 转译 定从转成关系从句
        • that
        • 等于转承连词
        • which
        • prep+which
        • who
        • whom
        • when
        • where
        • 5 years ago I fell in love with a girl from Beihai whose family strongly opposed our relationship
        • I send some useful books to those students who can do well in the finals
        • I sent some useful books to those students who can do well in the finals