英语语法——系动词篇

在英语语法中，动词分为四大类，实义动词、助动词、情态动词和今天介绍的主角——系动词。系动词是最常用的动词之一，这张思维导图用简洁的语言、清晰的结构、详细的例句，帮助大家掌握系动词的用法。

系动词

• 系动词(Link Verb)本身有词汇意义，但不能单独构成动词词组，必须后跟表语, 形成“系表结构”。系动词可分为3大类：始动性系动词(Inchoative Link Verb)、延续性系动词(Continuative Link Verb)和感觉性系动词(Sense Link Verb)。
  • 始动性系动词
    • 始动词性系动词(Inchoative Link Verb)表示由一种状态向另一种状态的变化和发展, 后跟室示特征的形容词、过去分词和名词，表示变化与发展的结果。
      • 表示状态变化的系动词有 become , go , grow , run 等
        • become
          • become 后跟形容词、过去分词和名词
            • I suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at me.我突然觉得有人在看我。
            • The room soon became crowded.房间里很快就挤满了人。
            • I tell you, ifs becoming a pretty serious problem.我告诉你，这将成为一个相当严重的问题。
        • go
          • go 用作系动词时，多跟形容词，如 bad, bald, bankrupt, blind, dead, hungry, insane (疯狂的)，mad, rotten, sentimental, sour, tired, wrong 等，有时后跟介 词短语或名词。如：
            • Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.在炎热的天气里，鱼很快就会变质。
            • Wide trousers went out of fashion years ago.许多年前，肥裤就不时兴 了。
            • Her cheeks went a very pretty pin.她的面颊变得绯红。
          • 有时表示“保持某种状态”，后跟过去分词。如：
            • His complaints went unnoticed.他的投诉没有引起注意。
            • Should a murderer go unpunished?杀人犯不应该受到惩罚吗？
        • grow
          • grow 后可跟形容词、过去分词或介词短语
            • His cold was growing worse.他的感冒越来越重。
            • After a time, I grew dissatisfied with the work.过了一段时间，我对这工作就不满 意了。
            • Her dress has grown out of date.她的衣服已经过时 了。
        • run
          • run用作系动词时，主要表示状态变化过程，其后主要跟形容词 cold, dry, high, hot, loose, low, short, small, wild 等。如：
            • Their feelings ran high.他们感情奔放。
            • I have run short of money.我没有钱了。
            • The garden is running wild.园中野草丛生。
      • 表示变化结果的系动词 come , drop , fall , get , make , prove , turn , wear 等。
        • （1） come后常跟形容词 alive, easy, natural, right, true 等，还常跟表示"松开”意 义的形容词或过去分词，如 loose, unbuckled, undone, unfastened, unhinged, unstitched, unstuck, untied, unwrapped 等。
          • What he had hoped at last came true.他的希望终于实现了。
          • The buttons on my coat came unfastened.我上衣的纽扣开了。
          • It comes cheaper if you have a season ticket.如果你有季票，那就便宜些。
          • come后有时跟介词短语。如：
            • What time does Mr. Smith come on duty?史密斯先生什么时候上班？
            • He is coming of age next autumn.明年秋天他就是成年人了。
        • （2） drop 用作表状态变化结果的系动词，其后主要跟形容词 asleep , dead 等。
          • The child soon dropped asleep.孩子很快就睡着了。
          • The old man dropped dead.那老人死了。
        • （3） fall作为表示状态变化结果的系动词，后可跟形容词、名词和介词短语。fall后常跟的形容词有 asleep, dark, ill, sick, lame, silent, vacant 等。
          • But one after another, all three fell asleep.然而他们三人一个接一个都睡着了。
          • The post of headmaster fell vacant.校长的职位空缺。
          • Tom fell in love with Mary.汤姆爱上了玛丽。
          • The minister fell out of favour.这个大臣失宠了。
          • fall wide of 意义为“远未击中”。如:
            • The bullet fell wide of the mark.这一子弹远未击中目标。
          • fall后作表语的名词主要有victim和prey。如：
            • She fell victim to her desire for new clothes.她爱买新衣服，结果吃了大苦头。
            • She fell an easy prey to him.她很容易地落入他的魔掌。
        • （4） get 作为表示状态变化结果的系动词，常用股贬义，后可跟形容词、过去分词、现在分词、名词、介词短语。
          • I got drunk for the first time in my life that night.那天晚上是我一生中第一次喝醉酒。
          • I get more and more absorbed in the work here.这里的工作越来越吸引我。
          • She was getting an old woman.她渐渐成了 个老太婆。
          • We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way.生产一开始我们就告知你。
        • （5） make 用作表示变化结果的系动词时，其后只能跟表特征的名词，意为“成为，成了”。
          • Then you think Sophia would make a good teacher?那么你认为索菲娅会成为一个好老师吗？
          • Cold tea makes an excellent drink in summer.冷茶是夏季的好饮料。
        • （6） prove 用作表变化结果的系动词时，意为“证明是，后来事实表明是，结果是”，其后可跟形容词、名词、of-短语和 to be 结构。
          • The article has proved most useful.事实证明这篇文章是非常有用的。
          • He proved a very useful friend.他是一个非常有用的朋友。
          • Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.这本书在你的学习中或译会有些用途。 .
          • He proved to be a coward.原来他是个胆小鬼。
        • （7） turn 用作表示变化结果的系动词
          • 1||| 可跟各种颜色的形容词，还可跟 chilly , cold sour 等
            • He almost turned green with envy.他嫉妒得脸色发青。
            • It's turned awfully chilly, and I think it's going to rain.天气变得特别冷，我想要下雨了。
          • 2||| 可跟表人的特征的名词，名词前不能带冠词
            • He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.他过去是老师，直到后来成了 作家。
            • When her servant left to have a baby, Lady Wilson had to turn cook.当女佣离开去生孩子时，威尔逊夫人不得不当厨师。
          • 3||| turn 作为系动词，表示：突然、意外“的变化，强调变化的结果，意为”结果是，最后的情况是“其后可以直接跟形容词或名词，也可用”turn out to be+adj./n.“
            • The examination turned out easy.结果考试很容易。
            • Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.虽然今天早晨像要下雨的样子，结果却是一个大晴天。
        • （8） wear 作为系动词，表示“磨损、消耗”的过程或结果，其后常跟形容词 smooth , thin等。
          • The stone steps have worn smooth.这些石头台阶已经磨光滑了。
          • His patience began to wear thin during the long wait.在长久的等待中，他的耐性慢慢消失了。
      • blush , burn , flame , flash , flush主要表示颜色的变化，除 burn 外，其余四个词都表示脸色的变化，且只是偶尔用作系动词
        • He saw through my excuse so I blushed scarlet.他识破了我的借口，所以我的脸涨得紫红。
        • His face flamed redder with embarrassment.他窘得脸更红了。
        • He flashed /flushed crimson with anger .他气得满脸通红。
        • burn作系动词主要表示“烧成”的颜色。如:
          • The potatoes have burnt black and we cannot eat them!马铃薯烧焦了，我们不能吃！
        • 表颜色变化的系动词，除上述几个词和turn外，go后也跟表示颜色的形容词。如：
          • The black hair was going grey.黑发在变成白发。
          • When I mentioned it to him he went red.我对他一提及此事，他的脸就红了。
  • 延续性系动词
    • 表示延续保持一种状态，其后可以跟形容词、过去分词、现在分词、名词作表语。
      • 表示状态的 be , lie 等
        • be是最常见的表状态的系动词，其用法有三个特点
          • be有三个不同的现在形式和两个过去形式
            • 
          • 系动词be的八种句型
            • 后跟形容词
              • If the tiller is industrious, the farmland is productive.〈谚〉人勤地不懒。
              • Blood is thicker than water.〈谚〉血浓于水。
              • An inch of time is worth an inch of gold.〈谚〉一寸光阴一寸金。
            • 后更过去分词和现在分词
              • I was delighted at the thought of seeing you again. 一想到能再次见到你，我非常
              • She couldn't help smiling. The idea was so exciting.她禁不住笑了，因为这个主 意太令人兴奋了。
            • 后跟名词
              • Brevity is the soul of wit.（谚〉言以简洁为贵。
              • I am the captain of my soul.〈谚〉人人皆是自己灵魂的主宰。
            • 后跟代词
              • Who is it? It's me.那是谁?是我。
              • It was yours, not mine.这是你的，不是我的。
              • Birth is much, but breeding is more. ＜谚〉出身重要，教养更重要。
              • The children are hungry, and have been so for some days.孩子们饥饿，而且己经 挨饿一些日子了。
              • Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.〈谚〉读书如择友，宜少且 宜精。
              • Why don't you be yourself?为什么不表现得自然一点？
            • 后跟介词短语
              • Your advice is of great value to us.你的建议对我们很有价值。
              • He had been in London for five years.他在伦敦已有5 年了。
              • Across the street was a cafe crammed with people.在街的对面是一个咖啡馆, 里面挤满了人。（本句是倒装句，表语 Across the street位于句首，系动词 was 位于主语之前）
            • 后跟动词不定式短语
              • To know everything is to know nothing.〈谚〉样样皆知，样样稀松。
              • The remedy for hard times is to have patience.〈谚〉对付艰难时刻，方法是有耐心。
            • 后跟副词
              • You can be there in 10 minutes if you hurry.如果你快点，10 分钟就能到那里。
              • The storm was over before the morning.未到早晨暴风就停了。
            • 后跟表语从句
              • Your greatest fault is that you are careless.你最大的毛病就是粗心。
          • 在疑问句和否定句中，be就像一个助动词，直接谓语句首或与否定词not连用，而不像其他系动词和实义动词，必须借助于助动词才能构成疑问句和否定句。
            • a
              • He is an honest man.他是个老实人。
              • Is he an honest man?他是个老实人吗？
              • He is not an honest man.他不是个老实人。
            • b
              • He cycles to school every day.他每天骑自行车去上学。
              • Does he cycle to school every day?他天天骑自行车去上学吗？
              • He doesn't cycle to school every day.他并不是每天都骑自行车去上学
            • 其他系动词与b组例句中动词cycle的用法相同。
              • c
                • I don't feel very well today.今天我感到不太舒服。
                • Did you really feel ill this morning?今天早晨你真的感到生病了吗？
        • lie 用作系动词，表示一种水平状态，后可跟形容词和过去分词
          • The snow lay thick on the ground.地面上积雪很厚。
          • The machine lay idle for a week.这台机器闲置了一个星期。
          • The fields lay thickly covered with snow.田地里盖着厚厚的一层雪。
      • continue , keep , remain , rest , stand , stay 等保持状态的系动词的用法
        • continue 用作“表示保持一种状态”的系动词，后可跟形容词、过去分词和介词短语
          • The weather continued cold and wet.天气仍然又冷又湿。
          • The prices had continued low in most parts of the country,全国大部分地区的物价继 续持低。
          • He will continue as principal of the school.他将继续任该校的校长。
        • keep 用作系动词时，表示保持一种状态，意为“保持，继续”，后跟形容词、副词、介词短语，偶尔跟名词
          • The weather is keeping fine.天气继续放晴。
          • As long as you keep away from them, you are safe.只要你离开他们，你就安全。
          • I am keeping in very good health.我的身体很健康。
          • Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.英国的车辆靠左行驶。
          • I think we shall keep friends.我想我们会继续做朋友。
          • keep 后常跟 calm, close, cool fine, happy, near, quiet, silent, up-to-date, warm, well 等形容词和 ahead, apart, away, back, down, off, on, out, together 等副词。
        • remain 作系动词，意为“保持，任然处于某种状态”，可跟形容词、分词、名词、介词短语和动词不定式短语等
          • Shops should remain open till later in the evening.商店应该营业一直到晚上。
          • A book that remains shut is but a block. <谚>书本不常翻，犹如一块砖。
          • She remained standing for a good hour.她一直站了整整 1 个小时。
          • We can remain friends.我们可以继续做朋友。
          • The treaty shall remain in force for a period of ten years.这个条约将保持 10 年有效。
          • For his part, he would be very glad to have Mary remain as secretary.对于他来说，他会很高兴让玛丽继续当秘书。
          • Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.对我们有害还是有利，这有待于观其发展。
          • 另外代词so也可以作remain的表语。如：
            • Since it's been a secret so long, it had better remain so.既然这么长时间以来都对其保 密，那还是维持原状为好。
          • 有时后跟that-从句。如：
            • The fact remained, though, that he still felt dubious.然而，事实是他仍然疑虑不定。
        • rest用作"保持一种状态”的系动词意义同remain,所以通常多用remain代替, rest用得很少，其后只跟有限的几个形容词、过去分词和名词。如：
          • He was a hard-working man and would never rest idle.他是一个勤劳的人，从来不会懒散。
          • You may rest assured that everything will go on smoothly.你尽管放心，一切都会顺利进行。
          • The affair rests a mystery.这件事仍然是个谜。
          • rest有时用于下列句型：
            • The matter rests thus —— that you are responsible for the damage.这件事这样来处理——由你负责赔偿损失。
        • sit 和 stand 用作“保持一种状态”的系动词时，通常仍保持着原有的“坐‘立”的意义，其后主要跟形容词、有时可跟过去分词
          • He left the book sitting unread on the shelf.他让书摆在书架上，一点未读。
          • Stand clear of the train doors!不要靠近火车门！
          • He stands high in public estimation.他在公众心目中享有崇高地位。
          • stand有时用于下列有型：
            • The building stands over 200 feet high.这座大楼 200 多英尺高。
        • stay 用作“保持一种状态”的系动词时，其后常跟形容词 awake , calm , hot , light , open , single , sober , still , sweet , warm , young 等
          • We're going to stay awake to see the eclipse.我们准备不睡觉了，要等着观月食。
          • The shop stays open until nine o'clock.成家商店一直营业到 9 点钟。
          • stay有时后跟过去分词或介词短语。如：
            • Please stay seated.请坐。
            • The present government is unlikely to stay in power after the next election.下届大选现 政府不可能连任了。
  • 感觉性系动词
    • 表示人对外界事物特征或状态的感受，其后主要跟形容词和过去分词，有时还可以跟名词、代词、介词短语或从句。 appear , seem , look , feel , ring , sound , smell ,eat , taste 等。
      • 1. appear, seem, look是与视觉有关的感觉系动词
        • Tom came in. He was looking pale and worried,汤姆走了进来。看上去他脸色苍白, 忧心忡忡。
        • The cool, placid lake looked inviting.凉爽、平静的湖水引人入胜。
        • He looks a nice, reliable man.看上去他是一个善良、可靠的人。
        • He looked in splendid health.他看上去极为健康。
        • You look as if you didn't care.看起来你似乎并不在意。(as if引导的是表语从句) He appeared quite well,他的身体看上去很好。
        • She appeared taken aback.她显出很吃惊的样子。
        • He didn't want to appear a fbol.他不想显得傻乎乎的样子。
        • She always seemed well pleased, happy and contented.她看起来总是很高兴，很幸福, 很满足的样子。
        • She seemed lacking in enthusiasm when he told her of the invitation.当他告诉她有关 邀请信之事时，她似乎对此缺乏热情。
        • You seem in high spirits, Mary.玛丽，看来你的情绪很高。
        • It seems like years since 1 last saw you.自从上次见到你，好像己经过了好多年。
        • Are you very tired? You don't seem yourself today.你很累吗？看起来今天你不舒服。
        • He was ill but did not seem so.他病了，但看上去不像是有病。
        • appear, seem, look后都可以跟to be结构。如：
          • His apology seemed to me to be half-hearted.在我看来他的道歉似乎并不诚心诚意。
          • Judging by her letter, she looks to be the best person fbr the job.从她的信来判断，她 似乎是这项工作的最佳人选。
      • 2. feel是与感觉和触觉有关的感觉系动词
        • I felt bound to tell him what I was going to do.我感到有必要告诉他我的打算。
        • I felt pained not being able to do anything on your behalf.不能为你做点什么，我感到很难过。
        • Silk feels soft and smooth.绸缎摸起来又软又滑。
      • 3. ring, sound是与听觉有关的感觉性系动词
        • His words rang true,他的话听起来是诚恳的。
        • She sounded a modest woman.听起来她是一个很谦虚的人。
        • It almost sounds like science fiction.这听起来几乎像科幻小说。
      • 4. smell是与嗅觉有关的感觉性系动词
        • The dish smells good.这菜闻起来真香。
        • It smells like musk.这东西闻起来像麝香。
      • 5. eat, taste是与味觉有关的感觉性系动词
        • The apples eat sweet.这些苹果吃起来很甜。
        • Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.〈谚〉良药苦口。