英语四级备考（阅读和翻译）

英语四级备考笔记，阅读和翻译答题技巧

英语四级备考（阅读和翻译）

• 阅读理解
  • 3/19
    • New research shows thar clock-based work schedules hinder morale and creativity.
      • hinder(v.阻碍/adj.后面的)
      • morale(n.士气；精神面貌)
      • 新的研究表明，基于钟表工作时间表会阻碍员工的士气和创造力
    • While most people will still probably need, and be, to some extent, clock timers, taskbased timing should be used when performing a job that requires more creativity.
      • to some excent(在某种程度上)
        • limited to some excent 受到一定程度的限制
      • 虽然大多数人在某种程度上可能仍然需要或是成为时间计时者,但在执行需要更多创造力的工作时,应该使用基于任务的计时。
  • 3/20
    • 经济学人：听课不停学，网课怎么上效率更高
      • 精读
        • Formal education rests on the idea of qualifications that take a set period to complete. 
          • rest on sth（表示“基于，以…为基础”相当于我们熟悉的be based on sth）
            • 比如◇The whole argument rests on a false assumption. 整个论点都是基于一个错误的假设。
          • rest on sth 表示“依赖，依靠”(to depend or rely on sb / sth)，是外刊的高频表达。
          • set 作形容词表示“安排好的，固定的”(planned or fixed)
            • 比如◇Each person was given set jobs to do.分配给每个人的工作都是预先确定好的。熟词辟义
        • In America the entrenched notion of “seat time”, the amount of time that students spend with school teachers or university professors, dates back to Andrew Carnegie. 
          • entrench 义为“使…更加巩固，使…根深蒂固”(to establish sth very firmly so that it is very difficult to change),一般跟某种观念、习俗、权力，含有贬义。
            • 比如◇Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society. 性别歧视在我们这个社会根深蒂固。再比如◇Mobile phones had become entrenched in young people’s lives, and many did not have their use restricted.
          • date back to sth / date from sth表示“追溯到，始于”(to have existed since a particular time in the past or for the length of time mentioned)。
        • It was originally intended as an eligibility requirement for teachers to draw a pension from the industrialist’s nascent pension scheme for college faculty. 
          • be intended as sth 指“准备，预留”作某种用途或给某人用，
            • 比如The airport is also intended as a gift for the relatively underdeveloped region south of the capital where it is located (67km from Capital airport in the north-east). 该机场还将作为礼物送给首都北京南部相对欠发达地区（它距离东北部的首都国际机场67公里）。
          • eligibility指“适合性，适任性”(If you're qualified for something or allowed to take part in it, you have eligibility)。
            • 形容词eligible 义为“合格的;具备条件的”(having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions)。
              • be eligible for sth / be eligible to do sth 指“合格的，有资格的”，
                • 比如◇You could be eligible for a university scholarship.你也许有资格获得大学奖学金
            • eligible 还有“合适的，中意的”的意思(An eligible man or woman is not yet married and is thought by many people to be a suitable partner) 
              • 比如《经济学人》一篇关于婚姻市场的文章有这样一句话:Jane Austen 's characters took it for granted that men with money made more eligible mates. 简·奥斯丁笔下的人物想当然地认为越是有钱的男人越适合做伴侣。
          • draw指“提取，领取”(to take money or payments from a bank account or post office)
            • 比如◇She went to the post office to draw her pension. 她到邮局去领取她的养老金。
          • nascent指“新生的，萌芽，未成熟的”(beginning to exist; not yet fully developed)。
            • 近义表达还有budding, embryonic, incipient, fledgling。
          • scheme 作名词指“计划，方案，体系”(a plan or system for doing or organizing sth)
            • scheme 作动词表示“密谋，图谋”(to make secret plans to do sth that will help yourself and possibly harm others)，
            • 比如◇His colleagues, meanwhile, were busily scheming to get rid of him. 与此同时，他的同事在加紧谋划除掉他。
        • Students in their early 20s can more easily afford a lengthy time commitment because they are less likely to have other responsibilities.
          • lengthy义为“冗长的，详尽的”、
            • (a speech, piece of writing etc that is lengthy is long and often contains too many details)
            • 比如一篇冗长的报告：a lengthy report
            • at length 义为“长时间；详尽地”(for a long time and in detail)
              • 比如考研英语一2010 Text 1中的一句话：In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. 在那个遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会详尽细致地􏰁述他们所报道的事件，这在当时是理所当然的。
          • commitment表示“花费，使用” 资金、时间、人力(agreeing to use money, time or people in order to achieve sth)
            • 比如◇Achieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy. 取得这种水平的成就需要花费时间和精力。
            • 动词短语commit sth into sth指“投入”，
              • 比如◇A lot of money has been committed to this project.这个项目已经投入了很多钱。
        • Although millions of people do manage part-time or distance learning in later life—one-third of all working students currently enrolled in America are 30-54 years old, according to the Georgetown University Centre on Education and the Workforce—balancing learning, working and family life can cause enormous pressures.
          • millions of people 指“数百万人”，
            • 类似的表达还有tens of millions of sb 指“上千万人.”
            •  我们可以用这类相对具体的数字代替many people, a great/large number of people, numerous/countless people，形容有许多人。
              • [写作推荐]：比如《经济学人》一篇关于新冠肺炎的文章提到：Moreover, tens of millions of migrant workers, back in their hometowns for the holiday, may wait for the epidemic to recede before crowding onto trains and buses to return to their jobs.
          • distance learning/education表示“远程教育，在线教育”。
            • 我们还可以用online education/learning, internet-based learning/education 表示“在线教育”。
            • 传统的实体中教育可称为classroom-based education 以及实体教室称作 bricks-and- mortar classrooms。
            • 大家可以把这些表达积累下来，以后在以在线教育为主题的文章里进行同义替换，避免重复使用。[写作推荐]
      • 原文及分析
        • 1 The first of these is the cost of learning, not just in money but also in time.
        • 2 Formal education rests on the idea of qualifications that take a set period to complete .
        • 3 In America the entrenched notion of “seat time”, the amount of time that students spend with school teachers or university professors, dates back to Andrew Carnegie.
        • 4It was originallyintended as an eligibility requirement for teachers to draw a pensionfrom the industrialist’s nascent pension schemefor college faculty.
        • 5 Students in their early 20s can more easily afford a lengthytime commitment because they are less likely to have other responsibilities.
        • 6 Although millions of people do manage part-time or distance learning in later life—one-third of all working students currently enrolled in America are 30-54 years old, according to the Georgetown University Centre on Education and the Workforce—balancing learning, working and family life can cause enormous pressures.
        • 📒语篇分析：
          • 本段开始阐述问题一：学习成本。①句为中心句，提出观点：问题之一是学习成本，尤其是时间成本。②句指出正规教育的基石：需要一段固定的时间达成资质。③④句解释②句的历史渊源。⑤⑥句从学生的现实状况出发分析原因。⑤从正面着笔，说明二十出头的学生时间成本更低。⑥句从反面展开论述，分析成年后再进行学习的困难，并引用数据进行论证。
      • 翻译
        • 第一个问题是学习成本，不止金钱，还有时间。正规教育是基于这样的理念：需要一段固定的时间才能达成某种资质。在美国，“学堂时间”（即学生和学校老师或大学教师在一起的时间）这一深入人心的概念可以追溯到安德鲁·卡内基（Andrew Carnegie）。在一开始它其实是一个针对教师的要求：教师如果要从卡内基为大学教职人员所创设的退休金计划中领到退休金，需要达到一定的“学堂时间”。二十岁出头的学生更容易付出一段较长的时间，因为他们没什么其他的负担。虽然千百万人都在日后想方设法边工作边读书或远程学习（乔治城大学教育和劳动力中心的统计显示，美国目前在职学生中有三分之一年龄在30岁到54岁之间），但要平衡学习、工作和家庭生活可能会带来巨大的压力。 
  • 3/21
    • It's the stage in the middle of the journey when people feel youth vanishing.
      • vanish 消失，绝迹
      • 这是位于人生旅途中间的阶段，人们感到青春在消逝
    • In fact, there is almost no hard evidence for middle crisis other than a few small pilot studies conducted decades ago.
      • other than 除了......（用于否定陈述后）
      • 事实上，除了几十年前进行的一些小规模试点研究外，几乎没有确凿的证据表明中年危机的存在
    • The future mobile Web will be one where adaptive websities are indistinguishable from apps
      • indistinguishable 不能区别的，不能辨别的；不易察觉的
      • 未来的移动网络将是一个适应性网站与应用程序难以区分的网络。
    • I think what I like to tell students is to consider what they're passionate about,what special areas of giftedness they have, and what drives your economic engine.
      • passionate 热情的；热烈的；激昂的
      • 我想我喜欢告诉学生们的是，想象他们对什么充满激情，他们在什么特别领域中有天赋，还有是什么发动了你的经济马达
    • When you can quote a specific number like a fifth of the patients were able to quit, that's compelling.
      • compelling 令人信服的
        • compel 强迫；迫使；使必须
      • 当你可以引用一个具体的数字，比如五分之一的病人能够戒烟，这是很令人信服的。
    • The new airport will facilitate the development of toursim.
      • facilitate 促进，帮助，使容易
      • 新机场将促进旅游业的发展
    • It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment.
      • figure out 解决，算出，弄明白
      • 他们花约一个月的时间才搞清楚如何启动这一设备。
  • 3/27
    • Some of the commercially produced venison resembles beef in flavour
      • commercially 商业化的
      • 有些商业化养殖的鹿肉味道和牛肉很相似。
    • primarily because depressed patients are not likely to engage with them stick with them.
      • engage with 接触
      • stick with 坚持做；紧跟；紧随
      • 主要是因为抑郁症患者不太可能与他们交往或坚持下去。
    • When you're emotionally vulnerable, you're even more in need of a caring human being.
      • vulnerable 脆弱的，易受....伤害的
      • caring 乐于助人的；关心他人的；体贴人的；
      • in need of 有...的需要；有...的必要
      • even more 更
      • 当你情绪脆弱时，你更需要一个有爱心的人。
    • Another limitation of the study was that it was not randomized
      • randomize 使随机化
      • 这项研究的另一个局限是它不是随机的
    • Most observers were optimistic, yet some sounded a cautionary note.
      • cautionary note 警告
      • cautionary 警告的；告诫的
      • 大多数观察人士持乐观态度，但也有一些人发出了警告。
    • Where geographic isolation had protected the Hartford market from competition, telecommunications made distance irrelevant.
      • geographic isolation 地理隔离
      • telecommunication 电信；电讯
      • irrelevant 无关紧要的
      • 在地理隔离保护了哈特福德市场免受竞争的地方，电信使距离变得无关紧要。
    • The 2016 season runs through June 26 and features sessions facilitated by everyone from dancers to domestic workers.
      • sessions 一场；一节；会议
      • facilitate 促进；使便利
        • be facilitated by 在.....协助下
      • domestic 本国的；国内的；家用的；家务的
      • 2016赛季将持续到6月26日，从舞蹈演员到家政服务人员，每个人都会为本赛季提供便利。
    • Invariably they have said that they owe all their success to perseverance.
      • perservance 坚持不懈
      • owe sth. to ... 把...归功于
      • invariably 总是；不变的；
      • 他们总是说他们所有的成功都归功于坚持不懈。
  • 3/30
    • Most of us know about the phases of life which we label to parallel different age groups and life stages: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
      • phases of life 人生阶段
      • label
        • attach a label onto sth. or write information on sth. 贴标签于；用标签标明
        • Mom carefully labeled each jar with its content and the date. 妈妈仔细地在每个罐子上标明盛装物和日期。
      • parallel
        • 1 be equal or similar to sth. 与…相当或相似
          • His career parallels that of his father. 他的事业和他父亲的有相似之处。
        • 2 be the same distance apart at every point along their whole length 与…平行
          • The stream parallels the road for several miles. 小溪与这条路平行数英里。
      •  我们大多数人都知道，根据不同的年龄和生活阶段，人生可与此平行划分为童年、青春期、成年和老年这四个阶段。
    • He likes to do things in his own peculiar way / manner / fashion. 他喜欢用自己特有的方法 / 方式做事。
      • peculiar
        • 1 if sth. is peculiar to a particular person, place, or situation, it is a feature that only belongs to that person, or only exists in that place or situation 为某人 / 某地 / 某事物所特有的
        • This interesting and fascinating custom is peculiar to these tribes. (When peculiar used in this sense, it is often followed by a preposition to.) 这个有趣和迷人的习俗为这些部落所特有
      • peculiar, characteristic, unusual
        • peculiar, characteristic和unusual都可用作形容词，都含有表示“有特点的；有特色的”等意思，但有细微差别。
        • 1 从词义上说
          • peculiar着重“独特性”，强调“与众不同的”特征；
          • characteristic常强调所指性质的典型性,也可以表示这些性质使某一事物区别于其他的事物；
          • unusual强调“少见的”，与通常的情况“截然不同的”或“未曾预料的”特征。例如：
          • The wine has a peculiar taste. 这种酒有种独特的味道。
          • It's characteristic of her that she never complained. 从来不发牢骚是她的个性。
          • It was not unusual for me to come home at two or three in the morning. 凌晨两三点回家对我来说是很平常的事。
        • 2 从用法上说
          • peculiar通常和介词to搭配，表示“为某人或某物所特有”；
          • characteristic通常和介词of搭配，表示“某物或某人有…特性、特征、特色”；
          • unusual通常和介词for搭配，表示“对…不同寻常”。例如：
          • Great minds in general look at life in a way peculiar to themselves. 一般来说，伟大的思想家都以自己独特的眼光来看待生活。
          • With the friendly and generous care so characteristic of these people, they opened their house to over 50 guests. 这些人以特有的友好和慷慨关爱，在家接待了50多位客人。
          • It's not unusual for teenagers to go through a phase when they feel ashamed of their parents, afraid that they might not live up to their friends' standards. 青少年经历为自己的父母感到羞愧的阶段是很平常的，他们生怕自己的父母达不到他们朋友所设的标准。
          • He asked me if there was anything unusual about the man who had robbed me, but I couldn't accurately describe the man. 他问我那个抢劫了我的男人是否有什么不寻常之处，但我不能准确地描述那个男子。
    • Mrs. Simpson is responsible for the induction of the new library stuff. 辛普森太太负责图书馆新职员的入职。
      • induction
        • [C, U] the introduction of sb. into a new job, company, official position, etc., or the ceremony at which this is done 就职；入门；就职仪式
        • Lung cancer is closely linked to the habit of smoking and has a long induction period. 肺癌与吸烟的习惯是密切相关的，它有一个很长的诱导期
    • Today we have an equivalent need to recognize a new phase of life that comes after high school graduation, continues through college, and then leads to starting a family and having a career, the so-called odyssey years.
      • equivalent
        • having the same value, purpose, job, etc. as a person or thing of a different kind 等值的；同等的；相当的
          • His silence is equivalent to an approval. 他的沉默等于同意。
        • [C] sth. that has the same value, size, etc. as sth. else 等价物；等同物；对应物
          • This car is too expensive for me; it costs the equivalent of a whole year's salary of mine. 这辆车对我来说太贵了，它相当于我全年的工资。
      • so-called
        • (only before noun) used to show that sth. or sb. is usu. called a particular name 如此称呼的；号称的
          • They've found the flight recorder, the so-called black box. 他们发现了飞行记录器，即所谓的黑匣子。
      • odyssey
        • 1 a series of experiences that teach you sth. about yourself or about life 对人生有教益的一连串经历；艰难历程
        • 2 a long journey with a lot of adventures or difficulties 漫长的历险旅程
      • 今天，我们同样需要认识一个新的人生阶段：从高中毕业到上大学，然后到成家立业，即所谓的艰难岁月。
    • Recent trends show radical changes as young people are following a different agenda
      • radical
        • 1 used for saying that a change or way of doing sth. is new and very different from the usual way （改变或方式）彻底的，根本的
          • To work within our budget, we need to make some radical changes to our operating procedures. 为了配合预算，我们对操作程序需要作一些根本的改变。
        • 2 used for saying that an idea is very new and different, and against what most people think or believe 激进的；前卫的
          • There is political tension between radical and conservative politicians. 激进与保守的政客之间政治关系紧张
      • agenda
        • [C] all the things that need to be done or that need to be thought or solved 日常工作事项
          • There are no excursions or sightseeing trips on his agenda. It's just work, work, work. 他的日常工作事项中没有短途出行或观光，除了工作还是工作。
      • 由于年轻人正按照一种不同的模式生活，最近的趋势出现了根本性的变化。
    • sensible, sensitive
      • 1 sensible表示“明智的”，如：a sensible person（一个明智的人），a sensible plan（一个切合实际的计划）。
        • A sensible person makes good decisions and judgments based on reason rather than emotion. 一个明智的人会根据理智而不是情感来做出合理的决定和判断。
      • sensible还可以表示“知道的；觉察的”，be sensible of … 表示“感知某事；察觉到某事”。例如：
        • I am sensible of the suffering you are undergoing. 我清楚你正在经历的痛苦。
      • 2 sensitive在词义上表示“敏感的；易受影响的”。例如：
        • A sensitive person is easily upset by other people's remarks or behavior. 敏感的人很容易因他人的言论或行为而生气。
        • You shouldn't be so sensitive about what people say. 你不应该对别人说什么如此敏感。
      • sensitive to 表示“对…过敏的；对…理解的”。例如：
        • Unfortunately, she is sensitive to penicillin, and I doubt whether any other drug will help her. 不幸的是，她对青霉素过敏，我不能确定是否有其他药物可以帮助她。
        • We're trying to make people more sensitive to the difficulties faced by working mothers. 我们正在努力使人们更理解上班族妈妈所面临的困难。
    • proportion
      • [C, usu. sing.] (~ of) a part of a number or amount, considered in relation to the whole 部分；份额
        • It is a sad reality that children make up a large proportion of the world's population who suffers from hunger. 儿童占世界上遭受饥饿人口的很大部分，这是一个悲哀的现实。
    • frame
      • (fml.) carefully plan the way you're going to ask a question, make a statement, etc. （小心措辞以）表达
        • She wondered how she was going to frame the question. 她不知道怎么来提这个问题。
        • The judge instructed the lawyer to frame his questions differently. 法官让律师用不同的方式发问。
      • [C] a structure made of wood, metal, plastic, etc. that surrounds sth. such as a picture or window, and holds it in place 框架；边框
        • The wind rattled through the cracks of the window frames. 风穿过窗框的裂缝咯咯作响
    • As the sole heir and focus of their parents' expectations, hopes and dreams, some react with rebellious and prideful attitudes and behavior toward their parents. 
      • rebellious
        • a. deliberately not obeying people in authority or rules of behavior 叛逆的；反叛的；反抗的
          • Her teachers regard her as a rebellious, trouble-making girl, but in fact she never causes any trouble. 她的老师认为她是一个有逆反心理、且会制造麻烦的女孩，可事实上她从来都不会惹麻烦。
      • 作为他们父母唯一的继承人和所有期望、希望和梦想的聚焦，有些年轻人以叛逆和桀骜不驯的行为和态度对待父母。
  • 3/31
    • 经济学人：听课不停学，网课怎么上效率更高
      • 精读
        • ①Moreover, the world of work increasingly demands a quick response from the education system to provide people with the desired qualifications.
          • desired指“想要的”(Anything desired is sought after)
            • 比如◇His remarks had the desired effect.他的话达到了想要的效果。
            • 近义表达还有wished-for, sought-after, coveted，
        • ②To take one example from Burning Glass, in 2014 just under 50,000 American job-vacancy ads asked for a CISSP cyber-security certificate.
          • vacancy 这里是名词，义为“空缺”(a job or position which has not been filled) 
            • 形容词形式为vacant。
            • 比如我们在精读社学过一篇关于中国毕业即失业现象的文章，文中有这样一句话：A report in May by the China Institute for Employment Research, a think-tank, found that there were 1.4 entry-level vacancies (excluding unskilled work) for each graduating student. 今年 5 月，智库中国就业研究所发布了的一份报告，报告显示每名毕业班学生对应1.4个入门级职位空缺（不包括非技术工作）。
        • ③Since only 65,000 people in America hold such a certificate and it takes five years of experience to earn one, that requirement will be hard to meet.
          • certificate[ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃən] 指“文凭，合格证书”(an official paper stating that you have completed a course of study or passed an examination)。
        • ④Less demanding professions also put up huge barriers to entry.
          • demanding形容物表示“要求高的，需要高技能的”(needing a lot of skill, patience, effort, etc)
            • 我们可以用demanding来替换difficult，形容任务的难度，比如《经济学人》一篇关于大学学位的文章有这样一句话：Employers demand degrees for jobs that never required them in the past and have not become more demanding since. 对于那些过去并没有学位要求的工作职位，雇主现在提出了要求，而这些工作并没有变得更难。
            • 类似的表达还有challenging，也可用于替换difficult。[写作推荐]
        • ⑤If you want to become a licensed cosmetologist in New Hampshire, you will need to have racked up 1,500 hours of training.
          • licensed指“得到正式许可的”(having official permission to do sth)
            • 比如◇a licensed private investigator有执照的私人侦探
          • rack up sth表示“累积，聚集”(to collect sth, such as profits or losses in a business, or points in a competition)
            • 比如◇The company racked up $200 million in losses in two years. 公司两年内损失累计达2 亿元。◇In ten years of boxing he racked up a record 176 wins. 在十年的拳击生涯中，他累计获胜 176 次，创下纪录。
            • 类似的表达还有notch up sth, chalk up sth, secure sth。
      • 原文及分析
        • 📒语篇分析：本段进一步从职场角度阐述时间成本。①句指出职场要求教育系统反应迅速。逻辑连接词moreover实现段间衔接。②③句以Burning Glass提供的例子为例，说明拿一个高级的职业资质需要大量的时间成本。④⑤句指出要求不高的专业职位也有准入门槛，并以美容师为例论证观点。
      • 翻译
        • 此外，职场日益要求教育系统能迅速反应，为人们提供雇主所需的资质。举一个就业市场分析公司Burning Glass提供的例子：2014年，美国将近五万个招聘广告都要求应聘者持有CISSP网络安全证书，而该国只有6.5万人持有这种证书，并且要拿得该证书需要五年的相关经历，因此这种招聘要求将难以被满足。即便要求不那么高的专业职位也设置了巨大的准入门槛。如果你想在新罕布什尔州成为一名持证美容师，需要完成累计1500小时的培训
  • 4/2
    • The government plans to pump enormous sums of money into banks to quell the credit crisis.
      • pump into 把...注入
      • quell 平息
        • 同义词：ease/clam down
      • enormus of money 大量资金
      • 【经济类阅读理解常见词】
        • impetus 推动
        • equity 股票
        • reserve currency 储备货币
        • the international monetary system 国际货币体系
      • 该政府计划投入大量资金来平息信用危机
    • Veteran investor Mark Mobius is bullish on gold as central banks around the world cut interest rates.
      • be bullish on 看好
      • veteran 经验丰富的人，文中与investor 一起翻译为：资深投资者
      • interest rate 利率，利息
      • 资深投资者马克莫比乌斯（Mark Mobius）看好黄金，因为世界各国央行都在降息。
    • Gold can retain its value much better than other forms of currency, and is traditionally a safe haven during market volatility.
      • retain 保持
      • currency 货币
      • volatility 波动，不稳定性，暂时性
      • 黄金可以比其他形式的货币更好地保持其价值，并且在市场波动期间一直是一个避风港。
    • It seemed incredible that she had been there a week already.
      • incredible 难以置信的，极好的
        • 同义词：unbelievable
        • 词语用例：
          • adv.  absolutely incredible
          • n.   incredible discovery
      • 真让人难以置信，她已经在那里待了一个星期了。
    • Today's tourists aspire for new, unique, informative and entertaining experiences.
      • aspire 渴望
      • 【词根词缀】：spir = to breathe 呼吸
        • aspiration 渴望
        • comspire 同谋/ comspiracy n. 共谋；反驳
        • spirt 精神/ spirtual adj.精神上的
        • respire 呼吸，恢复精神/ respiration 呼吸
        • inspire 吸气 / inspiration 吸气，灵感
        • dispirit 使沮丧
      • informative 提供信息的，给予知识的
      • 如今，游客渴望新的、独特的、信息丰富的和娱乐的体验
    • Traveling to China is getting more diversified.
      • diversified 多样化的
    • China embraces epic mountains, magical lakes, boundless deserts and vast grasslands.
      • embrace 囊括，包含
      • boundless 无限的，无止境的
      • 中国有壮丽的山脉、神奇的湖泊、无边无际的沙漠和辽阔的草原
  • 4/3
    • In response, the MOOCs have tried to make their content as digestible and flexible as possible
      • content作不可数名词可表示“内容”。
        • content还可作形容词，be content with sth指“对..感到满足”
        • Not content with its achievements, Singapore is now introducing reforms to improve creativity and reduce stress. 
          • 新加坡并不满足于它的成就。现在，它正在通过改革提升创造力、减轻压力。
        • 我们可以用be content with sth替换我们熟悉的be satisfied with sth。[写作推荐]
      • digestible指“易消化的，易理解的”
        • 我们可以把digestible和flexible积累下来，用于论述在线教育的优点。
      • MOOC的对策是把自己的内容变得尽可能易于吸收和更为灵活。
    • Degrees are broken into modules; modules into courses; courses into short segments.
      • segment指“部分，片，段"，
        • As production has spread around the world, countries have specialised in different segments of the supply chain. 随着生产扩展到全世界，各个国家专精负责供应链的不同环节。
      • 学位被拆解成模块，模块被拆解成课程，课程又被拆解成短小的章节。
    • The MOOCs test for optimal length to ensure people complete the course; six minutes is thought to be the sweet spot for online video and four weeks for a course
      • optimal 义为“最佳的；最适宜的”
      • be the sweet spot for sth sweet spot本义是球拍或者球棒的“最佳击球点”
        • 引申为“最有效点，…的完美结合”
        • 类似的表达还有have a soft spot for sth/sb
          • soft spot本来是弱点的意思，你的弱点往往是你容易被打动的地方，因此短语have a soft spot for sth/sb引申为“特别喜欢…”，比如◇He has a soft spot for girls.他对女孩子有特别的好感。
      • MOOC测试出了确保人们念完课程的最合理时长：网络视频的最佳长度是六分钟，一门课的最佳长度是四周。
  • 4/5
    • Trump has promised to achieve a "sustainable 3 percent economic growth rate by slashing government regulations and business tax rates."
      • slash 削减；砍
        • slash at sb/sth(with sth)用...砍
      • sustainabel adj.可持续的
      • business tax 营业税，销售税
      • 特朗普承诺“通过削减政府监管和企业税率，实现3%的可持续经济增长。”
    • The quater-point cut is a signal from the central bank that it hopes to get ahead of a potential slump.
      • get ahead of 提前采取行动
      • slump 衰退，萧条，锐减
      • 降息25个基点是央行发出的一个信号，表名它希望赶在潜在衰退之前采取行动。
    • Inflation can be "a sign of healthy growth across the economy."
      • inflation 通货膨胀
      • 通货膨胀可能是“整个经济健康增长的一个迹象”
    • Boris Johnson, who became prime minister on July 24th, has talked up his willingness to countenance a no-deal exit at the end of October
      • countenance v. 同意；赞成n.面容，脸色
      • 7月24日就任首相的鲍里斯·约翰逊（Boris Johnson）已经表示愿意在10月底支持无协议退出
    • The original Brexit deadline expired.
      • Brexit 脱欧
      • expire 期满，终止
      • 英国脱欧的原定截止日期已过期
    • Mr Johnson is risking a particulary acrimonious version of Brexit.
      • acrimonious 激烈的
      • 约翰逊正冒着特别激烈的脱欧风险。
    • In truth. the twists and turns of the Brexit saga are not the only reason for sterling's downward slide over the past few months.
      • twists and turns波折
      • sterling 英镑；优秀的；杰出的
      • downward 下降的；向下的
      • slide 滑动
      • 事实上，一波三折的英国脱欧之程并不是英镑过去几个月下滑的唯一原因。
    • Investors are moving money from countries that are highly reliant on inflows of foreign capital
      • be reliant on 依赖
      • inflow 流入
      • 投资者正从高度依赖外国资本流入的国家转移资金
  • 4/7
    • For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. "While we teach, we learn," said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient wisdom up-to-date. They're documenting why teaching is such a fruitful way to learn, and designing innovative ways for young people to engage in instruction.
      • concept 概念；观念
        • He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics. 他无法掌握数学的基本概念。
        • 【词根词缀】cept =take/hold/seize, 表示"拿,抓,握住"
        • concept  = con共同+cept拿,抓,握住→共同把握→共同的想法→观念,概念
      • 【写作推荐】bring the ancient wisdom up-to-date 古老的智慧进行了更新，也就是“推陈出新”
        • wisdom 智慧；才智
          • the patience and wisdom that comes from old age. 历尽岁月沧桑而形成的耐心与智慧
        • contrary to popular belief / opinion / received wisdom与普遍看法相反（常作状语） 
          • Contrary to popular belief, a desert can be very cold. 和普遍的看法相反的是，沙漠上可能非常寒冷。
        • received wisdom / opinion 普遍的意见/看法 
          • the received wisdom / opinion is that + 从句可以替换掉用烂了的it is generally agreed / acknowledged / accepted that + 从句，用以描述一个普遍的观点或看法。【写作推荐】
          • The received wisdom / opinion is that they cannot win. 大家一致认为他们不会赢。 
      • fruitful   成果丰硕的；富有成效的= productive
        • 【写作推荐】可以替换effective有效的
          • a fruitful collaboration/discussion 富有成效的合作 / 讨论
        • 【地道表达】我们知道fruit除了“水果”外，还代表“成果，成效”
          • consume the fruits of sth 指享用某事的成果 
          • the fruit(s) of sth指某事物的成果(the good results that you have from something, after you have worked very hard) 享受自己的劳动成果： consume / enjoy the fruits of my labour
          • bear fruit取得成果;奏效;产生好的结果【写作推荐】同样表示“起作用”的表达还有sth pay dividends, sth do the trick, sth pays off, sth takes effect等等。【写作推荐】
            • Eleanor's work among the women will, I trust, bear fruit...  我相信埃莉诺在妇女中所做的工作会见成效的。
            • He was naturally disappointed when the talks failed to bear fruit.  会谈没有取得成果，他自然感到失望。
      • engage in sth | engage sb in sth（使）从事，参加 
        •  Even in prison, he continued to engage in criminal activities. 他甚至在监狱里还继续从事犯罪活动。 
        •  其形容词形式为engaging，指“吸引人的”，相当于attractive, appealing, captivating, compelling。
  • 4/8
    • Researchers have found that students who sign up to tutor others work harder to understand the material, recall it more accurately and apply it more effectively. Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who're learning only for their own sake. But how can children, still learning themselves, teach others? One answer: They can tutor younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more intelligent than their later-born siblings. This suggests their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. Now educators are experimenting with ways to apply this model to academic subjects. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who in turn instruct middle school students on the topic.3
      • sign up  报名（参加课程）
        • Can I sign up for this course in advance?  我能事先申请上这一课程吗 ?
      • tutor 教；任课；
        • tutor sb in sth教...
          • He tutors students in mathematics.他教学生数学。
        • tuition  （尤指对个人或小组的）讲授.
        • tuition in sth  n. XX方面的教授
          • She received private tuition in French. 她由私人教授法语。
        • 【相关表达】学生课外参加的“补习班/辅导班”怎么说？
          • private tuition n.私人补习
          • cram school n.补习班 
            • For many students, cram schools are a big part of their after - school lives. 对许多学生而言, 补习班是他们放学后生活的一大部份.
      • for the sake of sb/sth | for sb's/sth's sake 为了某人（或某事）起见；因某人（或某事）的缘故
        • They stayed together for the sake of the children. 为了孩子，他们还待在一起。
        • 【口语表达】我们在看电影或美剧的时候经常听见“for god’s sake”
          • for Christ's, God's, goodness', heaven's, pity's, etc. sake（强调重要或表示恼火）看在上帝份上，天哪，行行好吧，千万
          • Do be careful, for goodness' sake. 千万要小心。
      • first-born  adj.第一个生的  later-born  adj.后来出生的
        • sibling   n. ['sɪblɪŋz] a brother or sister 兄；弟；姐；妹
          • squabbles between siblings 兄弟姐妹间的口角
      • instruct 指示；命令；吩咐= direct, order，与上文的tutor互为同义替换
        • instruct sb/sth to do sth指示某人/某事做某事
          • The letter instructed him to report to headquarters immediately.那封信指示他立即向总部汇报。
        • instruct sb. in sth教授，传授（技能等）
          • 【写作推荐】可用来代替 teach 比如：
            • He instructed family members in nursing techniques.  他教给家人护理技巧。All our staff have been instructed in sign language.我们的员工都接受过手语训练。
    • But the most cutting-edge tool under development is the "teachable agent"—a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world pupil. Computer scientists have created an animated figure called Betty's Brain, who has been "taught" about environmental science by hundreds of middle school students. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty master certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and improve their own understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own thinking.
      • cutting-edge指“最先进的，最尖端的”，
        • cutting-edge technologies指“尖端科技，高新技术”
      • the state of the art 指“某事物发展的最前沿，最尖端”，
        • 类似形容词state-of-the-art与cutting-edge同义，类似的还有leading technologies 领先技术可供在【写作中替换使用】。
      • be under development  研发中
        • At present, the prototype using this technique is still under development.  目前, 使用该技术的样机还在开发中.
      • an animated figure  一个卡通人物
        • animated 
          •  adj. 1（指电影的画面、图画等）栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 animated cartoons/graphics/models 动画片；活动图形/模型
          • 2. full of interest and energy 兴致勃勃的；活跃的；生气勃勃的=lively
            • an animated discussion / conversation 热烈的讨论；兴致勃勃的交谈
        • 【词根词缀】anim = life, spirit, 表示“生命, 精神”等
          • animal  n.动物（anim+al→有生命的东西→动物）
          • animate  v使有生气，活泼（anim+ate→使有生命）
          • animation  n.生动；动画片（animate的名词）
          • inanimate  a.无生命的（in无＋anim+ate生命→无生命的）
          • unanimous  a.见一致的（un+anim生命＋ous→[大家]同一个生命→一致的）
          • equanimity  n.平静；沉着（equ平等＋anim生命＋ity→生命平等→平静）
          • animosity  n.憎恨，憎恶（anim+osity多的状态→生命太多→由爱变恨→仇恨）
      • identify  v.确认，认出/找到；发现
        • identity  n.[aɪˈdentəti] who or what sb/sth is 身份；本身；本体
        • identical [aɪˈdentɪkl] adj. Things that are identical are exactly the same. 完全相同的
          • 【近义词】same/ identical / equal/ equivalent 这些形容词均含"相同的"之意。
          • same : 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
            • In essence, all computers are the same. 所有的电脑其实都一样。
          • identical : 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
            • The two parties fought the last election on almost identical manifestos. 两个政党以几乎完全相同的竞选宣言参加了上次竞选。
          • equal : 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
            • We will be justly demanding equal rights at work. 我们将要求享有工作中应得的平等权利。
          • equivalent : 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
            • Even the cheapest car costs the equivalent of 70 years' salary for a government worker. 即使是最便宜的汽车，价格也相当于一个公务员70年的薪水。
    • Feedback from the teachable agents further enhances the tutors' learning. The agents' questions compel student tutors to think and explain the materials in different ways, and watching the agent solve problems allows them to see their knowledge put into action.
      • positive/negative feedback积极/消极的反馈，feedback是不可数名词
        • We need both positive and negative feedback from our customers.我们需要顾客正反两方面的反馈意见。
      • further enhance  v.进一步地提高
        • Can we further enhance our competitiveness?   我们能否进一步增强我们的竞争力?
      • compel sb. to do sth.  促使某人做某事
        • compel  v.迫使，强迫（com一起+ pel→一起推→强迫）
        • compulsion  n.强迫，强制
        • compulsive  adj.强制性的，强迫的
        • compulsory education 义务教育
        • compulsory service 义务兵役
        • compulsory execution 强制执行
        • compulsory purchase 强制性购买
      • 【近义词辨析】coerce/ compel/ force其实这三个词区别并不大，只有些程度强弱的差异
        • coerce 主要用武力威胁让别人去做某事
        • compel也是威胁强迫让人去做事但是没有coerce语气和表达意思强硬，不一定用武力强迫。
        • force用权威和武力，主要指有威信的人或机构强迫别人做事。
  • 4/10
    • Chinese firms get back to work— but with stricter rules
    • Chinese companies are beta-testing a return to their offices as new coronavirus cases in the country dwindle, coming up with innovative strategies to resume work without setting off another wave of infections.Their baby steps back into the office offer a road map for peers around the world — many of which, like Facebook, Google and Amazon, have asked some of their employees to work from home in recent days as coronavirus spreads in their local communities.
      • get back to work 复工
        • “复工”这个词是文章的主题，会在文章被无数次提到。这时候同义替换就显得尤为重要，因为英语比较忌讳重复，因此常使用替代、省同义替换等方法来避免不必要的重复，大家在自己的写作中也记得用不同的同义词进行替换，尽量不要重复。
        • 第一段的4种复工的表达：
          • get back to work
          • a return to their offices
          • resume work
          • back into the office
      • beta-test 在文中作动词，表示“试运行”，这个词来自于专有名词“Beta testing”，也就是Beta测试。
        • Beta测试是一种验收测试。所谓验收测试是软件产品完成了功能测试和系统测试之后，在产品发布之前所进行的软件测试活动，它是技术测试的最后一个阶段，通过了验收测试，产品就会进入发布阶段。在文中指的是“企业正在尝试新举措的效果，如果效果好的话，其他国家企业也可以效仿”【文化拓展】
      • dwindle （逐渐）减少；缩小
        • When dropouts are included, the expected financial return to starting a degree for the weakest students dwindles to almost nothing.
        • 【常用搭配】dwindle away to sth，
          • 比如：Support for the party has dwindled away to nothing. 支持这个党派的人渐渐化为乌有。  The stream has dwindled to a trickle. 这条小河变成了细流。
      • come up with 找到（答案）；想出（办法）；拿出（一笔钱等）
        • 近义表达还有
          •  think up
          • put forward
          • work out 表示“想出，想到”主意、计划。
        • dream up 这个词也是“想出”，但不同与上面提到的几种表达。
          • dream up 侧重指“凭空想出，虚构出（尤指荒诞不经的事）”，也就是网红“迷人的郭老师”的名言“凭空想象，凭空捏造”。【写作优选】
            • Often such ideas will be all the more original for being dreamed up in a moment of detachment.因为是在 “超然时刻”下想出来的，这样的想法通常更有新意。[经济学人]
        • 【近义表达】cook up表示“捏造，编造”，比如to cook up a story 编造故事
      • set off 触发，引起
        • The arrival of the charity van set off a minor riot as villagers scrambled for a share of the aid.救济物资车的到来引发了小小的骚乱,村民们争先恐后地想抢到一份援助物资。
        • 【近义表达】trigger 
          • 作名词本义指枪的“扳机”，作动词引申为“引起，促使，触发”，写作中可替换cause
            • 比如 Economic crises may trigger rise in crime. 经济危机会触发更多的犯罪行为。
        • spark引发；触发 
          • The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country. 这一提案将引发全国性的抗议浪潮。【写作优选】
      • offer a road map for peers 给同行提供一份指南，road map原指“公路图”，引申为“指导方针，指南”相当于guide
        • 比如：By assessing the current state of her skills and talents, you’ll end up with an overall road map to guide your development efforts.通过评估她目前的技术和能力水平，你就拥有了一份指导职业发展计划的指南。
      • peer(s)  n.同龄人或地位相当的人
        • 比如Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.
        • peer pressure 
          • 同辈压力，指同辈人互相比较中产生的心理压力，一个同辈人团体对个人施加影响，会促使个人改变其态度、价值观或行为使其遵守团体准则。【文化拓展】
        • peerless 是形容词，拆开看“peer地位相当的人+less没有=找不到地位相当的人”，也就是“无可匹敌的；盖世无双的”
          • China has an undistinguished record in international team sports, from football to basketball to ice hockey, but it has been peerless in one competition this year.
        • 【近义表达】
          • incomparable
          • matchless
          • unrivalled
          • unparalleled 
  • 4/13
    • At Chinese ride-hailing giant Didi Chuxing, elevator floors have been divided into taped squares containing images of shoes to keep employees from standing too close to one another. Meanwhile, office seating is arranged in grids such that each worker is separated by at least a metre.
      • ride-hailing giant 打车服务巨头
        • ride-hailing 或taxi-hailing 指“打车”，ride-hailing service叫车服务，也就是我们平时所说的滴滴和优步这种打车软件taxi-hailing app.
        • 这里hail作动词指招手让出租车停下的动作，“打的”就可以说hail a taxi / cab ，
          • Mr Jonas of Morgan Stanley reckons that by 2030 around 25% of miles travelled in India will be on ride-hailing and ride-sharing services.
      • square 是名词指“方格”，与下一句的grid一样，这里也是用了前文提到的“同义替换”法则。
    • At food delivery giant Meituan, employees have been split into A, B and C shifts, with only one team allowed into the office each day. Every employee is required to wear a face mask. Traffic to the café is regulated, and programmers sit one person to a table for meals, according to a person familiar with the matter.
      • food-delivery service 外卖服务，送餐服务
        • 还有一个表达也是“外卖”的意思，order a take-out/carry-out ，但这里指的是我们到了餐厅点餐后带走食用，也可以说是“外带”。
        • 还有一个动词词组也是同义：take sth away （从餐馆买饭菜等）带回食用；买外卖食物， Two burgers to take away, please. 请来两份汉堡包，带走。  
      • traffic to the café 食堂的人流量
        • traffic 除了指“交通流量”也可指“人流量”，我们说的“手机流量”也就是“cellphone traffic”
          • 比如：脸书的手机站点实际上占据了他们的手机流量的绝大部分。Their mobile website actually counts for a significant majority of their cellphone traffic.
      • according to a person familiar with the matter 据知情人士透露
      • café指“餐厅，食堂”，类似表达还有canteen [kæn’tiːn] school canteen 学校食堂; 学校餐厅;
    • Last month, Beijing city authorities reprimanded the head of Dangdang Internet, an online bookseller, after one of its employees was diagnosed with the virus. At least 66 employees and their family members were put under 14-day quarantine. Local Chinese media gave considerable coverage to the management failure.
      • reprimand  惩戒, 谴责
        • She was reprimanded for failing to do her duty.她因失职而遭到了训斥。
        • rebuke  指责；批评
          • The company was publicly rebuked for having neglected safety procedures. 公司因忽略了安全措施而受到公开批评。
        • decry 公开)谴责；(强烈)批评
          • The measures were decried as useless. 这些措施受到指责，说是不起作用。
      • sb. be put under 14-day quarantine 某人被要求进行14天隔离
        • self-quarantine 自我隔离
        • home quarantine 居家隔离
      • coverage 新闻报道
        • Now a special TV network gives live coverage of most races.现在有一个专门的电视网络对大部分比赛进行现场直播。
        • cover是它的动词形式“报道；电视报道”
          • The BBC will cover all the major games of the tournament.英国广播公司将报道这次锦标赛的所有重要赛事。”
        • exclusive report / exclusive coverage 独家报道
        • front-page coverage 头版 headline 头条
    • Social media giant Tencent produced a sleek video explaining the return to work process: 14 days of home quarantine, a course on coronavirus, and a green-red health code system. In-person meetings and the use of public transport were also discouraged, and employees say only half of the office can go in each day.
    • Search giant Baidu has required employees to make appointments before they enter the office. One programmer in Beijing estimated that only 20 per cent of employees had returned.
      • a sleek video 趣味视频
        • sleek本来指人“时髦阔气的”He’s one of those sleek businessman types.他是那些穿着考究的生意人中的一员。在文中指“时髦的，有趣的”
      • in-person meetings 面对面开会，in person指“亲自，面对面” 相当于face-to-face
        • She wants to meet you in person.她想要跟你见面。
      • make appointment 预约 appointment指“约会；预约；约定”
        • 准时赴约 ：to keep an appointment 
        • She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor. 她为儿子约定了看医生的时间。
  • 4/14
    • 2018120102
    • But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically, meaning can they be honest and fair?
    • One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk? What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog? What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengers?
      • ethically adv.合乎道德地
        • sb act ethically 某人恪守伦理道德，这里的act也可以换成behave
          • The committee judged that he had not behaved ethically. 委员会裁定他的行为违背了道德标准。
        • 【同源词】ethical （有关）道德的；伦理的
          • ethical issues/standards/questions有关道德的问题；道德标准 / 问题
          • the ethical problems of human embryo research人类胚胎研究的伦理问题
        • ethics [复数]道德准则；伦理标准
          • professional/business/medical ethics职业 / 商业道德；医德
      • driverless cars无人驾驶汽车
        • 无人驾驶汽车也可以表达为
          • autonomous cars
          • driverless vehicles
          • self-driving cars一
          • 篇以无人驾驶汽车为主题的文章可能会多次提到“无人驾驶汽车”这一主题词，因此我们需要积累无人驾驶汽车的不同表达方式。
      • make a sudden turn 急转弯
        • 急刹车可以说a sudden brake
    • Perhaps there will be lessons to learn from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent beings. Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.
    • About the same time as AlphaGo’s triumph, Microsoft’s ‘chatbot’ took a bad turn. The software, named Taylor, was designed to answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.
      • 【句式】Perhaps there will be lessons to learn from…或许我们从…那里可以学到不少
      • being是名词，可以作为“生物”比如人就是human beings，还可以作为“存在”相当于existence
        • 学习一个词组be in being /come into being表示“成立，产生，成为现实”
          • 比如：The Kingdom of Italy formally came into being on 17 March 1861. 意大利王国于1861年3月17日正式成立。
      • ethic是前文提到的ethnically的名词形式，意为“道德”
        • 比如 work /business/medical ethics 职业/商业道德；医德
      • triumph  巨大成功；重大成就；伟大胜利
        • 【同义词】victory  n.胜利 a decisive/narrow victory 决定性的胜利；险胜
          • one of the greatest triumphs of modern science 现代科学最重大的成就之一
      • take a bad turn  情况变坏
        • His health has taken a bad turn. 他的健康状况恶化。
        • take a new turn  有新转变，新发展
          • The scandal took a new turn over the weekend. 周末时丑闻有了新的发展。
      • people aged 18-24 年龄在18-24之间的人
      • 【知识拓展】英语中关于年龄的表达：
        • ①“在某人几十多岁”，用“in one's ＋基数词复数形式”，例如：
          • 她五十多岁。She is in her fifties.（从50岁到59岁之间）
          • 还可以借助early, middle, late来表达得更明确一些，例如：
            • 那女孩今年二十二、三岁。The girl is in her early twenties.
            • 他今年十四、五岁。He is in his middle teens.
            • 她今年二十八、九岁。She is in her late twenties.
        • ②“快满多少岁”用进行时或将来时，例如“他快满十八岁了”：
          • He is getting on for eighteen.
          • He is going on eighteen years old.
          • He will be eighteen years old.
          • It will be his eighteenth birthday.
        • ③“不满多少岁”，用副词barely, nearly, al- most, quite, yet, just等，如“她不满十七岁”有以下几种说法：
          • She is barely/nearly/almost seventeen.
          • She is not qu ite/yet seventeen.
          • She is just under seventeen.
        • ④“差多久满多少岁”用介词off，例如：
          • 他差5个月就满19岁了。He is five months off nineteen.
        • ⑤“超过多少岁”用介词past，例如：
          • 他已年过50。He is past fifty.
          • 他是一个过了中年的人。He is a man past middle age.
    • AlphaGo’s victory and Taylor’s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is one thing to use AI within a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem.
    • Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which own AlphoGo. He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He said people will be the winner, whatever the outcome. Advances in AI will make human beings smarter, more able and “just better human beings.”
      • unpredictability  n.不可预测性
      • unpredictable  adj.不可预测的，不可预知的
      • predictable adj.可预测的
      • predict v.预测
        • 【类似表达】capricious [kəˈprɪʃəs] 指“变幻莫测的，反复无常的，善变的” 与changeable, unpredictable相比，capricious更加文绉绉一点，既可以形容人，也可以形容物，比如 a capricious climate 变化无常的气候
          • [经济学人]Thanks to the wonders of science and economic growth, life expectancy in rich countries is now more than 80. Death is generally less capricious and sudden. 科技和经济发展创造了奇迹，在富裕国家，人们的预期寿命现在已超过80岁。总体来看，死亡已不再那么无常而突然。
      • bring to the surface 浮出表面
        • surface n.表面
        • 【词根词缀】sur-表示“超过，在上面”
          • surface n.表面（sur+face→脸面）
          • surpass v.超过（sur+pass通过→在上面通过→超越）
          • surrealism n.超现实主义（sur+realism现实主义）
          • surmount v.登上，超越（sur+mount山→在山上→登上）
          • surcharge n.附加费（sur+charge收费→额外的收费→附费）
          • surveillance n.临视；看守（sur+veil看＋lance→在上面看）
          • surplus adj.多余的（sur+plus多余；加→多出很多）
  • 4/19
    • Luckin Coffee has revealed that an internal investigation found hundreds of millions of dollars of sales last year were “fabricated”, wiping almost 75 per cent from the value of the company touted as China’s rival to Starbucks.
      • internal 指“内部的”
        • 如an internal inquiry/investigation 内部调查
        • the internal workings of government  政府内部的运作
        • 反义词为external
      • fabricate 指“编造，捏造，伪造”
        • 大部分外媒在说“伪造”使都用的是fabricate这个词
        • 还有的媒体用的是make up，这个词我们比较熟悉，表示“编造，虚构”，英文解释是：
          • I think it's very unkind of you to make up stories about him.我认为你编造他的谣言很不厚道。
      • investigation 指“调查”，外媒还喜欢用probe这个词。
        • probe作名词是“探针”的意思，作动词表示“深入调查，打探”，尤其是调查别人不想让你知道的事
      • wipe .....from/off sth“使....蒸发”
      • tout sb as sth 是一个外刊高频词，表示“把…标榜为…，把…吹嘘为”
        • Along with red letterboxes and telephone booths, London's black taxis are touted as symbolic of the city. 和红信箱、电话亭一样，伦敦的黑出租也被当成城市的标志。
      • rival指“竞争对手”， China’s rival to Starbucks指星巴克在中国的竞争对手，中国版的星巴克。
      • 《经济学人》在2019年一篇文章介绍瑞幸咖啡时用的wannabe这个词，表示“效颦者，效仿名人的人”带有贬义。
        • 原句是A recent notable arrival is Luckin Coffee, a Starbucks wannabe, which floated for $4bn in May. 我们可以通过作者的选词（如tout, wannabe）读出来《经济学人》和《金融时报》的言外之意都是瑞幸咖啡比不上星巴克。
        • 再扩展两个同源词
          • unrivalled [ʌnˈraɪvəld] 指“无与伦比的，无双的”(better or greater than any other)。
            • 比如《经济学人》一篇写于腾讯20周年的文章曾提到：It has rightly been nervous about expanding advertising within WeChat, though the service seesunrivalled Chinese mobile traffic of over 1bn monthly active users. 尽管微信在中国拥有超过 10亿月活跃用户，移动访问流量无与伦比，但腾讯对于在微信平台上扩展广告一直有所顾虑——这是对的。
            • 近义词还有unparalleled, peerless, incomparable, matchless等等。
          • rivalry [ˈraɪvəlri]为名词，指“竞赛，较量”
            • 比如《经济学人》一篇关于重庆火锅和成都火锅之争的文章有这样一句话：Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, has an ancient rivalry with Chongqing, a city to its south-east. 四川省会成都与东南部城市重庆自古以来就在竞争。
    • The coffee chain, which listed on Wall Street less than a year ago, put investors on notice that they should no longer rely on previous financial statements that have appeared to show exceptionally rapid growth.
      • the coffee chain 与上文提到的 Luckin Coffee 互为同义替换，避免重复
      • list指“上市”
        • It will list on the London Stock Exchange next week with a value of 130 million pounds.它将以1.3亿英镑的市值于下星期在伦敦证券交易所上市。
        • listed company 指“上市公司”
      • float 和短语go public也可表示“上市”
        • The company will be floated on the stock market next year.这家公司将于明年上市。
      • put sb. on notice 表示“事先提醒某人”
      • appear to do sth. 指“看来，似乎，好像”，比seem to do sth更正式一些
      • statement 除了表示“说法，声明”，还可表示“结算单，清单”
        • financial statements 财务报表。【熟词僻义】
      • exceptionally 指“罕见，特别”
        • 用于强调，相当于extremely。我们以后在写作或口语中想表达“特别，非常”，就可以试着用exceptionally替换very, extremely，程度更深。
        • 如我特别为你骄傲：I am very proud of you.👉 I am exceptionally proud of you.
    • The company’s chief operating officer has been suspended after a special committee was formed to investigate its accounts and the initial findings were delivered to the board.
      • chief operating officer 简称为COO，指首席运营官。
      • account在这里指“账目”。account还可表示“描述，叙述”
        • 比如《纽约时报》一篇关于美国抗疫情况的文章提到：And as late as last week, after expanding authorizations for commercial and academic institutions to make tests, administration officials provided conflictingaccounts of when a significant increase in tests would be available. 直到上周，在扩大了对商业和学术机构进行测试的授权之后，对于何时可以大量增加测试，本届政府官员给出的说法不一。【熟词僻义】
      • the board 董事会
    • Early stages of the investigation indicated that “aggregate sales amount associated with the fabricated transactions from the second quarter of 2019 to the fourth quarter of 2019 amount to around Rmb2.2bn” ($310m).
      • indicate 指“表明，显示”，这个词大部分同学应该都认识，但写作时却想不来用，
        • 我们以后想用show来表示“表明”时，可以试着用indicate来替换。
      • aggregate [ˈægrɪgət] 作形容词，指“总计的，总数的”
        • 比如◇aggregate demand / investment / turnover 总需求 / 投资 / 成交量  
        • 近义词有total, combined, whole, accumulated。
        • aggregate=ag（增加）+ greg（=group群体）+ate=增加群体→聚集
        • 再扩展一些同源的高频词：
          • gregarious = greg+ arious（爱…的）= 爱社交的，群居的→爱群体的
          • congregate =con（共同）+ greg + ate = 共同集会
          • egregious =e（出）+ greg + iuos = 出了一般团体→过分的，不寻常的
          • segregate =se（分开）+ greg + ate = 和群体分开→分开，隔离
      • amount to sth 表示“总计，共计”
        • 比如◇His earnings are said to amount to £300 000 per annum. 据说他每年的酬金高达30万英镑。
      • amount to sth也可表示“等于，相当于”
        • 比如◇That practically amounts to a fraud.实际上等于是个骗局。
    • The disclosure marks a spectacular fall from grace for the delivery and takeaway coffee company, whose brand has been promoted by movie stars. Earlier this year Luckin strongly denied allegations in an anonymous report that cited possible fraudulent behaviour.
      • disclosure 作不可数名词指“揭露，公开”的动作，作可数名词指"揭露的信息"
      • spectacular 指“惊人的，突如其来的”
        • The news caused a spectacular fall in the stock market.这一消息引起了股市的暴跌。
      • fall from grace 这里的fall既可作动词也可作名词，fall from grace指因为做了错事或者不道德的事“受冷落；失去信任，失去尊重”
        • 比如《纽约时报》一篇关于范冰冰的文章有这样一句话：Ms. Fan, who turns 37 on Sunday, has dropped out of public view for more than three months — the victim of a sudden and precipitous fall from grace. 本周日即将满37岁的范冰冰已从公众视野中消失三个多月，名声骤然大跌。
        • 文中a fall from grace是一个名词。
      • allegation 指无证据的“说法，指控”.动词为allege，形容词为alleged.
      • cite 指“提及，举出”，这是一个外刊高频词，相当于mention，只不过cite的使用范围更窄，后面往往跟原因或者例子。
        • 比如◇He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. 他提到繁重的工作负荷是导致他累垮的原因。
        • 再比如《经济学人》一篇关于沃尔玛的文章提到：The model is Walmart, which cited sharp growth in online grocery from its supercentres in America as a reason for higher sales this summer. 沃尔玛就个典型。今年夏天沃尔玛销售额上升，该公司称原因之一是它在美国的超级购物中心的食品杂货线上订单急剧增长。
      • fraudulent 指“欺骗的，欺诈的”.近义词还有dishonest ,deceitful.名词形式为fraud.
    • The shares surged late last year and touched a record $50.02 in the middle of January, leaving them at almost three times the listing price of $17 in the company’s initial public offering on the Nasdaq last May, through which it raised $560m.
    • The rush for the exits on Thursday pushed the stock down 74 per cent in early trading in New York, to less than $7.
      • touch 除了表示“触摸”，还可表示“达到”某一水平，相当于reach sth
        • The speedometer was touching 90. 速度表显示时速达 90 英里。【熟词僻义】
      • record 作形容词指“创纪录的”
        • 比如利润创下新高：Profits were at record levels.[熟词僻义]
      • initial public offering 简称为IPO，指公司股票的首次公开发行，即我们平时说的“上市”。
      • the rush for the exits字面义是“冲向出口”，在这里指“抛售”。近义词还有dump. sell off。
  • 4/21
    • Bankers and investors warned on Friday that Luckin's issues were likely to weigh on other Chinese companies considering a U.S. IPO - a group already affected by the trade tensions of 2019.
      • weight on sb/.sth把重量压到…身上，表示“使…担忧，加重…的思想负担”
        • 有时可以用weigh on sb/sth替换worry sb/sth。
      • weigh in on/with sth 字面上是“把重量放进去”，表示参与讨论、在讨论中发表有分量的意见、提出有说服力的观点，相当于add advise to sth。
        • Cranston and others were improperly trying to weigh in on the decision.克兰斯顿和其他人都不合时宜地想在这个决定中发表高见。
    • "Sino-U.S. relations are bad already and Luckin has provided a perfect opportunity for China bashers in the U.S. who were already suspicious about Chinese companies," said one Hong Kong-based investor who focuses on American Depositary Receipts - a common form of shares for foreign companies listed in the U.S.
      • Sino-U.S. relations指“中美关系”。
        • 近义表达还有relations between China and America, US-China relations等。
      • basher 来源于动词bash，bash本义是“猛击，猛撞”，引申为“猛烈批评，严厉批评”
        • basher指“抨击…的人”
          • In America—though, phone-bashers should note, not in the rich world as a whole—suicides of young people are up. 在美国，年轻人的自杀率在上升——但抨击手机的人要知道，富裕国家整体上并非如此。
      • American Depositary Receipts指“美国的存托凭证”。具体是什么意思呢？作者用同位语对该专有名词进行了解释：a common form of shares for foreign companies listed in the U.S
    • “ In September, sources told Reuters the U.S. government was considering delisting Chinese companies from U.S. stock exchanges, echoing efforts by lawmakers last June to force U.S.-listed Chinese companies to submit to greater regulatory oversight or face delisting.
    • “It will affect potential U.S. IPOs from China. China’s economy is not doing well already and with Luckin’s scandal these companies will face much tighter scrutiny for going public,” said a banker who specialises in tech firms' fundraisings, including IPOs. 
      • delist为list的反义词，指“摘牌，退市”
        • 比如◇The shares dived and were delisted from the London market.该公司股票暴跌，被伦敦交易所摘牌。
      • stock exchange既可以指“证券交易”，也可指“证券交易所”。
      • echo是一个外刊高频词，作名词指“回声”，作动词指“响应，呼应，附和
        • 比如◇The article simply echoed the NRA’s arguments against gun control.这篇文章只是附和了全国步枪协会反对枪支管制的观点。[熟词僻义]
      • submit to sth 指“顺从，屈服，不得已接受”
        • 比如◇She refused to submit to threats. 她面对威胁，拒不低头。再比如《纽约时报》一篇报道提到：In return, the likes of Apple and LinkedIn have agreed to play by China’s rules and submit to what amounts tocensorship. 作为交换，像苹果(Apple)和领英 (LinkedIn)这样的公司已同意遵守中国的规定，这无异于向审查制度屈服。
      • oversight 作不可数名词指“监管，负责”
        • 比如《经济学人》一篇关于医疗科技的文章提到：But with regulators demanding oversight of apps that present risks to patients, users will harm only their wallets . 但由于监管机构要求监控所有会给患者带来风险的应用，用户至多只会钱包受损。
      • oversight更常见的意思是“疏忽，忽略，失察”，相当于omission。
        • 比如◇I didn't mean to leave her name off the list; it was an oversight. 我不是有意在名单上漏掉她的名字的，这是个疏忽。
  • 4/24
    • P1：
      • When I went to sleep everything seemed normal. By the time daylight arrived the next morning, the world, as I knew it, had been destroyed.
      • Shortly after I had gone to sleep, the bombs began to hammer our neighborhood. I quickly got underneath my bed as parts of the ceiling crashed down to the floor. Then my father came in and grabbed me and took me to our cellar where our family hid together throughout the night.
        • hammer n.锤子，榔头；v.敲打，猛击（文中指袭击）
          • hammer away 1.不懈地致力于；埋头于；2.反复驳论
            • Palmer kept hammering away at his report.帕尔默一直在埋头写报告。
            • They also hammered away at Labor's plans to raise taxes.他们还不断谈到工党的增税计划。
          • hammer in 用锤击；猛打
          • hammer out （经长时间或艰难的讨论）达成；敲定（协议或条约）
            • I think we can hammer out a solution...我想我们可以通过讨论找到一个解决方案。 
        • underneath prep./adv.在…底下; n.(物体的)下表面，底面，底部，下部
          • 同义词辨析：
            • under prep. 在…下面，在…底下 
              • 〔辨析〕指某物在另一物的下面或底下，两者之间有无一定距离均可。
              • 〔例证〕Two old men are playing chess under the tree.两个老人正在树下下棋。
            • below prep. 在…下面，低于 
              • 〔辨析〕指某物所处的位置低于另一物。
              • 〔例证〕Some cities are below sea level.有些城市位于海平面以下。
            • beneath prep. [正式]在…下面，在…正下方
              • 〔辨析〕指所处位置时，与 under, below 基本同义，但有时强调在某物的正下方，而且较富有文学性。
              • 〔例证〕Many tourists enjoy feeling the warm sand beneath their feet.很多游客喜欢脚下踩着温暖沙子的感觉。
            • underneath prep. 在…下面，在…底下
              • 〔辨析〕与 under 的意思相近，但含有将某物隐藏或遮盖起来之意。
              • 〔例证〕I'll leave the key underneath the mat.我会把钥匙放在垫子下面。
        • cellar 地窖
        • throughout prep 各处;遍及;自始至终;贯穿整个时期adv.始终;处处;在所有方面
          • throughout the world 全世界
          • throughout history 从古至今；纵观历史
          • throughout the year 一年到头
      • I looked out into the morning sky through a hole where something had  smashed through the basement wall. I could see flames reaching high into the sky from many houses on our block. The scope of the damage to our neighborhood was beyond belief. Everywhere I looked there was  grief and sorrow and the cries of people who had lost everything. An old woman who was disabled was trying to pick up some of her photos that were scattered  in the street. I ran to help the old woman gather her photos. I wondered what kind of person could possibly  undertake such an offense against innocent people. It was  the result of a evidently disagreement between our government and another. The bulk of the losses, however, were here in the  where we were simply trying to live our lives. Why couldn't those governments find a peaceful solution to their conflicts?
        • look out 当心；向外看；朝外
          • look out into
            • From the earth, as a shore, I look out into that silent sea.在地面，这个岸边上，我面朝这静谧的大海。
          • look out for
            • Look out for special deals留意特价。
        • smash v.打破 n.破碎
          • smash sth↔down（用力）击倒，打翻
            • The police had to smash the door down.警察不得不破门而入。
          • smash sth↔in（用力）打破，撞坏
            • Vandals had smashed the door in.破坏分子把门撞破了。
          • smash sth↔up（蓄意）捣毁，破坏
            • Youths had broken into the bar and smashed the place up.一群年轻人闯进酒吧，把里面砸了个乱七八糟。
        • scope n.范围；机会，能力； v.仔细看
          • scope sth↔out端详；打量to look at sth carefully in order to see what it is like
          • 【词根词缀】：scop = to watch,mirror 观察；镜
            • helioscope n. 太阳望远镜
              • helio 太阳 + scop 观察；镜 + e → 太阳望远镜
            • macroscopic adj. 宏观的
              • macro 宏伟，大 + scop 观察；镜 + ic 某种药 → 从宏伟的角度观察 → 宏观的
            • scope n. 眼界；范围
              • scop 观察；镜 + e → 观察的范围 → 眼界
            • telescope n. 望远镜
              • tele 远 + scop 观察；镜 + e → 望远镜
        • belief
          • belief in something 对…的信仰
          • beyond belief 难以置信
          • religious/spiritual belief 宗教/精神信仰
          • firm belief 坚定的信仰
          • widespread belief 普遍的观念
        • grief n.悲痛，伤心
        • grief-stricken 极度悲伤的，悲痛欲绝的
        • scattered adj.分散的；零散的
        • offense n.前锋，进攻方法；攻势
        • bulk n.主体；大部分； v.变得巨大
          • bulk sth↔out/up使某物加大（或加厚、加重）to make sth bigger, thicker or heavier
        • suburbs
    • P2
      • For the past two years, I have been preparing for the Foreign Service Examination. This is the test you must pass to work at a kind of embassy in another country. It is equivalent in difficulty to studying to become a lawyer. Today, I received my test results. I am thrilled to see that I did very well. My next step will be to start language training. Theentry-level assignment might be a challenge, but after I move up to an intermediate position, things will get better. After all the necessary training, I will start helping with indentification the  of problems our government can work on. Then I may become a professional diplomat and will be able to present my opinions on foreign relations. Maybe I'll even  correspond directly with the White House. People believe that the world can't be fixed unless there is a sense in trying. I reply, "Success can only come one step at a time, so we'd better start walking in the right direction."
        • dominant v.控制；支配；影响
          • A man of strong will often dominates others.意志坚强的人常支配他人
          • dominant one's passions 控制激情
        • interact with 与....相互作用；和.....交往
          • interact directly 直接相互影响
          • interact closely 紧密地相互作用
          • interactant n.反应物
          • interaction n.交互作用，交感
          • interactive a.相互作用，相互影响的
        • gloomy
          • 暗的；阴暗的；忧郁的
            • a ~ winter day 阴暗的冬天
            • in a ~ mood 心情忧郁地
            • ~ news 令人忧伤的新闻
          • gloomy outlook 前几暗淡
            • Despite the generally gloomy outlook, a substantial number of US companies are planning to add new staff in the coming year.
              • 尽管总体上前景黯淡，但很多美国公司计划在来年招募新员工。
              • substantial 大量的
          • gloomy view 悲观观点
          • 【常用搭配】
            • verbs
              • be,feel,look,seem,sound,become,get，remain
                • Now, don't start to get ~
            • adverb
              • very,far from , pretty, rather
                • The future looked very ~
                • The committee's view was in fact far from ~
            • nouns
              • atmosphere,corner,corrridor(走廊)，forecast,future,house,interior(内心的)，picture,perdicition,street,thought,weather
          • gloomy n.忧郁，幽暗。vi使忧郁、黑暗
        • equivalent
          • n. 同等物，等价物
          • 【常用搭配】
            • adjective
              • direct(直接等效), exact （完全等价）,closest,nearest,rough,modern(现代版),moral(道德等同).....
            • verb+~
              • have,receive
                • a word which has no direct ~ in English
                • each sponsor received the ~ of 1 million worth of advertsising
          • adj . 等价的
        • entry-level 初级水平的
        • intermediate adj.中等的；v.起调节作用的
        • correspond v.符合；相当于；通信
          • correspondence n.相符，通信，信件
        •  interchangeable adj.可互换的
          • =interchangeable
        • embassy n.大使馆
        • exchange n.交换
    • P3
      • I suppose I've made the most of my first 35 years. I graduated from a four-year institution after focusing on ethnic studies. Since then, I've traveled a lot and gained an incredible amount of wisdom.  My classical education and travels came at a great cost, though. I am now without any significant skills that would allow me to earn a good wage to support my family. It was very popular when I was graduating from high school for teachers to encourage you to enroll in a four-year degree program. I'm not sure what that formal education was worth to me, though. I was, presumably,supposed to have an occupation in mind when I graduated from high school. Nothing could have been further from the truth. Throughout college, I simply took courses that were important to my life's philosphy rather than a career.When I finished my bachelor's degree, I subsequently remained without direction. It would have been preferable that I waited to begin my secondary education until after I had an idea of what I wanted to do. It seems like a tremendous waste now that I was not able to combine studies of the humanities with studies involving skills for a career.
        • make the most of 充分利用
        • ethnic studies 种族研究
        • incredible adj.难以置信的；极大的
        • presumably adv. 大概；可能是
        • formal adj.正式的；形式的
        • occupation n.职业；占领；占用
        • further adj.更远的；促进
        • seondary adj.次要的；辅助的
        • tremendous adj.巨大的；极大的
  • 4/25
    • P1
      • "Doctor Samuels, what should I do about my daughter? I'm having trouble communicating with her. She comes in so late at night. I don't know what kinds of stuff she's getting into." Mrs. Frye seemed very upset as she explained her situation.
        • stuff n.东西；原料；物品；基本特征；v.填满
        • get into 进入；陷于
        • perspective n.观点；远景 ；洞察力adj.透视的
      • The doctor sat silently for a minute and then commented. "Well, Mrs. Frye, effective communication with your daughter is the most critical thing you can work on. It is essential  that you start by listening. The main barrier teenagers and their parents face in forming positive relationships is that neither listens to the other."Troubled, Mrs. Frye could not reflect  on what the doctor was saying. Instead she burst out excitedly, "But what about drugs?""Believe me, Mrs. Frye, I understand your concern. But, unless you have some patience with her and give her some input on decisions affecting her life, your problems will continue," said the good doctor.
        • comment n.评论；批评；议论；解释；v.表达意见
        • work on 继续工作，设法说服，影响
        • reflect on 深思，反省，导致
    • P2
      • The sign the crippled man was holding read, "Please forgive me to ask for help." I am usually reluctant  to give money to beggars, but this man seemed so sincere. He truly regretted asking for help. I took the  change I had shoved into my front pocket and gave it to the man. He thanked me as I hurried on,  neglecting to say "You're welcome." I was too impatient  to get to an important meeting. Besides, I had done enough and did not want to be bothered with unnecessary talk. Then, before I could get ten steps further, I got an awful knot in my stomach. It seemed to be urging me to do more. I took an apple from my backpack and  approached the man again. This time, though, I took the time to ask, "How are you doing?" I knew I would be late, but I was no longer concerned.
        • cripple n.残疾人，瘸子 v.使残废
        • reluctant adj. 不情愿的；勉强的
        • change 零钱；变化
        • shove into 塞进
        • neglect n.忽视
        • halt n.停止；暂停 v.阻止
• 翻译
  • 3/14
    • 剪纸是一种传统的中国民间艺术，拥有一千多年历史。（Paper-cutting is a traditional folk art in China, and it has a history of more than 1,000 years. ）剪纸所需的素材和工具很简单：一些普通的纸张，一把剪刀足矣。（The materials and tools used in paper-cutting are quite simple: some ordinary paper and a pair of scissors.）一个心灵手巧的剪纸艺人可以剪出各种图案，无需图画模板，有如变魔术一般。（A skilled craftsperson can cut paper into different patterns like doing magic tricks, with no model pictures to copy from. ）比如，将一张红纸折叠起来，然后剪上几刀，打开来便是一幅精美的图画。（For instance, a piece of red paper is folded and cut several times, and then an attractive picture comes into your sight when unfolded）在中国的很多地区，剪纸艺术都深受欢迎。（Paper-cutting art is very popular in many areas of China.）
  • 3/15
    • 公交车曾是中国人出行的主要交通工具。近年来，由于私家车数量不断增多，城市的交通问题越来越严重。许多城市为了鼓励更多人乘坐公交车出行，一直在努力改善公交车的服务质量。车辆的设施不断更新，车速也有了显著提高。然而，公交车的票价却依然相当低廉。现在，在大多数城市，许多当地老年市民都可以免费乘坐公交车。
    • Buses used to be the main means of transportation for the Chinese people. 
      • means of transportation 交通工具
    • In recent years, with the number of private cars increasing, cities have been facing increasingly severe traffic problems. 
      • private cars 私家车
      • increasingly 越来越多地，不断增加地
      • 注意语法
    • To encourage more people to travel by bus, many cities have been making efforts to improve their bus service quality.
      • travel 出行
      • make efforts to 努力做某事
      • 注意语法
    • Bus facilities have been continuously renovated, and bus speed has also increased dramatically. 
      • facilities 设施，设备
      • dramatically 显著地
    • However, the prices of buses are still cheap. Now, in most cities, many local elderly citizens can take a bus for free.
    • 3/21
      • 1.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽/由于天气这么坏，我们不得不推迟旅行
        • As rain has fallen, the air is cooler/
        • As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
      • 2.短文翻译
        • The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music.
          • bodybuilding exercise 健身操
          • performed表进行，即广场舞在哪进行
          • wide and open 表开敞
          • among 表在...中，这表示广场舞是。。。人在某地做的什么事
          • middle-aged and old residents in communities 社区中老年居民
          • bodybuilding socializing健身，社交
          • 广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。
        • The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south.
          • 广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。
        • Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. 
          • Neither ... nor.....都没有
          • currently目前
          • perception知觉; 感知; 洞察力; 悟性; 看法; 见解
          • 对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。
        • The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities.
          • noisy disruption噪声滋扰
          • 广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。
      • 3.短文翻译
        • China’s express courier service will deliver about 12  billion packages one year，which will make it possible for China to overtake the  United States as the world's largest express market. 
          • courier service快递服务
          • deliver 递送
          • 这里用了which从句
          • overtake 赶超
          • 成为，这里没有用become，用了as。
          • 中国快递服务(courier  service)一年递送大约120亿件包裹，这使中国有可能赶超美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。
        • Most packages are filled  with items ordered online. 
          • 大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。
        • China provides opportunities to millions of online  retailers to sell goods at very competitive prices.  Only on November 11th,  Chinese consumers bought goods worthy of$ 9 billion from the nation’s largest  shopping platform. 
          • online  retailers 在线零售商
          • 商品价值worthy of
          • 大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会，仅在11月11日，中国消费者就在国内最大的购物平台买了价值90亿美元的商品。
        • There are many such special shopping days in China. As a  result, it is no surprise at all that the expansion of express can take place in  China.
          • 中国有不少这样的特殊购物日，因此，快递能在中国扩展就不足为奇了。
  • 3/22
    • 由于中国北方重度雾霾(heavy smog)持续不散，公众越发关注空气污染问题。
      • As the heavy haze in northern China stay continually, the public is more concerned about air pollution.
        • stay continually持续不散
        • the public 公众
        • 关注空气污染问题be concerned about air po­llution
    • —些网民(netizen)甚至对 污染的程度表达了愤怒情绪。
      • Some netizens even expressed anger at the level of pollution.
        • 污染的程度pollution level
        • 表达愤怒情绪express anger
    • 治理空气污染迫在眉睫。
      • It is extremely urgent to control air pollution.
      • 治理/控制空气污染control air pollution
    • 中国多个城市实行汽车限购，希望此举一方面能缓解交 通拥堵，一方面能控制空气污染。
      • Many cities in China hace imposed limits on car purchase, hoping that this will ease the traffic jam and meanwhile control air pollution.
        • impose limits on car purchase /implemente car purchase restrictions  实行汽车限购
        • 缓解交通拥堵ease the traffic jam
    • 中国政府准备推出一个长期计划来控制导致严重污染的行业。政府也将额外 支出50亿元人民币来改善北方地区的空气质量。
      • The Chinese government is ready to launch a long-term plan to control industries that cause serious pollution. The government will also spend an additional 5 billion yuan to improve the air quality in the northern part of the country.
        • 推出长期计划 launch a long-term plan
  • 3/27
    • 云南省的丽江古镇是著名的旅游目的地之一
      • The ancient town of Lijiang in Yunnan province is one of the famous tourist destinations. 
        • 丽江古镇：The ancient of town of .....
        • 目的地：destinations
    • 那里的生活节奏比大多数中国城市都要缓慢
      • Its living rhythm is slower than that of most other Chinese cities. 
        • living rhythm 生活节奏
        • slower than that of most other Chinese cities. 比大多数中国城市都要缓慢
    • 丽江到处都是美丽的自然风光，众多的少数民族同胞提供了各式各样、丰富多彩的文化让游客体验。
      •  Lijiang is full of natural beautiful sceneries, where numerous minority nationalities provide rich and varied cultures in order to give tourists a different experience.
        • 自然风光：natural beautiful sceneries
        • 众多的少数民族：numerous minrotiy nationalities
        • 各式各样、丰富多彩 :rich and varied
    • 历史上，丽江还以“爱之城”而闻名。当地人中流传着许多关于因爱而生，为爱而死的故事
      • Historically， Lijiang was also known as “ the city of love”. Plenty of stories about living for love and dying for love have been spread among the natives.
        • konwn as 被称为；被认为是；以......而闻
        • 在当地人中 among the natives
        • 许多....的故事：plenty of stories about .......
    • 如今，在中外游客眼中，这个古镇被视为爱情和浪漫的天堂。
      • Nowadays， the old town equals the paradise of love and romance in the eyes of Chinese and foreign tourists.
        • paradise of love and romance 爱情和浪漫的天堂
        • 在.......眼中 in the eyes of .........
  • 3/30
    • 越来越多的中国年轻人正对旅游产生兴趣，这是近年来的新趋势。
      • More and more young people in China are interested in tourism, which is a new trend in recent years.
        • 用which把这两句话连接起来
    • 年轻游客数量的不断增加，可以归因于他们迅速提高的收入和探索外部世界的好奇心。
      • The increasing number of young tourists can be attributed to the rapid increase of their income and the curiosity to explore the outside world.
        • 归因于 be attributed to
    • 随着旅行多了，年轻人在大城市和著名景点花的时间少了，他们反而更为偏远的地方所吸引，有些人甚至选择长途背包旅行。
      • With more travel, young people  spend less time in big cities and famous scenic spots. Instead, they are drawn to more remote places, some even opting for long backpacking trips.
        • drawn to 吸引
    • 最近调查显示，很多年轻人想要通过旅行体验不同的文化，丰富知识，拓展视野。
      • A recent survey shows that many young people want to experience different cultures, enrich their knowledge and broaden their horizons through traveling. 
  • 3/31
    • 文1：
      • As an important part of the American culture value system, "individualism" is admired by most American people. Americans view the family as a group whose primary purpose is to advance the happiness of individual members. In contrast to many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as a group, either socially or economically. What would be best for the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for the individual. With freedom comes the responsibility to care for oneself, for it is the freedom of choice that carries with it the responsibility: to accept the consequences of the choices. Many Americans give their children a lot of freedom because they want them to be independent and self-reliant. Along with the American emphasis on individual freedom, the belief in equality between parents and children also has had a strong effect on the family.
      • As an important part of the American culture value system, "individualism" is admired by most American people.
        • individualism 个人主义
        • value system 价值观、价值体系
        • 作为美国文化价值体系的重要组成部分，“个人主义”受到大多数美国人的推崇。
      • Americans view the family as a group whose primary purpose is to advance the happiness of individual members. 
        • whose 可翻译为其
        • view 可翻译为认为
        • advance 这一句可翻译为：提高个人成员的幸福感/促进家庭各成员的幸福
        • 美国人认为家庭作为一个群体，其主要目的是促进家庭各成员的幸福。
      • In contrast to many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as a group, either socially or economically.
        • contrast 相反不同，（In contrast to 与.....不同）
        • 这句话直译的话可能会翻译成这样：不是在社会或经济上促进家庭作为一个群体的发展。而修改成：提高整个家庭的地位，或促进整个家庭的发展；这样听起来就顺些
        • 与许多其他文化相比，美国家庭成员的主要职责，不是在社会上或经济上提高整个家庭的地位。
      • What would be best for the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for the individual.
        • 这句话没有生词，但可能会翻译成这样：对家庭最好的东西通常不被认为是对个人最重要的。这样翻译的话会与上一句话没有连贯性，而加上“人们通常认为”则可与上句话衔接。
        • 但后半句还是读起来有点别扭，其真实意思就是个人认为最好的是最重要的，即个人认为最好的比家庭认为最好的更重要
        • 人们通常认为，什么是对个人最好的要比什么是对家庭最好的更为重要。
      • With freedom comes the responsibility to care for oneself, for it is the freedom of choice that carries with it the responsibility: to accept the consequences of the choices.
        • carries with 承载
        • 与自由相伴而来的是照顾自己的责任，因为所选择的自由承载了责任，即必须接受自己的选择所带来的后果。
      • Many Americans give their children a lot of freedom because they want them to be independent and self-reliant. Along with the American emphasis on individual freedom, the belief in equality between parents and children also has had a strong effect on the family.
        • selt-reliant 自立更生
        • along with除某物以外；随同。。。一起；在。。。。同时。。。
        • emphasis on 强调
        • 许多美国人给他们的孩子很多的自由，因为他们希望孩子们能够独立和自力更生。在美国人强调个人自由的同时，父母与孩子间平等的信念也对美国家庭产生了巨大的影响。
    • 文2：
      • 孝道（filial piety）是中国古代社会的基本道德规范（code of ethics）。中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。孝道是古老的“东方文明”之根本。
        • 孝道是中国古代社会的基本道德规范。中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。
          • 孝道：filial piety
          • 道德规范：code of ethics
          • essence 本质；实质；精髓
          • 人格：a person's integrity
          • 刚开始还以为答案出错了，没想到翻译也这样翻，只是人格翻译成：personality.好吧，先记下了。
          • Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in ancient Chinese society. Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person's integrity, family harmony, and the nation's well-being.
        • 由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。
          • 由于可用with/as等翻译
          • 儒家伦理思想的核心：the core of Confucian ethics(注：没有思想的单词)
          • 维系：maintain
          • 还有一种翻译是这样的：it has become the moral standard of maintaining family relations in Chinese Society for thousands of years 用of引出
          • With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years.
        • 它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。
          • traditional Chinese virtue 中华传统美德
          • 内容丰富，涉及面广rich in content and wide in range.
          • It's undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue. The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range.
        • 它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。
          • 制度礼仪：institutional etiquettes
          • 一般来说：generally speaking
          • obligation 义务
          • 赡养老人：support for the elderly
          • 等等 and so on/and so forth
          • It includes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquettes. Generally speaking, it refers to the obligation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth.
        • 孝道是古老的“东方文明”之根本。
          • Filial piety is fundamental to the ancient "Oriental civilization".
  • 4/2
    • 文1：
      • 原文：
        • 中国正步入老龄化社会。但和日本和德国等其他老龄化社会不同，中国在收入还相对较低的时候就开始老龄化了。就老年人占总人口比例而言，当下的中国就像是上世纪80年代末的日本，但就人均国内生产总值(GDP)而言，中国才刚刚达到日本在上世纪70年代初的水平。日本在上世纪90年代初开始了持续20多年的停滞，许多人担忧中国将在接下来的10到20年里重蹈日本的覆辙。
      • 翻译
        • 中国正步入老龄化社会。但和日本和德国等其他老龄化社会不同，中国在收入还相对较低的时候就开始老龄化了。
          • agening 变老的
          • 这句话中和...不同用 unlike
          • 最后一句话也可以这样翻：it is getting older with relatively low incomes.
          • China is becoming an ageing society. But, unlike other ageing societies such as Japan and Germany, it is getting old when its income is still relatively low. 
        • 就老年人占总人口比例而言，当下的中国就像是上世纪80年代末的日本，但就人均国内生产总值(GDP)而言，中国才刚刚达到日本在上世纪70年代初的水平。
          • 就...而言： In terms of
          • "比例"这里用了 the share of 还可以用proportion 比例
          • 当下的中国：China today .....
          • 人均国内生产总值（GDP）:per-capita gross domestic product/per cpita GDP
          • In terms of the share of old people in the population, China today looks like Japan at the end of 1980s, but in terms of per-capita gross domestic product, it has just reached the level of Japan in the early 1970s.
        • 日本在上世纪90年代初开始了持续20多年的停滞，许多人担忧中国将在接下来的10到20年里重蹈日本的覆辙。
          • 停滞：stagnation
          • 第一句：Japan began to stagnate for more than 20 years in the early 1990s.
          • 重蹈覆辙：follow its footsteps
          • Japan started more than 20 years of stagnation in the early 1990s, and many people fear that China will follow its footsteps in the next 10 to 20 years.
    • 文2：
      • 原文：
        • 太极拳(Tai Chi/Taijiquan)是一种中国武术内家拳(the internal styles of Chinese martial art)。它基于以柔克刚(the soft overcoming the hard)的原理，发端于中国古代，最开始是一种武术和自卫方式。随着时间的推移，人们开始通过练太极拳来改善健康状况、增加福祉(well-being)。练习者用意念慢慢地、轻轻地移动身体，同时深呼吸，因此有时被称为移动冥想("moving meditation")。中国人通常会在清晨到附近的公园练习太极拳。
      • 翻译:
        • 太极拳是一种中国武术内家拳。它基于以柔克刚的原理，发端于中国古代，最开始是一种武术和自卫方式。
          • 太极拳 Tai Chi/Taijiquan
          • 中国武术内家拳:the internal styles of Chinese martial art
          • 以柔克刚:the soft overcoming the hard
          • 发端于：originated in ......
          • Tai Chi/Taijiquan is one of the internal styles of Chinese martial art. It is based on the principle of the soft overcoming the hard and originated in ancient China as a martial art and a means of self-defense. 
        • 随着时间的推移，人们开始通过练太极拳来改善健康状况、增加福祉(well-being)。练习者用意念慢慢地、轻轻地移动身体，同时深呼吸，因此有时被称为移动冥想("moving meditation")。中国人通常会在清晨到附近的公园练习太极拳。
          • 随着时间的推移：overtime
          • 福祉 well-being
          • 深呼吸： thought while breathing deeply
          • Overtime, people began to exercise it to improve their health and well-being. Practicers move their bodies slowly, gently and with thought while breathing deeply, so it is sometimes referred to as "moving meditation". Chinese commonly practice Taijiquan in nearby parks in early morning.
  • 4/3
    • 文1：
      • 原文：联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism  Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全球旅游业的贡献大。中国人去年花在出境游上的支出膨胀至1020亿美元，同2011年相比增长了40%。联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令中国迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出高的两个国家。2012年德美两国出境旅游支出均同比增长6%，约840亿美元。
      • 翻译：
        • 联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism  Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全球旅游业的贡献大。
          • 数据：figures
          • 网上是这样翻的：According to the data released by the world tourism organization, a subsidiary of the United Nations, Chinese tourists have contributed a lot to the global tourism industry.
          • subsidiary 附属公司；子公司
          • The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry. 
        • 中国人去年花在出境游上的支出膨胀至1020亿美元，同2011年相比增长了40%。
          • 处境游：outbound tourism
          • 同2011年相比增长了40%，这句话若逐句翻的话：an increase of 40% compared with 2011; 而答案中是这样翻：a 40% rise from 2011；
          • Chinese spending on outbound travel expanded to $102 billion last year, an increase of 40% compared with 2011.
            • 膨胀至：expend to
          • Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.
        • 联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令中国迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出高的两个国家。2012年德美两国出境旅游支出均同比增长6%，约840亿美元。
          • 呃，这是一个长难句先看看答案是如何翻的
            • 联合国世界旅游组织（UNWTO）在网站上发布的一篇声明，这句话直接放在了最后。
            • surge 激增；突发；急剧上升
            • sent “the surge”引出产生的结果
            • screaming 呼啸而过【熟词生义】
            • 支出最高的两个国家“这翻译的真的没想到” the former No. 1 and No. 2 spenders, respectively
              • spenders 花钱....的人“直接代表国家”
              • respectively 依次地
            • That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S. — the former No. 1 and No. 2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year- on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.
          • 接下来看下网上的，比较长
          • expenditure 花费开销
          • In a statement posted on its website, the World Tourism Organization said the increase allowed China to rapidly surpass Germany and the United States. The latter two countries were the countries with high expenditure on outbound tourism before. In 2012, the outbound tourism expenditure of Germany and the United States increased by 6% year on year, about US $84 billion.
    • 文2：
      • 原文：
        • 国画是中国文化遗产的重要组成部分。不同于西方画，它是用毛笔(Chinese brush)和墨汁在宣纸(xuan paper)上作画的。精通这门艺术需要不断重复的练习， 需要控制好毛笔，需要对宣纸和墨汁有一定的认识。绘画前，画家必须在脑海里有一个草图并根据他的想象力和经验进行绘画。许多中国画家既是诗人，又是书法家。他们经常会在自己的画上亲手添加诗作。 
      • 翻译：
        • 国画是中国文化遗产的重要组成部分。不同于西方画，它是用毛笔(Chinese brush)和墨汁在宣纸(xuan paper)上作画的。
          • 国画：Chinese pating
          • “不同于”可译为：distinguish oneself from sth. 也可以用be different from 但明显前一个高级
          • “毛笔和墨汁” 可译为the Chinese brush and Chinese ink，此处可用同一个冠词表示整体，用with表示方式
          • Chinese painting is an important part of the country's cultural heritage. It distinguishes itself  from Western painting in that it is drawn on xuan  paper with the Chinese brush and Chinese ink.
        • 精通这门艺术需要不断重复的练习， 需要控制好毛笔，需要对宣纸和墨汁有一定的认识。
          • attain 意为 获得，得到
          • proficiency 意为：熟练，精通
          • “精通这门艺术”可译为：to attain proficiency in this art
          • “需要不断重复的练习”理解成了“除了反复练习外” besides repeated exerise.
          • “需要控制好毛笔，需要对宣纸和墨汁有一定的认识” 该句可理解为“控制好毛笔和认识宣纸、墨汁也是必要的”
          •  To attain proficiency in this art, it is necessary to have a good control of the brush, and certain knowledge of xuan paper and Chinese ink besides  repeated exercises.
          • 普通做法：To master this art, we need to practice repeatedly, control the brush, and have a certain understanding of Xuan paper and ink.
  • 4/5
    • 文1：
      • 原文：
        • 中国是发展中国家中的大国，其工业化正在快速发展，环境问题也变得日益严峻，所以环境保护被国家视为一项基本国策。近年来，国家采取了很多措施来增强环境治理，如建立了世界的生态工程“三北防护林工程"(the Three-North Shelter Forest Program)。此外，中国也在大力发展自然保护区，颁布了《环境保护法》(The law on Environmental Protection),增强环保意识和环保教育。当前，环境治理已取得明显成效，绝大部分城市环境和农业生态环境得到了很大改善，工业污染防治水平也大大提升。
      • 译文：
        • 中国是发展中国家中的大国，其工业化正在快速发展，环境问题也变得日益严峻，所以环境保护被国家视为一项基本国策。
          • “发展中国家中的大国” 如果字面翻译的话可能会译成这样： is a big country in developing countries。但是大国可以用major重要的表示：a major developing country.
          • "其工业化正在快速发展" 理解为：正在经历工业化快速发展 ，用undergoing.
          • 变得日益严峻：可译为is getting more and more serious或is getting increasingly serious。
          • China is a major developing country undergoing rapid industrialization. The environmental problem in China is getting more and more serious, thus environmental protection has been taken as one of the basic national polices by the government.
        • 近年来，国家采取了很多措施来增强环境治理，如建立了世界的生态工程“三北防护林工程"(the Three-North Shelter Forest Program)。此外，中国也在大力发展自然保护区，颁布了《环境保护法》(The law on Environmental Protection),增强环保意识和环保教育。
          • 环境治理：environment governance
          • 建立工程？实施工程，执行工程carry out project
          • 自然保护区：natural reserves
          • 大力发展：greatly developing the....
          • 颁布了环境保护法：《环境保护法》即“the law on environmental protetion"颁布一词可用issue表达
          • In recent years, the government has taken lots of measures to improve the environment governance, such as carrying out the world famous ecological project“the Three-North Shelter Forest Program”.Moreover, China has been greatly developing the natural reserves.“The Law on Environmental Protection”has been issued to strengthen the awareness and education of environmental protection. 
        • 当前，环境治理已取得明显成效，绝大部分城市环境和农业生态环境得到了很大改善，工业污染防治水平也大大提升。
          • 环境治理已取得明显成效：翻译该句时可用被动语态，译为： distinct achievements have been gained in environmental governance.
          • 工业污染防治水平：The capability of preventing and controlling industrial pollution
          • 大大提升，另一个表程度大的副词：highly.
          • Now, distinct achievements have been gained in environmental governance.The environment in most cities and the agricultural ecological environment around the country have been greatly improved.The capability of preventing and controlling industrial pollution has been highly enhanced.
    • 文2：
      • 原文：
        • 景德镇(Jingdezhen)位于江西省东北部，以瓷器而闻名，历来被誉为中国的 “千年瓷都”。在景德镇出产的各类瓷器中，尤以青花瓷(blue and white porcelain)最为突出。清代是青花瓷的鼎盛时期，景德镇青花瓷以其烧造精致而独占鳌头。新中国成立后，在景德镇设立了人民瓷厂(People'sPorcelain Factory)专门生产青花瓷。景德镇青花瓷造型优美，色彩绚丽，装饰精美，是景德镇四大传统名瓷之一，素有“永不凋谢的青花”之称。青花瓷远销世界各地，受到世界人民的喜爱。
      • 译文：
        • 景德镇(Jingdezhen)位于江西省东北部，以瓷器而闻名，历来被誉为中国的 “千年瓷都”。
          • located in位于 表示方位的词，经常用到
          • 瓷器：porcelain
          • 被誉为“is honored as”
          • 千年瓷都：“home of porcelain for thousands of years”
          • Jingdezhen，located in the northeast of Jiangxi Province，is famous for porcelain and is honored as“home of porcelain for thousands of years” in China.
        • 在景德镇出产的各类瓷器中，尤以青花瓷(blue and white porcelain)最为突出。清代是青花瓷的鼎盛时期，景德镇青花瓷以其烧造精致而独占鳌头。
          • renown 名誉；声望
          • 以....独占鳌头rank first for ...
          • 烧造精致：生产精致：fine production
          •  Among different types of porcelain produced in Jingdezhen，blue and white porcelain is the most renowned. Blue and white porcelain reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty.Blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen ranked first for its fine production.
        • 新中国成立后，在景德镇设立了人民瓷厂(People'sPorcelain Factory)专门生产青花瓷。景德镇青花瓷造型优美，色彩绚丽，装饰精美，是景德镇四大传统名瓷之一，素有“永不凋谢的青花”之称。
          • 设立：was set up; 专门：specially
          • 造型优美：elegantly shaped
          • 色彩绚丽装饰精美 ：rich in color and delicately decorated.
          • 素有“永不凋谢的青花”之称，即享有enjoy
          • After new China was founded,People's Porcelain Factory was set up in Jingdezhen to produce blue and white porcelain specially. Blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen is elegantly shaped，rich in color and delicately decorated. It is one of the four famous traditional types of porcelain in Jingdezhen,and enjoys the reputation of “ever-green blue and white porcelain”.
        • 青花瓷远销世界各地，受到世界人民的喜爱。
          • Blue and white porcelain has been sold to countries all over the world and is liked by people around the world.
  • 4/7
    • 文1：
      • 原文：
        • 随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提升，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻。很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化。中国政府正在努力推行垃圾分类(garbageclassification)的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trash can)，通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。它能够减少垃圾处理量，降低处理成本，减少土地资源的消耗，对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益。
      • 译文：
        • 随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提升，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻，很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化，中国政府正在努力推行垃圾分类的政策。
          • 日益严峻：increasingly urgent
          • 恶化，变坏deteriorate
          • "面临日益增长的垃圾常量和环境状态的恶化"，其逻辑主语是后面的“中国政府”，故此可采用过去分词短语作状语，置于句首，译成confronted with the growing grabage output and deteriorating environment.
          • 推行，实施：implement
          • 垃圾分类：garbage classification
          • with great effort
          • With the improvement of people's living standards and the increase of consumption level, the grabage problem in China bacomes increasingly urgent, many cities are surrounded by garbage. Confronted with the growing garbage output and deteriorating environment, the Chinese government is implementing the policy of garbage classification with great effort.
        • 垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trash can)，通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。
          • 此句由三个短句组成，第一、二个短句主语是“垃圾分类”，所以可用and连接两个谓语“是指”和“要求”。“要求人们....”用require sb. to do 结构
          • “通过.....方式使之变成新的资源”可看作是“人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶"的结果,可用so that 连接，增强句子逻辑
          • Garbage classificiation means dividing garbage into recyclable and unrecyclable, and requires people to put garbage into different trash cans so that it can become new resources through different ways of cleaning, tansporting and recycling
        • 它能够减少垃圾处理量，降低处理成本，减少土地资源的消耗，对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益。
          • 最后一句的主干可理解为“它能够减少...,降低...,减少....”，三个谓语动词都可用reduce来翻译，所以可共一个动词，后接不同的宾语，用not only... but also...连接。
          • “对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益”则可以处理成现在分词短语benefiting.....,表结果。
          • It can reduce not only the amount of garbage that needs to be disposed, but also the deposing cost and the usage of land, benefiting our society, economy and evironment.
    • 文2：
      • 原文
        • 被称为“世界工厂”(world's workshop)的中国正迅速成长为“世界市场”。在过去十年里，中国一直是无可争议的“世界工厂”—进口原材料，并向全球各地出口廉价的制成品。近年来，中国经济保持快速增长，制造工艺日趋精良，中国再也不是廉价商品的组装地了。随着人均收入(per capitaincomes)的提高，越来越多城市消费者有能力购买高价商品和服务。近年来，中国人均消费增长是全世界最快的。因此，很多国际企业尝试与中国建立联系，在中国市场开展业务。 
      • 译文
        • 被称为“世界工厂”(world's workshop)的中国正迅速成长为“世界市场”。在过去十年里，中国一直是无可争议的“世界工厂”—进口原材料，并向全球各地出口廉价的制成品。
          • 第一句主干是“中国正成长为世界市场”，原文中的定语“被称为世界工厂的”，可转换成主语的同位语。
          • 第二句中的“在过去十年里”表述的是同一个时间段，因此用介词短语for...表达，句子采用现在完成时。
          • 主语“中国”翻译成“the country”，避免与上一句的表述重复。破折号之后是对“世界工厂”的解释，处理成现在分词importing....and exporting.....，作伴随状语
          • 原材料：raw material
          • manufactured goods 制成品
          • China, the "world's workshop", is now growing up fast to the "world's marker". For the past decade the country has been the undisputed "world's workshop", importing raw materials and exporting inexpensive manufactured goods across the globe. 
        • 近年来，中国经济保持快速增长，制造工艺日趋精良，中国再也不是廉价商品的组装地了。
          • 句子有三个主语，即“中国经济”、“制作工艺”和“中国”。“中国再也不是廉价商品的组装地了”与句子前半部分构成因果关系。因此可将此句拆译成两个句子，用连词therefore 链接。
          • 制造工艺：manufacturing technique
          • sophisticated 精密的，水平高的
          • In recently years, the Chinese economy keeps growing fast, and its manufacturing technique becomes increasingly sophisticated. Therefore, China is no longer just a place to do assembly of cheap products.
        • 随着人均收入(per capitaincomes)的提高，越来越多城市消费者有能力购买高价商品和服务。近年来，中国人均消费增长是全世界最快的。因此，很多国际企业尝试与中国建立联系，在中国市场开展业务。
          • With the rise in per capita incomes, an increasing number of urban comsumers can afford high-priced goods and services. In recent years, China's per capita consumption growth is the fastest around the world. Therefore, many international enterprises attempt to establish contact with China and lanuch their business in this market.
  • 4/10
    • 文1：
      • 原文：
        • 秦朝是中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族的、中央集权的、封建王朝(feudal dynasty)。尽管秦朝只持续了15年，但是它在中国历史上扮演着重要角色，对后续朝代产生了重大影响。为了巩固国家统一，维持秦朝永传万代，秦始皇在政治、经济、军事和文化上进行了很多改革。政治上，他宣布自己就是这个国家的皇帝，手握重权。经济上，他统一了度量衡(weights and measures)和货币。另外，他还统一了文字以及车轮之间的距离。世界奇迹—万里长城也是他命令建造的。
      • 译文：
        • 秦朝是中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族的、中央集权的、封建王朝(feudal dynasty)。尽管秦朝只持续了15年，但是它在中国历史上扮演着重要角色，对后续朝代产生了重大影响。
          • unitary 统一的
          • multi-nationaland多民族的
          • powet-centralized 中央集权的
          • feudal dynasty 封建王朝
          • exerted a great influence on 对...有极大影响
          • The Qin Dynasty was the first unitary、multi-nationaland、 power-centralized, feudal dynasty in Chinese history. Although lasting only for 15 years, it played an important role in Chinese history and exerted a great influence on the following dynasties.
        • 为了巩固国家统一，维持秦朝永传万代，秦始皇在政治、经济、军事和文化上进行了很多改革。政治上，他宣布自己就是这个国家的皇帝，手握重权。
          • strength the unity of the nation 巩固国家统一
          • perpetuate 使永恒，使持续
          • 进行改革 carry out reform
          • 军事 military affairs
          • in possession of拥有，占有
          • To strengthen the unity of the nation and to perpetuate the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Qin Shi Huang carried out many reforms in politics, economy, military affairs and culture. In politics, he declared himself the emperor of the stale in possession of all major powers.
        • 经济上，他统一了度量衡(weights and measures)和货币。另外，他还统一了文字以及车轮之间的距离。世界奇迹—万里长城也是他命令建造的。
          • 统一度量衡 中的“统一”可用standardized
          • Subtopic
          • In economy,he standardized weights and measures as well as money. In Addition,he standardized the written characters and the distance between two wheels.The miracle of the world,the Great Wall of China was also built under his order.
  • 4/13
    • 文1：
      • 火锅中，重庆火锅(hotpot)最著名也最受欢迎。重庆人认为以麻辣 (peppery and hot)著称的火锅是当地特色。人们喜欢围在用木炭(charcoal)、 电热或天然气加热的火锅旁边吃边聊美味和有营养的食物。人们可以选择辣汤、清汤以及鸳鸯(combo)锅底，再将肉片、鱼片、各种豆腐产品和蔬菜加进火锅，之后蘸上特制酱料即可食用。在寒冷的冬天里，吃火锅成为一件惬意十足的事情。 
      • 火锅中，重庆火锅(hotpot)最著名也最受欢迎。重庆人认为以麻辣 (peppery and hot)著称的火锅是当地特色。人们喜欢围在用木炭(charcoal)、 电热或天然气加热的火锅旁边吃边聊美味和有营养的食物。
        • 以.....著称：be famous for
        • noted 作形容词，表示“显著的”，同样的搭配还有be noted as 表示“作为...而”
        • 当地特色：local specialty.specialty可以表示“特产，招牌菜”
        • 这里的“喜欢”可用enjoy
        • 围在火锅旁：gather around a hotpotheated
        • Chongqing hotpot is the most famous and popularof all hotpots. In the eyes of people in Chongqing, hotpot noted for its peppery and hot taste is a local specialty. People enjoy gathering around a hotpotheated with charcoal, electricity or natural gas and chatting over the delicious and nutritious food.
      • 人们可以选择辣汤、清汤以及鸳鸯(combo)锅底，再将肉片、鱼片、各种豆腐产品和蔬菜加进火锅，之后蘸上特制酱料即可食用。在寒冷的冬天里，吃火锅成为一件惬意十足的事情
        • 选择：have a choice of ,表示“有......选择”。
        • 辣汤、清汤以及鸳鸯(combo)锅底 spicy, pure or combo for the soup
        • thin sliced meat, fish, various bean curd products and vegetables肉片、鱼片、各种豆腐产品和蔬菜
        • dip them into a special sauce蘸上特制酱料
        • 惬意十足的：delightful或pleasing。
        •  You have a choice of spicy, pure or combo for the soup, into which you may add thin sliced meat, fish, various bean curd products and vegetables, and dip them into a special sauce before eating. It is a very delightful experience to eat hotpot in the cold winter. 　
    • 文2：
      • 中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等很多场合中，随处可见酒的身影。
      • 中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。
        • 用谷物制酒：make spirits with grains
        • 总的来说：Gennrally speaking
        • 与......息息相关：has a close connection with....
        • 古代和现代：ancient and modern times
        • Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago.Generally speaking，wine has a close connection with culture in China in both ancient and modern times.
      • 长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。
        • 中国的酒文化：Chinese wine culture
        • 写诗时饮酒助兴：used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry.
        • 敬酒：make a toast
        • 亲朋好友：their relatives and friends
        • Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese people's life for a long time. Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast.
      • 作为一种文化，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等很多场合中，随处可见酒的身影。
        • 不可分割的部分：inseparable part
        • 送别晚宴：farewell dinner
        • Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people through numerous events such as birthday party, farewell dinner, wedding, etc.
  • 4/14
    • 今天是两篇新闻翻译，原文有点长，就不贴了
    • 文1：
      • Outbound passenger traffic from Wuhan, capital of Hubei province, the domestic epicenter of the novel coronavirus pandemic, finally received the green light on Wednesday. This is a much-longed for milestone in the country's fight against the virus.
        • Outbound passenger traffic 出境客运量
        • domestic epicenter 国内震中
          • 【词根词缀】epi- 在...上、周围或中间；在....后面
            • epidemic adj. 流行性的
              • epi 在…上、周围或中间；在…后面 + dem 人民 + ic …的 → 在人民中间的 → 流行性的
            • epigram n. 警句，格言
              • epi 在…上、周围或中间；在…后面 + gram 写，画 → 写出〔人们生活〕中〔经典的话〕→ 格言
            • epigraph n. 碑文，刻文
              • epi 在…上、周围或中间；在…后面 + graph 写，画 → 写在〔石头上〕的字 → 碑文
            • epilogue n. 后记，结尾部分
              • epi 在…上、周围或中间；在…后面 + log 说话 + ue → 在后面说的话 → 后记
            • epitome n. 梗概，缩影
              • epi 在…上、周围或中间；在…后面 + tom 切 + e → 切掉〔枝叶后的〕部分 → 梗概
          • domestic adj.国内的；家用的；n.家佣；家庭纠纷【反义词】：foreign
            • domestic affairs/politics国内事务、政治
            • Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market.产量包括出口和国内市场销售两部分。
            • domestic chores 家务琐事
            • the growing problem of domestic violence (= violence between members of the same family) 日趋严重的家庭暴力问题
          • 【词根词缀】dom= house, to tame, to control 房屋；驯服；控制
            • domain n. 领土
              • dom 房屋；驯服；控制 + ain 表物 → 统治的地方 → 领土
            • dome n. 圆屋顶；大厦
            • domestic adj. 家里的；国内的
              • dom 房屋；驯服；控制 + estic …的 → 在房子里的 → 家里的
            • domesticate v. 驯养
              • dom 房屋；驯服；控制 + estic …的 + ate 使… → 使驯服 → 驯养
            • domicile n. 住所
              • dom 房屋；驯服；控制 + ic …的 + ile 表物 → 住所
            • dominate v. 统治
              • domin〔= dom〕房屋；驯服；控制 + ate 做，造成，使… → 紧紧控制 → 统治
            • indomitable adj. 不可征服的
              • in 不 + domit〔= dom〕房屋；驯服；控制 + able 可…的 → 不可控制的 → 不可征服的
        • novel【熟词生义】
          • 原文：the novel of coronavirus pandemic 新型冠状病毒大流行
          • novel除了有小说的含义外，还有adj,的含义：新颖的，与众不同的，珍奇的
          • a novel feature新特征
        • 第一句话翻译时要注意：主语是“Outbound passenger traffic ”，谓语动词：“ received ”
        • much-longer 渴望已久的
        • milestone 里程碑
      • The lifting of the 76-day lockdown imposed on the city is also of great significance for the world.The reopening of Wuhan, the last city to be released from lockdown in China, should serve to consolidate the confidence of countries still facing seemingly uphill battles that as long as the right methods are employed, the spread of the virus can be controlled.
        • impose 推行，强制实行，迫使
        • serve to 原意为“服务于”,但在语境中应译为：有助于
        • consolidate 巩固
        • “countries still facing seemingly uphill battles”这句话“那些仍然面临 看是艰难的战斗 的国家
      • For the city, with the lockdown lifted, the municipal government must divert more attention to reviving the local economy. Getting the eighth-largest city economy in China going again will further accelerate the pick up of the national economy. But that is easier to say than it will be to do, as the pandemic has affected almost all of the city's pillar industries. Balancing pandemic control and economic growth, both of which concern people's well-being and social stability, will be a tough test for the city authorities.
        • lift 提起，举起，抬高；文中：解封
        • municipal government 市镇政府
        • divert 使转向；使绕道；改变的用途；转移的注意力
          • 【词根】vers, vert= to turn 转
            • adversary n. 对手
              • ad 加强 + vers 转 + ary 表人 → 逆反之人 → 对手
            • adverse adj. （方向上）逆的；敌对的
              • ad 做… + vers 转 + e → 一再转 → 逆反的
            • averse adj. 反对的
              • a 不 + vers 转 + e →〔反对〕不转 → 反对的
            • aversion n. 反感
              • a 不 + vers 转 + ion 表名词 → 反感
            • avert v. 避开
              • a 加强 + vert 转 → 不停转 → 避开
        • reviving 苏醒；复活；重新使用
        • pillar industries 支柱产业
        • people's well-being and social stability 人民福祉和社会稳定
          • well-being 健康，安乐
        • city authorities 市政府
      • Although the reopening of the city marks an important step forward for the nearly 12million local residents to resume their normal life, as people can now go to and leave the city freely, strict pandemic-control measures must continue to be in place in the city to prevent a comeback of the highly contagious virus, for which there should be an emergency plan, proving the city has learned its lessons.
      • It should be borne in mind that 515 people infected with the virus are still being treated in hospitals in the city as of Tuesday, the largest group in China, and threats posed by contagion from asymptomatic cases, and infections from outside, a new challenge coming along with its reopening, will all become imminent now that the city's doors have been opened again.
        • marks 标志
        • step forward 向前走
        • resume 恢复
        • in place 在正确的位置，身在....处境
        • contagious 接触传染的；患接触性传染病
        • bear in mind 记住
        • asymptomatic 无症状的
        • along with 随着。。。伴随
        • imminent 即将发生的；临近的
      • The central government will obviously provide the city with all necessary assistance to reignite its economy and maintain pandemic control until it proves to be capable of handling the situation on its own.
      • But the city authorities must be on a full alert to monitor any changes in the situation, which will become more complicated with people coming and going again. The city cannot afford a second wave of infections.
        • reignite 重新点燃；在点燃，恢复
        • maintain 维持；保持；维修；固执己见
        • be capable of 能够承担
        • alert to 警惕；随时注意
        • monitor 监视；监测
        • coming and going again 来来往往
      • Wuhan's lockdown won the country and even the world a window of opportunity to curb the spread of the virus, which was regrettably ignored and wasted by many countries. But that came at a heavy cost, the city accounts for 60 percent of China's total number of infections and 77 percent — 2,571 to be exact as ofTuesday — of the deaths caused by the virus in the country. That being said, it is our sincere hope that the residents of Wuhan receive their due tribute for what they have endured, and that they will not be subject to stigmatization and discrimination.
        • window of opportunity 机会之窗
        • curb 控制；遏制
        • regrettably 遗憾地
        • tribute 致敬；颂词
        • endure 忍耐；持续
        • be subject to 给....降服；受....支配；受...影响
        • stigmatization 污名化
        • discrimination. 区别对待；歧视；识别力；辨别力
    • 文2：
      • The pandemic is fuelling deplorable racism and discrimination, especially against Asian people. Education and research will also pay the price.
      • When the World Health Organization (WHO) announced in February that the disease caused by the new coronavirus would be called COVID‑19, the name was quickly adopted by organizations involved in communicating public-health information. As well as naming the illness, the WHO was implicitly sending a reminder to those who had erroneously been associating the virus with Wuhan and with China in their news coverage— including Nature. That we did so was an error on our part, for which we take responsibility and apologize.
        • fuel 【熟词生义】：加强；增加；助长
        • deplorable adj.糟糕的；令人震惊的；令人愤怒的
        • racism and discrimination种族主义和歧视
        • implicitly 含蓄地
        • erroneously 错误地；不正确的
        • ourpart
        • news coverage 新闻采访
      • For years, it was common for viral diseases to be associated with the landscapes, places or regions where the first outbreaks occurred — as in Middle East respiratory syndrome, or Zika virus, named after a forest in Uganda. But in 2015, the WHO introduced guidelines to stop this practice and there by reduce stigma and negative impacts such as fear or anger directed towards those regions or their people. The guidelines underlined the point that viruses infect all humans: when an outbreak happens, everyone is at risk, regardless of who they are or where they are from.
      • And yet, as countries struggle to control the spread of the new coronavirus, a minority of politicians are sticking with the outdated script. US President Donald Trump has repeatedly associated the virus with China. Brazilian lawmaker Eduardo Bolsonaro — the son of President JairBolsonaro — has called it “China’s fault”. Politicians elsewhere, including in the United Kingdom, are also saying that China bears responsibility.
        • script. 剧本
        • elsewhere 在别处
      • Racist attacks Failing to do so has consequences. It’s clear that since the outbreak was first reported, people of Asian descent around the world have been subjected to racist attacks, with untold human costs — for example, on their health and livelihoods. Law-enforcement agencies say they are making investigation of hate crimes a high priority, but such inquiries might come too late for some, including many of the more than 700,000 Chinese undergraduate, master’s and PhD students studying at universities outside China. The majority are in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many have returned home while their institutions are closed owing to lockdowns, and many might not return. Students are hesitating to come back, in part because of fears of continuing racism, along with uncertainty over the future of their courses and not knowing when international travel will resume.
      • Al oss for all fordecades, campuses have striven to boost diversity, and countries have enacted policies to encourage international academic mobility. Diversity is valuablefor its own sake. It encourages understanding and dialogue between cultures, and sharing of points of view and ways of being. And it has always been a fuel for research and innovation. Moreover,a diverse campus body is needed to improve policies and structures so thatuniversities — and research publishing — can become more welcoming. Manybarriers to diversity remain: in the April issue of Nature Reviews Physics, forexample, researchers and science communicators from China, India, Japan andSouth Korea report examples of discrimination and other factors that preventthem being heard in international journals (S. Hanasoge et al. Nature Rev.Phys. 2, 178–180; 2020).
      • Manyleaders want to listen to and act on expert scientific advice to deal with thispandemic and save lives. On terminology, the advice is clear: we must all doeverything we can to avoid and reduce stigma; not associate COVID-19 withparticular groups of people or places; and emphasize that viruses do notdiscriminate — we are all at risk.
      • Itwould be tragic if stigma, fuelled by the coronavirus, led Asia’s young peopleto retreat from international campuses, curtailing their own education,reducing their own and others’ opportunities and leaving research worse off —just when the world is relying on it to find a
  • 4/19
    • 文1：
      • 汉语热指近年来越来越多的外国人开始学习汉语的现象。在很多国家，学汉语的人数在迅速增长。据统计，全世界已有109个国家、3000多所高等学校开设了汉语课程。一项调查显示,他们学习汉语的主要目的是去中国旅游、从事贸易活动、了解中国和中国文化。汉语热背后的原因是中国经济的飞速发展，它使中国的国际地位和影响力得到了提升。全球“汉语热”传达了世界各国人民渴望了解中国文化的信息。  
      • 译文：
        • 汉语热指近年来越来越多的外国人开始学习汉语的现象。在很多国家，学汉语的人数在迅速增长。
          • ".....热"一般直接译作craze即可，“汉语热”可直接译为Chinese language craze;由于“现象”前面的定语太长，故在翻译时采用that引导的同位语从句说明具体现象，这样更符合英文的表达逻辑。   
          • Chinese language craze refers to the phenomenon that a growing number of foreigners start to learn Chinese. The number of Chinese learners increases rapidly in many countries.
        • 据统计，全世界已有109个国家、3000多所高等学校开设了汉语课程。一项调查显示,他们学习汉语的主要目的是去中国旅游、从事贸易活动、了解中国和中国文化。
          • “全世界已有109个国家、3000多所高等学校开设了汉语课程”可理解为“109个国家中的3000多所高等学校开设了…”，故在翻译时，用“3000多所高校”作为主语，使译文更简洁。
          • 开设汉语课： offering courses on Chinese language
          • “他们学习汉语者的主要目的是…”可译为they learn Chinese for the main purposes of...。“去中国旅游、从事贸易活动、了解中国和中国文化”翻译成动名词短语traveling... engaging in... and knowing...。 
          • According to statistics,more than 3000 institutions of higher education in109 countries are offering courses on Chinese language. A survey indicates that they learn Chinese for the main purposes of traveling in China, engaging in trade activities and knowing China and the Chinese culture. 
        • 汉语热背后的原因是中国经济的飞速发展，它使中国的国际地位和影响力得到了提升。全球“汉语热”传达了世界各国人民渴望了解中国文化的信息。  
          • 在“汉语热背后的原因是中国经济的飞速发展，它使中国的国际地位和影响力得到了提升”中的“它”指代前面的“中国经济的飞速发展”，因此可用which引导的定语从句来翻译后半句。
          • underly reason 背后的原因
          • 提升 enhance
          • 在最后一句中，修饰“信息”的定语很长，可采用that引导的同位语从句来说明message，具体说明传达的信息。
          • The underlying reasons for this craze lie in the rapid development of China's economy, which enhances the international status and the influence of China. This global Chinese language craze conveys a message that people around the world are eager to know the Chinese culture.  
    • 文2：
      • 西安是中国古代13个王朝(dynasty)的首都。毫无疑问，它是中国历史与文化的完美代表。西安居于“中国古都”之首，在中国历建都时间最长、影响力最大。它是丝绸之路(the Silk Road)的起点，是中华文明的发祥地。西安到处都是令人惊叹的历史奇观，因此吸引着众多的国内外游客。那里有着中国最古老、最壮观的博物馆和寺庙，其中最有名的是拥有2000年历史的兵马俑博物馆(the Terracotta Warriors Museum)。 
      • 译文：
        • 西安是中国古代13个王朝(dynasty)的首都。毫无疑问，它是中国历史与文化的完美代表。西安居于“中国古都”之首，在中国历建都时间最长、影响力最大。
          • 第2句中的状语“毫无疑问”修饰整句话时，可译为it is no doubt that+从句，也可将no doubt置于系动词is和名词之间，译作it is no doubt the perfect representative…。这样的表述更简洁。  
          • 第3句“西安居于‘中国古都’之首，在中国历建都时间最长，影响力”中，可以将“建都时间最长，影响力”看作是“居于‘中国古都’之首”的伴随状语，用介词短语with the longest history…and the greatest influence 来表达。   　
          • 西安居于“中国古都”之首： it tops all the Chinese ancient capitals.
          • Xi'an is the capital of 13 ancient Chinese dynasties. It is no doubt the perfect representative of Chinese history and culture. With the longest history of being a capital and the greatest influence in China's history, it tops all the Chinese ancient capitals.
        • 它是丝绸之路(the Silk Road)的起点，是中华文明的发祥地。西安到处都是令人惊叹的历史奇观，因此吸引着众多的国内外游客。
          • 第5句中的“到处都是令人惊叹的历史奇观”是后一分句“吸引……游客”的原因所在，这里可以用as或for 引导原因状语从句来表达，也可用一个简单的分词短语filled with…来表状态，语义表达简洁明了。   　
          •  It is the starting point of the Silk Road as well as the birthplace of Chinese culture. Filled with amazing historic wonders, Xi'an is attracting a large number of tourists from home and abroad. 
        • 那里有着中国最古老、最壮观的博物馆和寺庙，其中最有名的是拥有2000年历史的兵马俑博物馆
          • 最后一句中的“那里有着”可以直译为there be句型，但过于平淡，宜译作It boasts…，boast取“自豪地拥有”之义，表达较为生动。“其中……”这个分句可用among which引导非限制性定语从句来表达，使得句子结构紧凑，表达流畅。 
          •  It boasts the oldest and most spectacular museums and temples in China, among which the most famous is the 2000-year-old Terracotta Warriors Museum.