英语助动词

关于英语助动词的详细说明，有助于掌握其用法。英语助动词是与实义动词也叫行为动词相对而言的。协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词，被协助的动词称作主要动词。

助动词

• 概述
  • 分基本助动词和半助动词
    • 基本助动词
      • 基本助动词 be , do , have , shall , should , will , would 只起辅助作用，本身无词义，也不表动作，也不能独立作谓语，只能同其他动词的一定形式一起构成谓语，在变化时态、语态、构成疑问、否定、加强语气中起作用。
        • Is the machine going properly?机器运转正常吗？
        • What time does the next rain leave for London?去伦敦的火车什么时候开车？
        • An honest man doesn't do anything underhand.〈谚〉明人不做暗事。
        • Please! Do be quiet a moment.请务必安静一点。
        • As land is improved by sowing it with various seeds, so is the mind by exercising it with different studies.〈谚〉改良土壤靠播种不同种子，提高智力靠各科的学习。
        • I'll have been teaching for twenty years this summer.到今年夏天，我教书就满 20 年了
    • 半助动词
      • 是一些介于实义动词和助动词之间的结构。本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不定式一起构成复合谓语。这些半助动词可用于不同的时态，可以与情态动词连用。半助动词的构成有两种形式：
        • be+形容词+to
          • 这类半助动词构成疑问句时，将be放在主语之前，构成否定式时，在be后加not。 常见的这种结构如 be able to, be about to, be anxious to, is apt to, be bound to, be eager to, be determined to, be due to, be keen to, be sure to, be willing to 等。如：
            • He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。
            • I haven't been able to get in touch with him.我还未能与他联系上。
            • Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it.〈谚〉无限的权力 易于腐蚀掌权者的思想。
        • appear to, seem to, chance to, happen to, come to, fail to, get to, tend to, turn out to 等。这类半助动词构成疑问和否定句时都必须借助于基本助动词。如：
          • How did you get to know about this?你是怎么知道此事的？
          • He did not appear to resent it.他并未显出对此事不高兴。
          • I don't seem to lack anything.我似乎不缺什么东西。
          • You may come to be ashamed of what you have done today.你会为你今天的所作所为感到羞愧的。
          • He appeared not to have heard what had been said.他似乎没有听清说的话。
          • I chanced to be passing when she fell and hurt herself.她摔伤时，我碰巧经过。
• 基本助动词
  • 基本助动词 本身没有词汇意义，不能单独作谓语，只能用来帮助主动词构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定式和疑问式等。
    • 基本助动词的形式
    • 基本助动词的用法
      • be
        • （1） 与现在分词连用构成各种进行时态
          • Dodge is waiting to have a word with you.道奇在等待和你说句话。(现在进行时)
          • While helping others, you will be helping yourself, too.在帮助别人的同时，你也在帮助自己。（将来进行时）
          • While the discussion was still going on, Professor Jones came in.讨论仍在进行时，琼斯教授进来了。（过去进行时）
          • We wrote him that we should be expecting him the following day.我们写信告诉他第 2天我们将等待他。（过去将来进行时）
          • We have been studying the problem for a long time.许久以来我们一直在研究这个问 题。（现在完成进行时）
          • At the end of this week, I shall have been staying here for exactly three years.至。本周末，我在这儿待了整整3年了。（将来完成进行时）
          • By the end of last month she had been teaching English for thirty years.到上月底，她教英语己30年了。（过去完成进行时）
        • （2） 与过去分词连用构成被动语态
          • Liars are not believed when they speak the truth. ＜谚〉爱说谎的人即使说真话也无人相信。
          • Men are not to be measured by inches.〈谚〉人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
          • Many of the old houses have been repaired.许多旧房己修好。
          • Preparations are being made for the English evening.英语晚会的准备工作正在进行中。
          • This letter has to be written again.这封信必须重写。
        • （3） "be+不定式" 构成的复合谓语可用于以下几种场合：
          • 1||| 表示按计划、安排、约定、意图，或由于义务、命令必须进行的将要发生的动作
            • The plane is to take off at 10:30.飞机将于10点半起飞。（安排、规定）
            • We are to finish the work in two weeks at most.我们最多在两周内完成这项工作。（约定、意图）
            • You are to be in the office by nine o'clock every morning.你必须每天上午 9 点钟到 达办公室。（义务、命令）
            • You are always to knock before you enter my room.每次进门前你一定要先敲门。（命令）
            • The traffic regulations are to be observed.必须遵守交通规则。（义务）
            • We are to turn out a bigger output next year.我们计划明年大量生产。（意图）
          • 2||| 用于报纸、广播，借以宣布官方或政府的决定
            • The accused is to be brought to trial.被告将出庭受审。
            • The line is to be open to traffic on October 1.该线路将于 10 月 1 日通车。
          • 3||| 表示禁止、不许、该做或不该做的事，意义近似"have to , must , ought to , should"。
            • Men's actions are not to be judged of at first sight.〈谚〉乍看一眼，难断是非。
            • We are not to make any noise in the reading room.阅览室内请勿喧哗。
            • Such men are to be pitied rather than despised.这样的人应得到同情，而不是蔑视。
            • These instructions are to be strictly observed.必须严格遵守这些操作规程。
          • 4||| 用于疑问句，表示请求、愿望或希望。
            • Where are we to put these goods?这些货放在哪里？
            • Whatever am I to tell her when she finds out?她发觉时，我该怎么对她说？
          • 5||| 表示可能性，意义近似 can , may 等。
            • The little child was nowhere to be found.到处都没找到那小孩。
            • How am I to pay such a debt?我怎能还上这样一笔债？
            • Not a soul was to be seen. 一 个人也没有看见。
            • Similar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American countries.类似的情况在所有其他拉丁美洲国家都可发现。
            • Happiness is to be found in hard work.在艰苦的工作中能找到快乐。
          • 6||| 用于陈诉语气的条件句时，强调按计划或安排的将来动作，表示一种可预期的结果或目的。
            • He will have to work harder if he is to pass his examination.如果他想考试及格，就必 须更努力地学习。
            • If we are to win this match, we must all do our very best.要想赢得这场比赛，我们大 家必须做岀极大的努力。
            • 用于虚拟条件句时，表示一种不可能实现的主观设想
              • If I were to be college student again, I would read widely outside my own field.如果 能再上大学，我就会广泛阅读本专业以外的书。
          • 7||| "was/were to do"表示后来发生的事（即过去将来）或后来不可避免要发生的事，并且这后来发生的事与此事之前发生的事有联系，表示事态发展的结果。
            • As a young man he did not know that he was to become famous later on.年轻时，他并不知道自己日后会出名。
            • They said good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们相互告别，不知道此后再也不能相见。
            • Little did I dream that Mother was to become a reporter several years later.我一点也没有想到几年之后母亲成了一名记者。
          • 8||| "was/were+不定式的完成式"表示计划安排做某事，但未能去做，或对所指事实是否真正发生的怀疑，其意义为“本来打算”。
            • We were to have told you, but you were not in.我们本来要告诉你，但你不在。
            • They were to have spent their holidays in Wales, but James was in a traffic accident, so they could not go.他们本来打算去威尔士度假，但詹姆斯出了车祸，所以未去成。
      • do
        • 帮助构成一般现在时和过去时的疑问句和否定式
          • Do you like pop music?你喜欢流行音乐吗？
          • Don't be late tomorrow.明天不要迟到。
          • Didn't she sing well?她唱得不好吗？
          • Why don't you come into the open and say exactly what's on your mind?你为什么不 开诚相见，确切地说出你的想法？
          • One does not have to believe everything one hears.〈谚〉过耳之言，不可全信。
          • They don't like discussing her behind her back and neither do I.他们不喜欢背后议论 她，我也不喜欢那样做。
        • 用来加强肯定句和祈使句的语气
          • Do ask, if you have any question.如有问题，一定要问。
          • And do, please, be frank with me.请务必对我讲实话。
          • He did go to meet us at the station, but didn't see us.他确实去车站接我们，但没有看见我们。
        • 用来代替前面刚出现过的动词，以免重复
          • He was always meaning to buy some, but never did.他一直想买一些，但从未买过。
          • Shall I write to him? 一 Yes, do.我给他写信吗？是的，写吧。
          • I said he would succeed, and he did.我说他会成功，他果然成功了。
        • 帮助构成倒装句
          • 在以 hardly , little , never , not , rarely , scarely , seldom 等否定意义的词或以 only 为首的句子中，如果动词是现在时或过去时，用 do 和 did 构成主谓倒装。
            • Little does he care whether we live or die.对我们的死活他一点不在乎。
            • Never did we expect to meet him here.我们从未料到会在这里遇到他。
            • Not a man did I see in the office.在办公室我一个人也没有见到。
            • Rarely does it snow in the south.南方很少下雪。
            • Scarcely did we go to him for help.我们几乎没有找过他帮忙。
            • Seldom did I make any mistakes during my past five years of service here.在过去 5 年 间，我在这里的工作中很少出错。
            • Only then did I realize the trouble he was in.只有到那时，我才意识到他的困境。
      • have
        • （1） 与过去分词连用构成各种完成时和完成进行时
          • 1||| 构成现在完成时
            • You've been a pretty good friend, when all is said and done.不管怎么说，你一直都是位很好的朋友。
            • I've come to say good-bye.我是来告别的。
            • Is she badly hurt? Has there been an accident?她伤得重吗？发生了事故吗？
          • 2||| 构成过去完成时
            • I had not seen him at least ten years.我至少 10 年没有见过他了。
            • They had consulted the dictionary before they came to me for help.来向我求助之前， 他们已经查阅过字典。
            • She had saved enough money so that she could live in comfort.她已积蓄 了足够的钱, 所以她能舒适地生活。
          • 3||| 构成将来完成时
            • The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up.等你把所有这些东西都包装完毕，卡车就会到达了。
            • You will have completed the elementary English course by the end of next term. 到下学期末你们就学完基础英语了。
          • 4||| 构成过去将来完成时
            • He told me that he would have finished the work by five o'clock.他告诉我到 5 点钟 他就完成工作了。
            • I thought she would have calmed down in the morning.我想到早晨她就会冷静下来了。
          • 5||| 构成现在完成进行时
            • What have you been doing these days?这些日子你一直在做什么？
            • He has been working as a teacher here for nearly ten years.快 10 年了，他一直在这 里当老师。
          • 6||| 构成过去完成进行时
            • I had not been reading for half an hour when I heard steps outside.我看书还不到半小 时就听到外面有脚步声。
            • He told me that he had been waiting for me since the morning.他告诉我从上午他一 直在等我。
          • 7||| 构成将来完成进行时
            • By the end of next month we shall have been living here for twenty years.到 下个月底， 我们住在这里就满20年了。
          • 8||| 构成过去将来完成进行时
            • he told us that by the end of that July she would have been working in the university for thirty-five years.她告诉我们到那年7月底，她在这所大学工作就满35年了。
          • 9||| 情态动词后跟完成式
            • You should have seen her in 1992. 1992 年你应该己经见到过她。
            • I think they must have left early.我想他们一定早已走了。
          • 10||| 构成非限定动词的完成式
            • So you are the man to have left the light on all night.这样说菜你就是那个让灯开了一 整夜的人。
            • Having lived in Shanghai since childhood, he knew the place extremely well.从小住在 上海，他对该地非常了解。
        • （2） have 意义为“有”时，在疑问句和否定式中，具有助动词的作用
          • Has she blue eyes or brown?她的眼睛是蓝色的还是褐色的？
          • And had you no friends?难道你没有朋友吗？
          • What have you in your hand?你手里拿着什么？
          • Fm sorry, I have not any money with me.很抱歉，我随身未带钱。
          • 在这一用法中，也可以借助 do
            • Do you have a pencil that you can lend me?你有铅笔借我用吗？
            • Did you have enough time to do it?你有足够的时间做此事吗？
        • （3） 构成 had better , had best , had rather 等词组，表示“最好还是，宁可，宁愿”。其否定形式为 "had better/rather not. ( had best = had better, 主要用于美国英语）
          • Everything had better be well arranged before we start the project.在我们开始工程之前，最好把一切都准备好。
          • Everything had better be well arranged before we start the project.在我们开始工程之前，最好把一切都准备好。
          • You'd better not run the risk.你最好不要冒这个险。
          • I thought I had best have your opinion first.我想最好先听听你的意见。
          • I had rather not go out tonight, if you don't mind.如果你不介意，今晚我不想出去。
          • I'd rather you posted the letter right away.我宁愿你把信立刻寄走。
          • had better 后有时跟不定式进行式，表示立即作某事
            • I think I'd better be going.我想我最好立即走。
            • You'd better be working harder if you want to get it done quickly.要想把活快做完， 你最好更加努力干。
        • （4） 当句子是由否定意义的词或 only 等词语位于句首，且谓语动词是完成式时，have 用来帮助构成倒装句。
          • Never have I found him in such a good mood.我从未见他情绪这么好过。
          • Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.他刚完成工作电话就响了。
          • Seldom have I read a novel so touching as this.我很少读过这样动人的小说。
          • Only in recent times has it been accepted that women have the same right as men.只有在现代人们才承认男女权利平等。
      • shill 和 will
        • （1） 构成一般将来时态表示未来动作。shall 用于第一人称，其否定式 shall not 的缩写形式为 shan't ；will 用于第二、三人称，常缩写为 'll，其否定式 will not 的缩写形式为 won't。但在美国英语中，3个人称通常都用 will，在英国现代英语中第一人称用 will 的人也越来越多。
          • Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter.或许今年冬季我将访问英国。
          • You will catch a cold if you go out without an overcoat in such terrible weather.天气这 么冷，你出去不穿大衣会感冒的。
          • They will improve as they grow older.随着年龄的增长，他们会有改进。
          • I'll telephone you as soon as I hear the news.我一听到消息就给你打电话。
        • （2） 构成将来进行时，表示在将来某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作，或按计划将要进行的动作。
          • We shall be going away tomorrow by an early train.我们将于明天乘早车走。
          • Fm letting her know that I shan't be going.我在让她明白我是不会走的。
          • The procession is passing us now. It will be passing your flat in about ten minutes, I imagine.游行队伍正从我们这里通过。我想大约10分钟后将经过你的公寓。
          • 将来进行时还可以用来表示现在进行的动作
            • It's raining, he won't be cleaning the car now.现在正下雨，他不会在清洗汽车。
            • He will still be reading his paper.他一定还在读报。
        • （3） 构成将来完成时，表示到将来某时刻完成的动作
          • By the end of the year he will have learned enough English to understand what is said to him.到今年年底，他的英语学得足以能听懂对他讲的话。
          • By this time next year George will have taken his university degree.到明年这个时候， 乔治就拿到大学学位了。
        • （4） 构成将来完成进行时
          • At the end of this week I shall have been working in this company for three years.到本周末，我在该公司工作就满3年了。
        • （5） should 和 would 构成过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、过去将来完成进行时
          • I was told that we should check up and repair the machine.已通知我要检修这台机器。
          • He told me that he would be working on his doctoral dissertation during May.他告诉我5月份他将要写他的博士学位论文。
          • I told her that the work would have been finished by six o'clock,我告诉她到 6 点钟该 工作就完成了。
          • Jacks said that he would have been studying Chinese for three years by the end of the term.杰克斯说到本学期末，他学习汉语就满3年了。
• 半助动词
  • 半助动词是一些介于实义动词与助动词之间的结构。和情态动词一样，半助动词本身具有词义，但又不能单独作谓语，必须和动词不定式连用构成复合谓语，才能表达完整意义。
    • 半助动词的构成
    • 第一类半助动词的用法
      • 第一类半助动词的用法特点
        • 1. 第一类半助动词的疑问式只需要将 be 移到句首，否定式在 be 后加 not
          • Are you willing to listen to his arguments?你乐意听一听他的论点吗？
          • He is not afraid to say what he thinks.他不怕说出自己的想法。
          • 但是如果系动词不是 be，其疑问式和否定句则需要借助助动词 do。
            • Do you feel inclined to go for a walk?你想去散散步吗？
            • He doesn't seem disposed to help us.他好像不愿意帮助我们。
        • 2. 与基本助动词和情态动词不同，这类半助动词的前边可以使用其它情态动词和副词来修饰
          • A tourist guide must be able to speak more than one language.导游必须会讲多种语言。
          • He used to be able to speak German well.从前他的德语讲得很好。
          • I'm perfectly willing to pay a reasonable price.我十分愿意付一个合理的价格。
        • 3. 这类半助动词有时态的变化和非限定形式
          • Spaceships of the future will be able to carry passengers for trips to the moon.未来的宇宙飞船能载旅客到月球旅行。
          • She was anxious to get back to work.她急于回去工作。
          • Our country has been able to manufacture cars of all marks in large quantities.我国己能制造大量的各种型号的汽车。
          • He said he would be able to come here the following week.他说下星期他能来这儿。
          • They had not been able to finish the work until last Saturday.直到上星期六他们才完成工作。
          • It is quite necessary for a scientific worker to be able to read and speak a foreign language.科学工作者会读、会讲外语十分必要。
          • I must say I enjoy being able to have a good seat in stalls now.说实在的，我为现在能 在正厅有一个好位子而感到高兴。
        • 4. 这类半助动词可以用于 there be 句型
          • There are likely to have more difficulties than you expected.很可能比你预料的困难要多。
          • There's sure to be some rain tonight.今夜肯定会有雨。
        • 5. 这类半助动词变被动态时，只变半助动词后的不定式
          • This project is going to be completed this month.这项工程打算本月完成。
          • He is sure to be given a warm welcome.他肯定会受到热烈欢迎。
      • 常见的第一类半助动词及其用法
        • be able to 能够
          • Only the person who has faith in himself is able to be faithful to others.〈谚〉唯有自信 者才能守信。
          • Today, scientists are able to land men on the moon.今天，科学家能使人类登上月球。
        • be about to 即将/正要（做某事）【这里 about 是介词】
          • He was about to say something more, and then checked himself.他刚要再说点什么， 然后又控制住自己没讲。
          • He was about to be transferred to another part of the Province.他即将被子调往本省 的另一地区。
          • I met her in the doorway just as she was about to go away.正当她要走时，我在门口 碰上她。
        • be not about to（美俚）很不情愿；不打算【about 是介词】
          • I'm not about to stop when I'm so close to success.眼看就要成功了，我是不肯就此 停下来的。
          • I am not about to admit defeat.我是不会承认失败的。
        • be arfaid to 害怕/不敢（做某事）
          • I'am not afraid to say what I think.我不怕说出自己的想法。
          • She was afraid to see you again.她怕再见到你。
        • be anxious to 渴望；希望；急于
          • We are anxious to know the result of your trial.我们急于想知道对你审判的结果。
          • Harry is anxious to receive a good education.哈里渴望受到良好教育。
        • be apt to 容易；易于，常会
          • A careless person is apt to make mistakes.粗心的人容易犯错误。
          • Snow is apt to fall in Chicago in late November,.11 月末芝加哥常下雪。
        • be bound to 一定会；准会；决心；决意
          • The new discovery is bound to be of great service to mankind.这一新发现对人类一定 非常有用。
          • They are bound to fall behind if they don't improve their method of work.如果不改进 工作方法，他们一定会落后。
        • be certain to 肯定
          • The duties before me are certain to be heavy.我的任务肯定很重。
          • We are certain to succeed.我们肯定成功。
        • be determinter to 决心
          • He was quite determined to teach them a lesson.他决心教训他们一下。
          • This stubborn fellow is determined to have his own way.这个倔强的小伙子决心按自 己的想法去做。
        • be/feel disinclined to 不愿意
          • He is disinclined to do the work.他不愿意干这工作。
          • I feel disinclined to go out in this weather.这种天气我不想出去。
        • be/feel disposed to 愿意；想
          • I am disposed to go with you.我想和你一起去。
          • He doesn't seem disposed to help us.他似乎不愿意帮我们。
        • be due to 定于
          • The new motor way is due to open to the traffic tomorrow.新高速公路定于明天通车。
          • The talk is due to last for three days.预定谈判持续 3 天。
        • be eager to 殷切希望；极想；急于
          • They are all eager to know whether everything is all right.他们极想知道是否一切都顺利。
          • She is always eager to work.她一贯热衷于工作。
        • be fain to 愿意，乐意，高兴
          • He dwells far from neighbors that is fain to praise himself.〈谚〉爱炫耀自己者，无人愿与他为邻。
          • She was fain to acknowledge my right.她愿意承认我的权利。
        • be fit to 适合
          • He's not fit to be a member of this club.他不适合做该俱乐部的成员。
          • The fruit will be fit to eat in three days.这水果 3 天后就能吃了。
        • be going to
          • 表示近期准备货打算做某事（在主动句中主语通常是人，被动句中主语可指物）
            • I am going to do what I like and go where I like!我打算做我喜欢做的事，到我喜欢 的地方去。
            • If you were going to be happy in any job, you had to believe that job.如果你打算工作 愉快，你就得相信那工作。
          • 表示从现有迹象表明即将发生，预计要发生或不可避免要发生的事（句中主语可以是人或物）
            • You're going to have trouble with that car before long.你的车用不多久就会出毛病的。
            • It's turned awful chilly, and I think it's going to rain.天气变得非常寒冷，我想要下雨了。
        • be impatient to 急于；急不可耐地想/希望；急于得到/知道
          • She is impatient to see her mother.她急于见她妈妈。
          • He is impatient to know the result of the examination.他急不可耐地想知道考试成绩。
        • be/feel inclined to 倾向于；感到想；常常
          • I don't feel specially inclined to talk to him.我并不感到特别想跟他谈话。
          • I'm inclined to think that there's some truth in what he said.我颇认为他的话有些道理。
        • be keen to 迫切想；有清冽兴趣；热衷于
          • He's very keen to see his birthplace again.他迫切想再看看自己的故乡。
          • She is keen to go with us.她很想和我们一起去。
        • be liable to 常爱；常常会
          • He is liable to catch cold.他常爱感冒。
          • We are all liable to make mistakes occasionally.有时我们大家都会犯错误。
        • be likely to 可能（发生）
          • Earthquakes are most likely to occur near mountains or volcanoes.在山脉或火山附近最易发生地震。
          • An accident is likely to happen at that intersection.那个交叉路 口处容易发生事故。
        • be loath to 不愿意；不喜欢
          • His parents were loath to believe their son would steal.他父母不愿相信自己的儿子会偷 东西。
          • I am loath to get out of bed on cold mornings.在寒冷的早晨我不愿起床。
        • be obliged to 被迫；不得不
          • He was obliged to compromise on lesser questions.他不得不在一些次要问题上作出 妥协。
          • She was obliged to go back to work in order to help meet the family expenses.为了贴 补家用，她不得不回去工作。
          • 【注释】
            • be obliged (to sb.)经常表示"对…很感激”:
              • I'm obliged to you for all you've done for us.我很感激你为我们所做的一切。
              • I shall be much obliged if you will allow him to continue using the library.如果你 允许他继续使用图书馆，我将不胜感激。
        • be prone to 容易（作某事，常指不好的事）
          • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人易于匆忙做结论。
          • We are prone to believe what we don't understand. ＜谚〉越是不懂的事物，越容易相信
          • One is more prone to make mistakes when one is tired.疲劳时，人更容易出错。
        • be ready to 准备好；愿意；老爱做
          • If you are ready to believe, you are easy to deceive.〈谚〉轻信易上当受骗。
          • He was ready to listen to the advice of wiser men.他乐意倾听智者的建议。
        • be reluctant/unwilling to 不愿意
          • He is reluctant /unwilling to talk about the matter.他不愿意谈论这事。
          • He was very reluctant to go, but he had no choice.他极不情愿走，但别无选择。
        • be supposed to 应该；理应
          • He is supposed to arrive on the five o'clock train,他应该乘坐5点钟的火车到。
          • You are supposed to have finished the work by now.现在你理应完成这项工作了。
        • be sure to 一定会；准会
          • They are sure to score new successes in their research work,在研究工作中，他们一 定会获得新的成功。
          • In any case the truth will be sure to come out.不管怎样，真相定会大白。
        • be unable to 不能；无法
          • I am unable to cycle to school because my bicycle is broken.因自行车坏了，我不能骑车 上学。
          • They were unable to attain their objectives.他们未能达到目的。
        • be unlikely to 不大可能
          • He is unlikely to come now; it's too late.现在她不可能再来；天太晚了。
          • She's unlikely to arrive before 1130 a.m.上午 11 点半之前她不可能到达。
        • be willing to 愿意
          • She seemed willing to consider the idea.她似乎乐意考虑这个意见。
          • They are willing to help in any way they can.他们愿意从各方面尽力帮忙。
    • 第二类半助动词的用法
      • 第二类半助动词的用法特点
        • 第二类半助动词的疑问式必须用助动词 do ，否定式用do not 构成。
          • Do you happen to know his address?你碰巧知道他的地址吧？
          • You don't seem to be yourself today.你今天似乎身体不舒服。
          • 应注意其否定式有时将 not 放在不定式的前边，去掉 to。
            • She happened not to have any money with her.她碰巧没有带着钱。
            • He happened not to be in the office when I called.我拜访时他恰好不在办公室。
        • 第二类半助动词可以用于 there be 句型
          • There seems /appears not to be any man left in the laboratory.似乎实验室里一个人也 没有留下。
          • There happened to be nobody in the room.房间内碰巧没有人。
        • 第二类半助动词后的不定式可用一般式、完成式和进行式。
          • I don't seem to lack anything.我好像不缺什么东西。
          • I seem to have caught a cold.我似乎感冒了。
          • Several people in the crowd seemed to be fighting.人群中好像有几个人在打架。
        • 第二类半助动词变被动态时，只变半助动词后的不定式。
          • Today the streets have come to be used as parking places for cars.今天一些街道开始 用作停车场了。
          • She happened to be met in the street by my brother.我兄弟碰巧在街上遇见了她。
      • 常见的第二类半助动词及其用法
        • appear to 似乎；显得
          • He appeared not to have heard what had been said.他好像没有听见说的话
          • There appeared to be only one room,好像只有一个房间。
        • chance to 碰巧；恰好
          • We chanced to meet in the park that morning.那天上午我们碰巧在公园相遇。
          • I chanced to be passing when she fell and hurt herself.她跌倒摔伤时，我恰好经过。
        • come to
          • 表示经过一个过程发生某种情况，有较活的益发。
            • Man has come to control and use electricity.人类终于掌握并应用上电。
            • I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another.希望我们能成为好朋 友并能相互理解。
          • 表示“怎么会发生某种情况”，接近 happen to。
            • How did Mary come to be invited to this party?玛丽是怎么被邀请到这个舞会的？
            • I wonder how you came to miss your way.我不明白你怎么会走错了路。
        • fail to 没有；没能够
          • He did very well, but he failed to break the record.他表现很好，但未能打破纪录。
          • But the conference failed to adopt either of the proposals.两项建议会议都没有釆纳。
        • get to 意义为“变得”，表示一种状态的变化。
          • I think you are getting to understand me better.我想你对我越来越理解。
          • I must get to see the exhibition sometime this week.我一定在这个星期找个时间去参 观展览会。
        • happen to 恰好；碰巧；偶然
          • I don't know whether you happen to have heard, but I'm going to marry Mr. Heaslop. 我不知道是否你恰好已听说了，但我打算与希斯洛普先生结婚。
          • She happened not to be at home when I called.我去找她时，碰巧她不在家。
        • seem to 似乎；好像
          • She seemed not to have grasped what he really meant.她似乎没有明白他的真正意思。
          • My whole life seems to have gone to pieces.我的整个生活似乎已经崩溃。
        • tend to 容易；有某种倾向
          • He tends to get angry when people disagree with him.人们不同意他的意见时，他好生气。
          • Unsanitary living conditions tend to produce disease.不卫生的居住条件容易产生疾病。
        • turn out to 结果是；最后的情况是
          • Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.虽然早晨看 上去要下雨，但结果是个大晴天。
          • The letter turned out to be a forgery.结果那封信是伪造的。
    • 半助动词与 "it...that" 句型的转换使用
      • 有些半助动词可以与 "It..that" 句型转换使用，有些则不能，可用于 "It...that" 句型的半助动词有 be certain to , be (un) likely to , appear to , chance to , happen to , seem to , turn out to 等。
        • a
          • He is certain to win the election,他肯定会赢得这次大选。
          • It is certain that he will win the election.
        • b
          • He appeared to have a taste for music.他似乎喜欢音乐。
          • It appeared that he had a taste for music.
        • c
          • He seems to have lost all desire to write.他似乎己经失去了要写作的所有愿望。
          • It seems that he has lost all desire to write.