从句学习

在英语中，名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句是三种重要的从句类型，它们在句子中各自扮演着不同的角色。

三大从句Subordinate Clauses

• 名词性从句 【none clause】
  • 宾语从句(Objective Clause)
    • • 一、定义
      • 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
    • 二、连接词
      • that:
      • I think that you can pass the exam.
      • Whether/if:
      • I don’t know what the word means.
      • “Wh”
      • :  I don’t know what he said.
    • 三、时态
      • 1. 主现从任
      • 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可)
      • She wants to know what he has done for the exam.
      • 2.主过从过
      • 主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。
      • She said that she was a student.
      • She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
      • She said that she had finished her homework already.
      • 3. 真理永现
      • 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
      • The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
  • 同位语从句(Appositive Clause)
    • 01含义 同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词的后面，用以解释或说明名词所表示的具体内容。在句中做同位语。
    • 02 常引导同位语从句的名词 fact, news, idea, promise（许诺）, question, problem, doubt, fear, hope, order, belief, thought, truth, suggestion, advice…
    • 03引导 引导同位语从句的连接词
      • 从属连词
        • 1.由that 引导 The fact that you haven’t enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable. The hope that he may come here is not gone yet. ##注意：如果同位语从句意义、结构完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用） 2.由whether引导 The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. ##注意：如同位语从句意义不完整，结构完整，需增加"是否"的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）。
      • 连接代词
        • 连接代词what/ who / which/whose 引导的同位语从句，在从句中充当成分。 The question who should go abroad hasn't been decided yet.（who 在文中做主语） I have no idea which one I should choose.(which 在文中做定语)
      • 连接副词
        • 如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用连接副词when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。 I have no idea when they will go. I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.
  • 主语从句(Subjective Clause）
    • 一、概述 在句中充当主语的从句称为主语从句。英语中主语从句可分为两类：一是主语从句位于主语位置上；二是用it作形式主语，将真正的主语从句后置，放在其他成分之后。
    • 二、主语从句的引导词 that，whether（if），who，whom，whose，whoever，whomever，what，whatever，which，whichever等均可引导主语从句。
      • 1. that引导主语从句时，在从句中不充当句子成分，本身也没有词义。如： That Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has caused a great sensation in China. 屠呦呦获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的事在中国引起巨大轰动。
      • 2. whether引导主语从句时，可单独使用，也可与or或or not连用。
        • Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. 此事对我们有害还是有利，还有待观察。 Whether or not these figures are accurate remains to be checked. 这些数字是否确切还有待核实。
      • 3. 连接代词（what，whatever，which，whichever，who，whom，whose，whoever，whomever）引导主语从句时，在从句中充当一定的句子成分，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
        • 1) what引导主语从句时有两种情况：一是引导疑问从句，what意为“什么，什么样的”；二是引导名词性关系从句，what意为“所……的事/物/东西”。
          • What motive he could have had is not quite clear to us. 他会有什么样的动机我们尚不清楚。(what引导疑问从句，在从句中作motive的定语） What struck me was that these villagers have all suffered a lot. 给我很深印象的是这些村民们都受过很多苦。（what引导名词性关系从句，在从句中作主语）
        • 2) whatever引导主语从句时，意为“所……任何/一切事物/东西”。
          • Whatever decision Mary makes will be supported by her parents. 玛丽所作的任何决定都将得到她父母的支持。(whatever在从句中作decision的定语)
        • 3) which引导主语从句时，意为“哪一个，哪个，哪些”。
          • Which design is the best must be tried in practice. 哪一个设计最好必须在实践中验证。(which在从句中作design的定语）
        • 4) whichever引导主语从句时，意为“无论哪一个”。
          • Whichever reaches the destination first will win the prize. 你们中谁先到达目的地，谁就获奖。（whichever在从句中作主语）
        • 5) who引导主语从句时，意为“谁”，whom是who的宾格形式，只作宾语；whose是who的所有格形式。
          • Who will play the leading role in the play has not yet been decided. 谁将在这出戏中扮演主角还没有决定。（who在从句中作主语） Whom we must serve is a question of vital importance. 为谁服务是一个极为重要的问题。（whom在从句中作serve的宾语） Whose fault it is is quite clear now. 这是谁的过错现在已十分明了。（whose在从句中作fault的定语）
        • 6) whoever/whomever引导主语从句时，意为“无论……的人”，相当于anybody who…。
          • Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都欢迎。（whoever在从句中作主语）
      • 4. 连接副词when（什么时候）， where（在什么地方，到哪里，从哪里），why（为什么，……的原因）和how（怎么，怎样，如何）也可以引导主语从句，并在从句中作状语。
        • When he heard about it is unknown. 他什么时候听到那个消息的不得而知。（when在从句中作时间状语） Where we shall build the new library is being discussed. 正在讨论建新图书馆的地点。（where在从句中作地点状语） How he managed to survive in the forest interested everyone. 每个人都对他是如何在森林中生存下来的很感兴趣。（how在从句中作方式状语）
    • 三、以it作形式主语的主语从句主语从句可以用形式主语it代替，真正的主语从句置于句末。
      • It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 你没去听报告，真是可惜。 It is not yet decided when and where the test will be given. 考试的时间和地点还没有决定。
  • 表语从句(Predicative Clause)
    • 一、定义 表语从句是在复合句中充当表语的从句，主要用于说明主语是什么。可以由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当表语的成分。
    • 二、结构 主语+系动词+表语从句
    • 三、系动词分类 1.状态系动词（表主语状态）: be 2.感官系动词（表人的感官动作）: feel\smell\sound\taste\look 3.表像系动词（表看起来像）: seem\appear\look 4.变化系动词（表主语变成什么样）: become\grow\get\go\come\turn\fall\make 5.持续性动词（表示主语继续或保持某种状态）: keep\remain\stay\rest\lie\stand\hold\ continue 6.终止性动词（表终止或完成）: prove\turn out
    • 四、引导词
      • 1.that引导表语从句时不充当成分，无含义，通常不省略 Eg：The fact is that he doesn' t really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。 注意: 如果主语是要求/建议/命令等词，表语从句用“should+动词原形”，should可省略。 要求: request, requirement, insistence.. 建议: idea, advice, suggestion, proposal,recommendation,notion... 命今: order,instruction... Eg：My suggestion is that we (should) tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。 2.whether引导表语从句（不能用“if”） Eg：The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。 3.连接代词who/whom/whose/what/which引导表语从句 Eg：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 4.连接副词when/where/why/how引导表语从句 Eg：That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。 5.if/as though引导表语从句（常用虚拟语气，不熟悉虚拟语气的同学可翻看“虚拟语气”主题篇） Eg：She looks as if she were hungry. 她看起来好像饿了。 6.because引导表语从句 Eg：That's because you can't appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣觉音乐。 注意：because的同义词since/as/for不可以引导表语从句。
  • 补语从句
• 形容词性从句[adjective clause]
  • 定语从句【attributive clause]
    • 非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Clause)
      • (对先行词起说明，描绘作用，去掉后不影响主句的意思)
    • 限制性定语从句（Restrictive Clause）
      • • (对先行词具有限定和确定作用，去掉后主句的意思就变得不明确)
    • 1.定语从句的概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
    • 2.先行词： 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
    • 3.关系词： 引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。
• 副词性从句[adverb clause]
  • • 一、定义
    • 在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。
  • 二、状语从句分类
    • 时间状语从句
      • • When  ---当……时候,
        • 通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发生。
        • When I opened the window, I saw him come up.
        • When --- 正在……的时候，突然…。
        • 通常主句是进行时或     be about to 时，在翻译的时候，when 可以译成没想到或突然。
        • I was walking along the street , when I met him.
        • When 当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。
        • Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.
        • When=after
        • When the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons.
        • While ---在……期间，往往指一段时间。
        • While we were inAmerica, we saw him twice.
        • While ---表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事情，而另一边在享受等
        • We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football.
        • As --- 一边……一边, 随着
        • She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.
        • As --- 当……时，
        • 指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。
        • As I was going out, it began to rain.
        • The moment --- 一……就……
        • =as soon as , immediately,
        • ---Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?
        • ---Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her.
        • Not… until --- 直到……才
        • He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work.
        • Before --- 在……之前
        • The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs.
        • After ---在…… 之后
        • The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.
        • Since ---自从……, 通常主句用现在完成时
        • I have never been there again since I graduated from the university.
        • It is just a week since we arrived here.
        • As soon as --- 一……就……
        • Jack went to school as soon as he got well.
        • No sooner than --- 一……就……
        • no sooner… than… 用于句首要求倒装
        • Hardly …when…
        • Scarcely …when…
        • No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
        • Once  --- 一但……就……
        • Once you see him, you will never forget him.
        • Every time, each time 每次 whenever 每当
        • Each time he came to town, he would visit our school.
    • 地点状语从句
      • 地点状语从句只有两个连词: Where, wherever
      • Where --- 在……地方 Where there is a will, there is a way.
      • Wherever --- 无论哪里 Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you.
    • 方式状语从句
      • 方式状语从句常由: as, as if, as though
      • as ---与…… 一样 Do in Rome as the Romans do.
      • as if, as though --- 仿佛, 由as if或 as though引导的从句中可用虚拟语气 She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.
    • 频率状语从句
    • 原因状语从句
      • because, as, since, now that, 和considering that, seeing that 这六个连词都用于表示表示原因, 但在语气上一个比一个弱.
      • Because --- 因为,通常从句放在主句后. Mr Smith was very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage.
      • As --- 因为, 通常放在句首 As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him.
      • Since ---既然 因语气较弱, 常译为既然(众所周知的原因) Since everybody has come, we can set off.
      • Now that --- 既然 Now that you are here, you can join us.
      • considering that --- 顾及到 Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
      • seeing that --- 由于 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
    • 结果状语从句
      • 引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so that, so…that…
      • such…that So… that --- 太……以至于 so 后面应用形容词或副词, 有时省略so只用that Boeing 747 is so large that people like to call it jet bomb喷气炸弹.
      • So that --- 因而，以便，为了 有时so 可以省去 Speak louder please so that the people at the back can hear you.
      • Such …that… ---太……以至于 用法与so…that相同，但such 后面应用名词。 The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker that nobody could understand him.
    • 目的状语从句
      • 引导目的状语从句的主要连词有: that, so that, in order that, for fear that, lest
      • (So) that --- 以便, 从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should等 Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.
      • in order that --- 为了, 与so that 相同从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should等 School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.
      • for fear that --- 生怕; 为了防止(某事发生) He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
      • in case --- 万一 You should bring a dictionary in case you need it.
      • Lest --- 以防万一 The man decided to tell his boss the fact lest he would be angry with him.
    • 让步状语从句
      • 引导让步状语从句的连词有：Although, though, as, even if, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether.
      • Although, though ---虽然 although 和though 可以互换，但although 常放在句首。Though可以用于倒装。 Although it was raining, the plane managed to take off. Though he did his best, he didn’t succeed.
      • As --- 尽管 as 引导让步状语从句时，句子通常倒装。可与though 互换。 Busy as he is, he never misses a football match.
      • Even if /even though ---即使 Even if you don’t like your boss, you should do your work.
      • However --- 不论， however 引导让步状语从句时，句子通常倒装 He couldn’t get there on time however fast he drove.
      • No matter (what, when, where, how) ---无论（什么，何时，何地，怎样） He wouldn’t forgive me no matter how hard I begged him.
      • Whatever --- 不管 Whatever other people may say, she won’t change her mind.
      • While ---尽管 While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you.
      • Whether ---不管，常与or not 连用 Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.
    • 条件状语从句
      • • 引导状语从句的连接词有：
        • If如果, unless除非, as long as只要, As (so) far as --- 据……所知，in case万一, provided that假如, on condition that若是，以…为条件
        • If ---如果
        • If you don’t hurry up, you will miss the plane.
        • Unless --- 如果不, 除非=if not
        • We can’t get there on time unless we book the earliest flight
        • As long as --- 只要
        • We will succeed as long as we keep on trying.
        • As (so) far as --- 据……所知
        • As far as I know, he speaks English very well.
        • In case --- 假使, 如果
        • The plane cannot take off in case it rains.
        • Provided that 如果,有时省略 that
        • The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.
        • On condition that --- 条件是…
        • He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.
        • 注:主从句的动作发生在将来时，则主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时。
        • If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport.
• 同位语从句 VS 定语从句
  • 1. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 that 引导定语从句其中that 做从句的宾语 2.The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. 汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 that引导同位语从句其中that不做任何成分。