导图社区 英语句子成分
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英语句子成分
这是一篇关于句子成分的思维导图，包含主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。希望对你学习英语有所帮助！
编辑于2024-01-01 19:58:50- 句子成分
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句子成分
主语 subject
在一个句子中充当主角，是全句述说的对象。
The man
词类
名词
1.冠词+名词 2.The+形容词表某一类事物
The man won the game.
代词
It surprised us.
数词
词组
名词短语
The mysterious man won the Drumstick game.
动名词
The man's winning the game surprised us.
不定式
To win the game was his dream.
从句
What he ate with the girl in the three-star Michelin restaurant yesterday is unknown.
It is unknown what he ate with the girl in the three-star Michelin restaurant yesterday.
it做形式主语
先让it当主角--主语，把主线剧情讲完，再来说从句里的支线剧情。it指代that后面的完整句子。 如果把It is...that...去掉后，句子不完整，就是主语从句；句子完整，就是强调句。
It is done that...
reported/believed/generally thought/should be noted
It is adj. that...
clear/possible/strange/fortunate
It is 名词短语 that
a pity/no wonder/miracle/a shame
谓语 predicate
谓语=（助动词+）主动词 助动词起辅助作用。一、基本助动词：be, do, have. 二、情态助动词：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need等。 主动词表示实际动作。
主语发出的动作，决定了这句话到底在说什么。
The man holds
否定式，在助动词后加not。
He doesn't eat drumsticks.
情态，表推测、许可、建议和请求等。
He might like drumsticks.
时态：穿越时空
1.你是什么时候谈起这件事的？ 2.事件是什么时候发生的？ 3.事件处于什么状态？做完了吗？对后来有无影响？ 一般式：所处时间下的状态或习惯，强调这是一个事实。 进行式：强调动作正在进行中。 完成式：涉及两个时间点，之前做的事对后来有影响。 完成进行式：涉及两个时间点，之前一直在做的动作对后来的影响。 
一般现在时

说话时这件事从以前到现在，直到未来，都不太可能改变。
I am a boy.
事情不受时间影响，如客观事实/真理。
The moon revolves around the earth.
在说话时发生，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
smell/touch/feel/like/want/promise/believe
The food tastes delicious.
现在进行时

说话时这件事正在发生。
I am exchanging my body with a girl!
说话时这件事没有发生，但它是你最近开始做，并且还没结束的事。
I am working in a restaurant.
一件“逐渐变化”的事。
My hair is getting longer.
过去进行时（长动作）

用于场景描写，使故事背景更生动。
The rain was beating on the windows. The wind was raising.
过去某个时间点正在做的事。
They were dancing at that time.
口语中表委婉语气。
hope/think
I was wondering if I could stay here for tonight.
一般过去时（短动作）
表示在说话的这一刻，过去的状态或动作早已结束，停留在过去。
He refused the witch that night, and then he was turned into a beast.
表示过去一段时间都在做一件事，但现在没有做了。
They used to dance every night.
一般将来时：在说话的这一刻，事情还没发生，将在未来的某一刻发生。

不在原有动词上做变化，而是在它前面加单词。
will（更加正式）: My boss will increase my salary for me.
be going to: I am going to get a promotion.
be to（已经安排好的，将来要发生的事）：We are to be married next month.
be about to（即将要发生的事）：The bridegroom is about to kiss the bride.
主语（人）+现在进行时+时间状语：近期的计划或安排
We are leaving for Bali Island tonight.
一般现在时+时间状语
仅用于短暂性动作，如go/come/leave/start/move等。
The plane to Bali Island takes off at 9pm.
将来进行时：将来某个时间正在做某事。

By this time next year, we will be lying on the beach in the sun.
现在完成时

从过去的某一刻开始做某事，持续到了现在。（现在还在做）

1.有延续性时间状语表示持续了一段时间； 2.谓语动词表状态（延续性动词或短暂性动词的否定式）。
for+时间段 since+时间点
I have had a pair of shoes for a year.
我拥有这双鞋有一年了。
I have bought a pair of shoes for a year.
不可能持续“买”这个动作一年。
在过去的某一刻做完了某事，对现在有影响。（现在没做了）

延续性动词

I have had the pair of shoes.
短暂性动词

I have bought the pair of shoes.
过去完成时

从更远的过去的某一刻开始做某事，持续到了过去。（过去还在做）
You had played the game for five hours when your mon came into your bedroom.
你妈进房间的时候你还在玩游戏。 
在更远的过去的某一刻做完了某事，对过去有影响。（过去没做了）
You had played the game when your mom came into your bedroom.
将来完成时

从将来以前的某一刻开始做某事，持续到了将来。（将来还在做）

I will have learned English for ten years by the end of next year.
在将来以前的某一刻做完了某事，对将来有影响。（将来没做了）
I will have finished my homework when I start to play the game.
现在完成进行时：强调过去到现在反复在做的动作。

I have been writing articles for you!
语态
主动
He eats drumsticks.
被动-be done

Drumstick is eaten by him.
语气
陈述
祈使
虚拟
表示我只是在YY，描述的事实都是假的。
正常虚拟句
主从时间一致。
判事实真假
与客观事实相反，现在或以前都没发生过
你认为这事现在、以后都不太可能发生
变谓语动词
找句子中时间、时态等暗示，判断是对什么时候进行的假设，谓语动词的虚拟形式就在这个时态下，再退一个时态。 对将来虚拟，谓语动词从一般将来时（be to do/should do）变为过去将来时（were to do/should do）。 对现在虚拟，谓语动词从一般现在时（do/be）变为一般过去时（did/were）。 对过去虚拟，谓语动词从一般过去时（did/were）变为过去完成时（had done/had been）。 
错综条件句
时间混搭。
If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he would be able to speak it much better now.
倒装虚拟句
把if从句里的should/had/were移到句首，去掉if。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yang Pu Bridge.
宾语 object
动作的作用对象，也是句子中的配角。
The man holds a girl.
主谓宾结构的简单句。
词类
名词
The man won the game.
代词
It surprised us.
词组
名词短语
The mysterious man won the Drumstick game.
分词
He seems to enjoy showing us his trophy.
从句
主-谓-宾从
I know that you think you know what I said.
主-谓-宾从-宾从
I gave who came to the meeting what is his favorite.
主-谓-宾从-补
I find something strange.
I find that he was not kind to me strange.
I find it strange that he was not kind to me.
因为从句非常长，所以借用it作形式宾语，然后把宾语从句放在最后面作实际宾语。 结构：主+谓+it+补+that+宾从。 其他句型若是宾语从句过长，也会用it指代，如：I take it that you will succeed sooner or later.
定语 attribute
修饰、限定名词（化妆/造型）
形容词
词组
介词短语：The handsome man with a bell holds a girl.
非谓语动词短语
过去分词：a bag given by my grandpa
现在分词：a bag hanging on the string
不定式：a bag to wash
从句
本质上，定语从句和形容词是近亲，都修饰名词。 不同的是，形容词是条小裤衩，只能表达简单的意思。而定语从句是更宽，更大的大裤衩子，表达的意思更复杂、具体，所以得系上适合的腰带（关系词），才能和被修饰的名词，紧紧地绑在一起。 主句是完整的。
找先行词
She is looking for a man who is tall, rich and handsome.
分析从句成分
把先行词代入从句中缺少的成分，看是否成立。
不完整，用关系代词
who：指人
She is looking for a man who is tall, rich and handsome.
whom：指人，宾格
He is the man that she was once in love with.
介词一般藏在从句里面。
He is the man with that she was once in love.
He is the man with whom she was once in love.
whose：人的或物的，用于当先行词和从句主语有从属关系
She has a boyfirend whose legs are long.
which：指物
有逗号的是限制性定语从句，只修饰先行词
He has long legs which are attractive to her.
没逗号的是非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句
He has long legs, which are attractive to her.
with which
that：指人或物
这些情况下，最好用that： 1.先行词既有人又有物。 2.先行词是不定代词，如something, all, nothing, 这种不知道具体说谁的词。 3.先行词被every, all, any, each, few, no这些不具体的数量词修饰时。 4.先行词被序数词修饰时，如the first, the second；或者最高级，如the most, the best。 5.主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复，只用that。 6.先行词在从句和主句中都作表语。 7.如有两个定语从句，其中一个已用which引导，另一个宜用that。 8.当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only, the same等词修饰时。 但是在逗号和介词后面要避免用that。
She smacks the man who/that cheated on her.
as：正如
as引导的从句往往修饰一个句子，可以放在主句前后。 which引导的从句也能修饰一个句子，但只能放在主句后。
as is known to us 正如我们所知
as it turns out 正如结果证明
As we all know, his legs are fake.
完整，用关系副词
兼有副词与连接词两种作用。
when：指时间
where：指地点
具体地点
含有地点意义的抽象地点
dream, case, situation, point等
She had a dream where she married a long-legged man.
why：指原因
状语 adverbial
起修饰作用，表状态，说明地点、时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、比较、目的、让步。
地点状语（搭场景）：The handsome man with a bell holds a girl on a boat.
时间状语（烘托气氛）：The handsome man with a bell holds a girl on a boat at dusk.
从句
主句+连词+从句
时间
用连词表明两件事发生的时间顺序。
when/while/as
都有“当......时”的意思，表示两件事几乎同时发生，但在用法上有一些些差别。
when
长动作（过去进行时）
The was opened when they were dancing.
短动作（一般过去时）
They were dancing when the door was opened.
表“这时，突然”
规律的事
He sleeps when it snows.
一个时期
He sleeps when he was 15.
while
长动作（过去进行时）
The was opened while they were dancing.
前后各接一个长动作表对比
He likes sleeping while she likes listening.
as
长动作（过去进行时）
His phone rang as he was sleeping.
短动作（一般过去时）
His phone rang as he opened his eyes.
表“一边......一边”、“随着”
He was sleeping as he was snoring.
before/after/since
当连词前是一段时间时，before和since有很大的区别。
before 在......之前
It was ten minutes before he fell asleep.
after 在......之后
since 自......以来
It was ten minutes since he fell asleep.
till/until
主句一直在动，直到从句开始动了，主句就不动了。
He slept until/till the bell rang.
not...until/till
主句一直没动，直到从句动了，主句才动起来。
正常结构
He didn't sleep until/till the bell rang.
倒装结构
Not until the bell rang did he sleep.
要把主句的谓语提前。
强调结构
It was not until the bell rang that he slept.
一……就……
主句一发生，从句也跟着发生
hardly/scarcely/no sooner...than
He had no sooner opened his eyes than the bell rang.
主句用过去完成时。
从句一发生，主句就跟着发生
as soon as/the minute/the moment/the instant/immediately/directly
He opened his eyes as soon as the bell rang.
条件
从句是主句发生的条件
if/unless
if:如果
You'll lose me if you're Wu Yanzu.
unless:除非
You'll lose me unless you're Wu Yanzu. =You'll lose me if you're not Wu Yanzu.
only if/if only
only if:“只有......才”，用来限制条件
Only if you're Wu Yanzu will I be happy.
if only:“要是......就好了”，用来许愿
If only you're Wu Yanzu.
如果、只要
≈if. =so long as/ on condition that/ provided/ providing(that)/ suppose/ supposing(that)
I don't care what you do as long as you're Wu Yanzu.
让步
就算退一万步，主句也会发生。
though/although/even though/even if: 尽管/即使/虽然
Although you're Wu Yanzu, still I don't love you.
although不能和but连用，因为but也是连词。只能用still或yet表转折。
no matter wh-/wh-+ever: “无论......”
No matter who/ whoever you are, I dislike you.
while/as: “尽管”
While：放句首
While you're Wu Yanzu, still I dislike you!
as: 把想强调的部分倒装，放在as前
形容词：Handsome as you are, I dislike you!
名词：Though you are a rich man, I dislike you! =Rich man as you are, I dislike you.
要省略不定冠词a
动词：Though you tried, I dislike you! =Try as you did, I dislike you!
要变成动原。
原因
because: 因为
能回答why的提问，更强调原因。
Let's read because I'm thinking about my life.
since: 既然
更强调原因带来的后果。
Since I'm thinking about my life, let's read.
as: 由于
表示大家都知道的原因。
As it's 0 o'clock, all restaurants are closed.
for: 因为
表示推断、猜测的原因。
These restaurants will go out of business, for they closed at night.
结果
so+形容词/副词+that
The apples are so much that I'm not hungry anymore.
such+名词/名词短语+that
The apples are such good food that I'll have it tomorrow.
目的
in order that/that/so that/so
“为了”、“以便”。句中常带有情态动词。
Let's read in order that we could find the answer to life.
in order to/so as to
由in order that和so that简化而来，后面一般直接跟动词。
Let's read in order to find the answer to life. =To find the answer to life, Let's read.
in case
万一：You should have a dream in case it comes true.
以防：Take an unbrella with you in case it rains.
比较
as...as：和......一样
The alpaca is as tall as the giraffe.
not as...as/not...so...as：不和......一样
The cat is not as/so tall as the giraffe.
比较级+than：比
The girrafe is taller than the cat.
the+比较级......the+比较级......
The higher he stands, the farther he will see.
倍数
two times 比较级 than
The pig is two times taller than the giraffe!
two times as 原级 as
The pig is two times as tall as the giraffe!
two times the 名词 of
The pig is two times the height of the giraffe!
方式
as/as if/as though/like：就像......一样
He is surprised like he've never seen such a tall pig.
地点
表示在哪发生了件事
People are shocked where the pig appears.
补语 complement
对句子进行补充说明，使其意义完整。
宾语补足语
She left him alone.
主语补足语=表语（predicative），表示主语的状态
The other man is a Gaofushuai!
主系表=主谓补
表语从句
The news is a secret. =The news is that he likes the girl.
同位语 appositive
跟名词相同地位的词语，一般跟在名词后，可互换。
名词
My boyfriend, Mark Chao, is very handsome.
名词短语
Zhanhuwei, a Gaofushuai, is cheated by a girl.
非谓语
Driving cars, his only interest of life, has brought him many girlfriends.
从句
陈述句
The news that Mark Chao married me pleased everybody.
跟定语从句的差别，The news that was given to us pleased everybody. 1.意义区别。定从修饰名词，同从等于名词。 2.成分区别。定从的that作从句成分，同从的that只起连接作用。
一般疑问句
名词+whether+（一般疑问句改成的）陈述句，连接词不能用if。
I am faced with the problem whether I should choose Eddie Peng.
特殊疑问句
名词+（特殊疑问句改成的）陈述句
I have no idea who I should choose.