导图社区 英语语法——系动词篇
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英语语法——系动词篇
在英语语法中，动词分为四大类，实义动词、助动词、情态动词和今天介绍的主角——系动词。系动词是最常用的动词之一，这张思维导图用简洁的语言、清晰的结构、详细的例句，帮助大家掌握系动词的用法。
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系动词
系动词(Link Verb)本身有词汇意义，但不能单独构成动词词组，必须后跟表语, 形成“系表结构”。系动词可分为3大类：始动性系动词(Inchoative Link Verb)、延续性系动词(Continuative Link Verb)和感觉性系动词(Sense Link Verb)。
始动性系动词
始动词性系动词(Inchoative Link Verb)表示由一种状态向另一种状态的变化和发展, 后跟室示特征的形容词、过去分词和名词，表示变化与发展的结果。
表示状态变化的系动词有 become , go , grow , run 等
become
become 后跟形容词、过去分词和名词
I suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at me.我突然觉得有人在看我。
The room soon became crowded.房间里很快就挤满了人。
I tell you, ifs becoming a pretty serious problem.我告诉你，这将成为一个相当严重的问题。
go
go 用作系动词时，多跟形容词，如 bad, bald, bankrupt, blind, dead, hungry, insane (疯狂的)，mad, rotten, sentimental, sour, tired, wrong 等，有时后跟介 词短语或名词。如：
Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.在炎热的天气里，鱼很快就会变质。
Wide trousers went out of fashion years ago.许多年前，肥裤就不时兴 了。
Her cheeks went a very pretty pin.她的面颊变得绯红。
有时表示“保持某种状态”，后跟过去分词。如：
His complaints went unnoticed.他的投诉没有引起注意。
Should a murderer go unpunished?杀人犯不应该受到惩罚吗？
grow
grow 后可跟形容词、过去分词或介词短语
His cold was growing worse.他的感冒越来越重。
After a time, I grew dissatisfied with the work.过了一段时间，我对这工作就不满 意了。
Her dress has grown out of date.她的衣服已经过时 了。
run
run用作系动词时，主要表示状态变化过程，其后主要跟形容词 cold, dry, high, hot, loose, low, short, small, wild 等。如：
Their feelings ran high.他们感情奔放。
I have run short of money.我没有钱了。
The garden is running wild.园中野草丛生。
表示变化结果的系动词 come , drop , fall , get , make , prove , turn , wear 等。
（1） come后常跟形容词 alive, easy, natural, right, true 等，还常跟表示"松开”意 义的形容词或过去分词，如 loose, unbuckled, undone, unfastened, unhinged, unstitched, unstuck, untied, unwrapped 等。
What he had hoped at last came true.他的希望终于实现了。
The buttons on my coat came unfastened.我上衣的纽扣开了。
It comes cheaper if you have a season ticket.如果你有季票，那就便宜些。
come后有时跟介词短语。如：
What time does Mr. Smith come on duty?史密斯先生什么时候上班？
He is coming of age next autumn.明年秋天他就是成年人了。
（2） drop 用作表状态变化结果的系动词，其后主要跟形容词 asleep , dead 等。
The child soon dropped asleep.孩子很快就睡着了。
The old man dropped dead.那老人死了。
（3） fall作为表示状态变化结果的系动词，后可跟形容词、名词和介词短语。fall后常跟的形容词有 asleep, dark, ill, sick, lame, silent, vacant 等。
But one after another, all three fell asleep.然而他们三人一个接一个都睡着了。
The post of headmaster fell vacant.校长的职位空缺。
Tom fell in love with Mary.汤姆爱上了玛丽。
The minister fell out of favour.这个大臣失宠了。
fall wide of 意义为“远未击中”。如:
The bullet fell wide of the mark.这一子弹远未击中目标。
fall后作表语的名词主要有victim和prey。如：
She fell victim to her desire for new clothes.她爱买新衣服，结果吃了大苦头。
She fell an easy prey to him.她很容易地落入他的魔掌。
（4） get 作为表示状态变化结果的系动词，常用股贬义，后可跟形容词、过去分词、现在分词、名词、介词短语。
I got drunk for the first time in my life that night.那天晚上是我一生中第一次喝醉酒。
I get more and more absorbed in the work here.这里的工作越来越吸引我。
She was getting an old woman.她渐渐成了 个老太婆。
We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way.生产一开始我们就告知你。
（5） make 用作表示变化结果的系动词时，其后只能跟表特征的名词，意为“成为，成了”。
Then you think Sophia would make a good teacher?那么你认为索菲娅会成为一个好老师吗？
Cold tea makes an excellent drink in summer.冷茶是夏季的好饮料。
（6） prove 用作表变化结果的系动词时，意为“证明是，后来事实表明是，结果是”，其后可跟形容词、名词、of-短语和 to be 结构。
The article has proved most useful.事实证明这篇文章是非常有用的。
He proved a very useful friend.他是一个非常有用的朋友。
Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.这本书在你的学习中或译会有些用途。 .
He proved to be a coward.原来他是个胆小鬼。
（7） turn 用作表示变化结果的系动词
1||| 可跟各种颜色的形容词，还可跟 chilly , cold sour 等
He almost turned green with envy.他嫉妒得脸色发青。
It's turned awfully chilly, and I think it's going to rain.天气变得特别冷，我想要下雨了。
2||| 可跟表人的特征的名词，名词前不能带冠词
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.他过去是老师，直到后来成了 作家。
When her servant left to have a baby, Lady Wilson had to turn cook.当女佣离开去生孩子时，威尔逊夫人不得不当厨师。
3||| turn 作为系动词，表示：突然、意外“的变化，强调变化的结果，意为”结果是，最后的情况是“其后可以直接跟形容词或名词，也可用”turn out to be+adj./n.“
The examination turned out easy.结果考试很容易。
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.虽然今天早晨像要下雨的样子，结果却是一个大晴天。
（8） wear 作为系动词，表示“磨损、消耗”的过程或结果，其后常跟形容词 smooth , thin等。
The stone steps have worn smooth.这些石头台阶已经磨光滑了。
His patience began to wear thin during the long wait.在长久的等待中，他的耐性慢慢消失了。
blush , burn , flame , flash , flush主要表示颜色的变化，除 burn 外，其余四个词都表示脸色的变化，且只是偶尔用作系动词
He saw through my excuse so I blushed scarlet.他识破了我的借口，所以我的脸涨得紫红。
His face flamed redder with embarrassment.他窘得脸更红了。
He flashed /flushed crimson with anger .他气得满脸通红。
burn作系动词主要表示“烧成”的颜色。如:
The potatoes have burnt black and we cannot eat them!马铃薯烧焦了，我们不能吃！
表颜色变化的系动词，除上述几个词和turn外，go后也跟表示颜色的形容词。如：
The black hair was going grey.黑发在变成白发。
When I mentioned it to him he went red.我对他一提及此事，他的脸就红了。
延续性系动词
表示延续保持一种状态，其后可以跟形容词、过去分词、现在分词、名词作表语。
表示状态的 be , lie 等
be是最常见的表状态的系动词，其用法有三个特点
be有三个不同的现在形式和两个过去形式

系动词be的八种句型
后跟形容词
If the tiller is industrious, the farmland is productive.〈谚〉人勤地不懒。
Blood is thicker than water.〈谚〉血浓于水。
An inch of time is worth an inch of gold.〈谚〉一寸光阴一寸金。
后更过去分词和现在分词
I was delighted at the thought of seeing you again. 一想到能再次见到你，我非常
She couldn't help smiling. The idea was so exciting.她禁不住笑了，因为这个主 意太令人兴奋了。
后跟名词
Brevity is the soul of wit.（谚〉言以简洁为贵。
I am the captain of my soul.〈谚〉人人皆是自己灵魂的主宰。
后跟代词
Who is it? It's me.那是谁?是我。
It was yours, not mine.这是你的，不是我的。
Birth is much, but breeding is more. ＜谚〉出身重要，教养更重要。
The children are hungry, and have been so for some days.孩子们饥饿，而且己经 挨饿一些日子了。
Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.〈谚〉读书如择友，宜少且 宜精。
Why don't you be yourself?为什么不表现得自然一点？
后跟介词短语
Your advice is of great value to us.你的建议对我们很有价值。
He had been in London for five years.他在伦敦已有5 年了。
Across the street was a cafe crammed with people.在街的对面是一个咖啡馆, 里面挤满了人。（本句是倒装句，表语 Across the street位于句首，系动词 was 位于主语之前）
后跟动词不定式短语
To know everything is to know nothing.〈谚〉样样皆知，样样稀松。
The remedy for hard times is to have patience.〈谚〉对付艰难时刻，方法是有耐心。
后跟副词
You can be there in 10 minutes if you hurry.如果你快点，10 分钟就能到那里。
The storm was over before the morning.未到早晨暴风就停了。
后跟表语从句
Your greatest fault is that you are careless.你最大的毛病就是粗心。
在疑问句和否定句中，be就像一个助动词，直接谓语句首或与否定词not连用，而不像其他系动词和实义动词，必须借助于助动词才能构成疑问句和否定句。
a
He is an honest man.他是个老实人。
Is he an honest man?他是个老实人吗？
He is not an honest man.他不是个老实人。
b
He cycles to school every day.他每天骑自行车去上学。
Does he cycle to school every day?他天天骑自行车去上学吗？
He doesn't cycle to school every day.他并不是每天都骑自行车去上学
其他系动词与b组例句中动词cycle的用法相同。
c
I don't feel very well today.今天我感到不太舒服。
Did you really feel ill this morning?今天早晨你真的感到生病了吗？
lie 用作系动词，表示一种水平状态，后可跟形容词和过去分词
The snow lay thick on the ground.地面上积雪很厚。
The machine lay idle for a week.这台机器闲置了一个星期。
The fields lay thickly covered with snow.田地里盖着厚厚的一层雪。
continue , keep , remain , rest , stand , stay 等保持状态的系动词的用法
continue 用作“表示保持一种状态”的系动词，后可跟形容词、过去分词和介词短语
The weather continued cold and wet.天气仍然又冷又湿。
The prices had continued low in most parts of the country,全国大部分地区的物价继 续持低。
He will continue as principal of the school.他将继续任该校的校长。
keep 用作系动词时，表示保持一种状态，意为“保持，继续”，后跟形容词、副词、介词短语，偶尔跟名词
The weather is keeping fine.天气继续放晴。
As long as you keep away from them, you are safe.只要你离开他们，你就安全。
I am keeping in very good health.我的身体很健康。
Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.英国的车辆靠左行驶。
I think we shall keep friends.我想我们会继续做朋友。
keep 后常跟 calm, close, cool fine, happy, near, quiet, silent, up-to-date, warm, well 等形容词和 ahead, apart, away, back, down, off, on, out, together 等副词。
remain 作系动词，意为“保持，任然处于某种状态”，可跟形容词、分词、名词、介词短语和动词不定式短语等
Shops should remain open till later in the evening.商店应该营业一直到晚上。
A book that remains shut is but a block. <谚>书本不常翻，犹如一块砖。
She remained standing for a good hour.她一直站了整整 1 个小时。
We can remain friends.我们可以继续做朋友。
The treaty shall remain in force for a period of ten years.这个条约将保持 10 年有效。
For his part, he would be very glad to have Mary remain as secretary.对于他来说，他会很高兴让玛丽继续当秘书。
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.对我们有害还是有利，这有待于观其发展。
另外代词so也可以作remain的表语。如：
Since it's been a secret so long, it had better remain so.既然这么长时间以来都对其保 密，那还是维持原状为好。
有时后跟that-从句。如：
The fact remained, though, that he still felt dubious.然而，事实是他仍然疑虑不定。
rest用作"保持一种状态”的系动词意义同remain,所以通常多用remain代替, rest用得很少，其后只跟有限的几个形容词、过去分词和名词。如：
He was a hard-working man and would never rest idle.他是一个勤劳的人，从来不会懒散。
You may rest assured that everything will go on smoothly.你尽管放心，一切都会顺利进行。
The affair rests a mystery.这件事仍然是个谜。
rest有时用于下列句型：
The matter rests thus —— that you are responsible for the damage.这件事这样来处理——由你负责赔偿损失。
sit 和 stand 用作“保持一种状态”的系动词时，通常仍保持着原有的“坐‘立”的意义，其后主要跟形容词、有时可跟过去分词
He left the book sitting unread on the shelf.他让书摆在书架上，一点未读。
Stand clear of the train doors!不要靠近火车门！
He stands high in public estimation.他在公众心目中享有崇高地位。
stand有时用于下列有型：
The building stands over 200 feet high.这座大楼 200 多英尺高。
stay 用作“保持一种状态”的系动词时，其后常跟形容词 awake , calm , hot , light , open , single , sober , still , sweet , warm , young 等
We're going to stay awake to see the eclipse.我们准备不睡觉了，要等着观月食。
The shop stays open until nine o'clock.成家商店一直营业到 9 点钟。
stay有时后跟过去分词或介词短语。如：
Please stay seated.请坐。
The present government is unlikely to stay in power after the next election.下届大选现 政府不可能连任了。
感觉性系动词
表示人对外界事物特征或状态的感受，其后主要跟形容词和过去分词，有时还可以跟名词、代词、介词短语或从句。 appear , seem , look , feel , ring , sound , smell ,eat , taste 等。
1. appear, seem, look是与视觉有关的感觉系动词
Tom came in. He was looking pale and worried,汤姆走了进来。看上去他脸色苍白, 忧心忡忡。
The cool, placid lake looked inviting.凉爽、平静的湖水引人入胜。
He looks a nice, reliable man.看上去他是一个善良、可靠的人。
He looked in splendid health.他看上去极为健康。
You look as if you didn't care.看起来你似乎并不在意。(as if引导的是表语从句) He appeared quite well,他的身体看上去很好。
She appeared taken aback.她显出很吃惊的样子。
He didn't want to appear a fbol.他不想显得傻乎乎的样子。
She always seemed well pleased, happy and contented.她看起来总是很高兴，很幸福, 很满足的样子。
She seemed lacking in enthusiasm when he told her of the invitation.当他告诉她有关 邀请信之事时，她似乎对此缺乏热情。
You seem in high spirits, Mary.玛丽，看来你的情绪很高。
It seems like years since 1 last saw you.自从上次见到你，好像己经过了好多年。
Are you very tired? You don't seem yourself today.你很累吗？看起来今天你不舒服。
He was ill but did not seem so.他病了，但看上去不像是有病。
appear, seem, look后都可以跟to be结构。如：
His apology seemed to me to be half-hearted.在我看来他的道歉似乎并不诚心诚意。
Judging by her letter, she looks to be the best person fbr the job.从她的信来判断，她 似乎是这项工作的最佳人选。
2. feel是与感觉和触觉有关的感觉系动词
I felt bound to tell him what I was going to do.我感到有必要告诉他我的打算。
I felt pained not being able to do anything on your behalf.不能为你做点什么，我感到很难过。
Silk feels soft and smooth.绸缎摸起来又软又滑。
3. ring, sound是与听觉有关的感觉性系动词
His words rang true,他的话听起来是诚恳的。
She sounded a modest woman.听起来她是一个很谦虚的人。
It almost sounds like science fiction.这听起来几乎像科幻小说。
4. smell是与嗅觉有关的感觉性系动词
The dish smells good.这菜闻起来真香。
It smells like musk.这东西闻起来像麝香。
5. eat, taste是与味觉有关的感觉性系动词
The apples eat sweet.这些苹果吃起来很甜。
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.〈谚〉良药苦口。