Research Objects: "translation activity process and translation product"
Functions: "to describe particular phenomena in the world of our experience and to establish general principles by means of which they can be explained and predicted"
Scope of Translation Studies
Broader than traditionally imagined
Pathways for research development
Specific elaboration of developments in the field of research
Function-oriented: "description of their function in the recipient socio-cultural situation"
Process-oriented: "concerns itself with the process or act of translation itself"
Theoretical Translation Studies (ThTS)
Goal: "a full, inclusive theory" for explaining and predicting translation phenomena
Categories: medium-restricted, area-restricted, rank-restricted, text-type restricted, time-restricted, and problem-restricted theories
Applied Translation Studies
Teaching: "translating is taught in schools and courses to train professional translators"
Translation Aids: "lexicographical and terminological aids and grammars"
Translation Policy: "render informed advice to others in defining the place and role of translators"
Translation Criticism: "the level of such criticism is today still frequently very low"
Development of Translation Studies
Current State: "the discipline is not a Wissenschaft, but that not all Wissenschaften can properly be called sciences"
Future Directions: "a greater impediment than the lack of a generally accepted name in the way of the development of translation studies is the lack of any general consensus as to the scope and structure of the discipline"