导图社区 美国文学期末版
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美国文学期末版
这是一篇关于美国文学 期末版的思维导图，主要内容包括：作家作品，术语。美国文学在其发展过程中形成了丰富的文学流派和作品。从Benjamin Franklin的自传文学到Washington Irving的浪漫主义散文，再到James Fenimore Cooper的边疆冒险小说，美国文学不断发展和演变，形成了独特的文学风格和特色。这些作家和作品不仅代表了美国文学的最高成就，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
编辑于2024-06-17 23:01:43- 作家作品
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美国文学 期末版
作家作品
Anne Bradstreet女诗人
Jhon Smith第一个美国作家
Robert Lee Frost 罗伯特·李·弗罗斯特
works
The road not taken
This poem uses the metaphor of a road to convey the themes of choices and decisions in life. It serves as a reminder that every decision we make has an impact on our life's path. Choosing the less traveled roads, the ones not taken by the majority, can lead to unique outcomes and experiences. 这首诗通过道路的比喻，表达了人生中的选择和决策。它提醒我们，我们所做的每个选择都会影响我们的人生轨迹。而选择那些不被众人选择的道路，可能会带来与众不同的结果和体验。
"To be or not to be" is not just a question for princes or heroes, but something each person must shoulder the responsibility of choosing and accepting the consequences of their choices. "To be or not be"其实不只是王子或英雄才会碰到的问题，每个人都要肩负起选择的责任并接受选择的结果。
"The Road Not Taken": Four stanzas, each consisting of five lines, with an ABABA rhyme scheme. On the surface, it portrays the narrator observing and making a choice at a fork in the road. However, it serves as a reflection on the inevitable dilemmas one encounters in life. 《未选择的路》：全诗4节，每节5行，韵脚为abbab。表面看是写叙述者某天在道路的分岔口观察并作出了选择，实际上却是感叹人生难免时常碰到两难的抉择，
Furthermore, if we delve deeper into the poem, we may detect a subtle complaint that life is too restrictive, limiting our opportunities for different paths. 此外，如果我们进一步阅读，可能会在诗歌的结构中发现一种抱怨，即生活过于局限，无法给予我们足够的选择余地
The lines present a universal human predicament where individuals are confronted with the challenge of decision-making. What the speaker is likely expressing is the idea that in the end, life will come full circle and the choices we make may not ultimately matter. 这些句子呈现了一个典型的人类困境，面对着做出选择的困难。演讲者所表达的可能是，最终生活会回到原点，而选择的道路并不会产生实质的差异。
Mending Wall
Theme Contradictory
Frost is a New England writer by temperament and subject matter. 弗罗斯特在气质和题材上都是一位新英格兰作家。 He maintains the conservatism and restraint 保守和克制of the old New England personality. The subjects of his poems often deal with a type of life that is characteristic of this part of the country. He loves the quiet countryside of New England.
man-man relitionship independence&dependence
try to maintain simultaneously a fruitful affection and dependence and also a self-respecting and self-reliant independence. 试着同时保持一种富有成效的感情和依赖，以及一种自尊和自力更生的独立。（拧巴）
man-nuture relitionship
beautiful scenery&threatening landscape 美丽风景同时也意味着威胁
Style
A combination of the formality of meter and speech informality
Frost continued to use the traditional metrical forms for some of his works, but he revolutionized blank verse. His poems often sound so much like everyday talk. He seemed to believe that his poems gain their special effects from a combination of speech informality and the formality of meter. In fact, Frost is a master of blank verse; most of his narrative poems are composed in it. It reflects the plainness of his characters' lives.
F.Scott Fitzgeraled leader in theatrical and literary activitist
This Side of Paradise《人间天堂》 first novel,set at his alma mater母校
The Great Gatsby
foreseeing the doom and failure of the post-war boom years or the "roaring twenties" in the midest of which he lived
plot
narrator:neighbor to Gatsby
Gatsby's parties to win Daisy back
Tom triks Wilson into killing Gatsby
symbol:
west egg---The newly rich
east egg---The old rich
valley of ashes---The poor
theme
Cold-heartedness of the rich & good quality of Gatsby
Gatsby is GREAT because he keeps up his dream despite the despises and hedonism around him keeps some traditional virtues despite his illegal selling of liquor
How to understand the rich who bring down the Am. Dream?
They deny Gatsby's entry to the fashionable class. Their vices corrupt the dream of being among them
In this chapter, Nick Carraway, the narrator learns that Gatsby became rich by breaking the law Gatsby pretends to be a well-educated war hero which he is not,yet the narrator portrays him as being far more noble than the rich,cruel and stupid people among whom he and Gatsby live.
Gatsby's character is purified by a deep, unselfish love for Daisy， a beautiful, silly flapper and an ordinary woman with petty sentiments and urban taste, who was charming and polished in her social manners but whose “voice is full of money.” Gatsby's dream, therefore, is doomed to be disillusioned. Chasing Daisy exhausts Gatsby's talent, feelings and energy, and finally ruins his life. The irony of Gatsby's tragedy lies in that Gatsby seeks wildly for the perfection that does not exist in the modern materialistic wasteland of the 1920 s America and in that till his death he believed in that money could do everything, including the impossible.
Chapter 3 describes one of Gatsby's fabulous parties in his expensive, rented estate near New York. It is the first such party that the narrator has attended. There is a passage which begins with a description of the elaborate preparations which he watches from the house next door and continues with his observations as one of the guests. He evokes a vivid atmosphere of contradiction: the party is crowded yet empty of warmth or friendship, the charm and sweetness of youth is spoiled by triviality and tawdriness, and the splendid house and garden have been purchased not for enjoyment but for the purpose of making an impression to attract somebody.
Tender Is the Night《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon《最后的大亨》
Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德(Imagist Movement)
One-image poem“In a Station of the Metro"
Paraphrasing the poem
The apparition（ghost） of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet. black bough.
(Coming to and from the lights,) the lively faces appear and disappear like ghosts, but they are as fresh as flower petals
Oppressive back ground: the dark underground station wet dark wet tree branch
Lively face + fresh flower petal
William Faulkner威廉·福克纳
The Sound and the Fury《声音与疯狂》/《喧哗与躁动》
Dry September 《干燥的九月》 人之间的紧张关系
touches upon the strange relationship between sex and violence, 触及性与暴力之间的奇怪关系 exposes the crimes of racial discrimination 揭露种族歧视的罪行 imagery: of infernal heat and dryness 地狱般的炎热和干燥的意象 There is the alleged rape of a white spinster by a black youth Tone:tension/heat/uneasiness
"A Rose for emily"《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》
Mississippi,Oxford,Deep South---Yoknapatawpha sage hyperbole aand humor,intergration of modernistic technique and traditional one 夸张和幽默，现代主义技术与传统技术的融合
Ernest Hemingway 海明威
work
Subject of war and death
Ambulance Driver
A Farewell to Arms（武器是如何体现出，故事情节，第几人称，关于什么战争）
"Arms" is a pun双关
i.e. the arms of the lover and weapons. 情人的手臂和武器
Focus:
progress of their love;
miseries that lead to the farewell to the war
How Catherine weakens (cylinder, gas, dial, numbers)
Note (stream of consciousness)
How Henry bears pains (the rain as a symbol of disasters) (code hero)
outproof
"A Farewell to Arms" can be seen as a companion to "The Sun Also Rises." Frederic Henry, the protagonist, has experienced the horrors of war and witnessed its lack of nobility, realizingit to be nothing more than a brutal slaughter.
《永别了，武器》可以视为《太阳照样升起》的脚注。主人公弗雷德里克·亨利参加过战争，目睹了战争的残酷和荒谬，感受到战如同一个真实的屠宰场。
Henry fights against overwhelming odds, embodying the quintessential Hemingway hero -a man of action, speaking only when necessary.
亨利在势不可挡的敌军面前孤军奋战。这里展现了海明威小说中的英雄形象，一个行动派，寡言少语。
He is an individual, often feeling alone even in the presence of others, somewhat of an outsider who keeps his emotions in check. "A Farewell to Arms" captures the sentiment of the Hemingway post-war generation and catapulted to international fame.
他是一个独立的个体，即使与他人在一起，也常常感到孤独，有些与众不同，控制自己的情感。《永别了，武器》捕捉到了战后一的情绪，并为海明威赢得了国际声誉。
short stories
His father's hobby of hunting and fishing (line 4)
The Sun Also Rises《太阳常升起》
Men Without Women
Big Tow-Hearted River《大双心河》
In Our Time《我们的时代》
African hunting expedition
The Snows of Kilimanjaro《乞力马扎罗山的雪》
The Green Hills of Africa《非洲的青山》
Nobel Prize for Literature
"for his powerful style-forming mastery of the art of modern narration, as most recently evinced in The Old Man and the Sea."颁奖词
Contribution to his school newspaper Style:
"Short sentences“
”avoid the use of adjective, especially such extravagant ones as splendid, gorgeous, grand, magnificent, ect.“
”short first paragraphs“
"vigorous English"
"the best rules I ever learned for the business of writing"
Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞 ---the most important naturalistic writer
Sister Carrie(1900)命运（第三人称，美国梦的破灭） 嘉莉妹妹 重点考（自然主义体现在哪里，自然主义文学的特点）
plot
It describes the story that a poor country girl who came to the city to seek whatever she can find. in order to get rid of poverty and betray her chastity ' she lived with sales men and hotel managers successively and then her life as the mistress of the manager who descends the social scale as she rises to success as an actress. 它描述了一个贫穷的乡村女孩来到城市寻找她能找到的任何东西的故事。为了摆脱贫困，背叛自己的贞操，她先后与售货员和酒店经理同居，然后作为经理的情妇生活，随着她作为演员的成功，她的情夫社会地位不断下降。
characters 一方面她美丽单纯、热情而富于青春幻想，努力实现自我；另一面她贪图物质享乐、爱慕虚荣
Carrie On the one hand she is beautiful, pure, enthusiasts and full of youthful fantasies 'and strives to realize herselfi on the other hand ' she covers material pleasures,love vanity observation and analysis ability are not yet mature ' in the moral concept of the lack and vague character defects are also revealed. 一方面她美丽单纯、热情而富于青春幻想，努力实现自我；另一面她贪图物质享乐、爱慕虚荣，观察能力与分析能力尚不成熟，在道德观念方面的匮乏与模糊的性格缺陷也展露无疑
Drones He is a dandy and salesman 'relatively opulent. 花花公子
Hurswood He is a hotel manager of quality and was a middle class man. He was attracted by her youth and then eloped with her. Because of embezzlement from the hotel bar safe he has a bad fate after that. at last he was unadaptable for the fall of fate and committed suicide finally
if Carrie is driven by wealth ' both men are driven by sex. Dreiser doesn't try to explain why the fall rate of Hurswood and the rise fate of Carrie ' because in the form of naturalism ' the working of fate can never be explained. Carrie's every success turns to be vain and every new horizon offers only a hollow promise.
An American Tragedy(1925) 美国悲剧
Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩（多背几个，小题）
works
《街头女郎玛吉》(Maggie, A Girl of the Street)
The Red Badge of Courage(1890s) 红色勇气勋章
情节理解 主线是英雄主义（紫色下划线）&残酷现实（灰褐色下划线）
后来发现的英雄主义（第二部分），即他拼命打仗，其实不为什么荣誉，完全是动物本能的遇到危险时的反击。这样一来，英雄主义也不是原来想象中玫瑰色的英雄主义,最后他血淋淋战场得出的教训是以前的英雄主义全是空话,进而否定传统理念，自然，社会全是×X废话，自然残酷，社会残酷。这是自然主义思想。
Questions to brood on
Historical background: Darwinism & Industrialization
Major features of Naturalism
Plot: Henry Fleming's illusion about the war
Chapter 1
Rumor/news: move to fight Arguing Disbelief in the news to move (Throughout) Henry: run or not?
Sum: Running away is a matter of chance, not something of cowardice
Reality of the war
What is his red badge of courage?
What did he do in the war in the first and second halves respectively
How has he changed in his idea about the war and the world (naturalistic statements)
Mark Twain(real name:Sammel langhorne clemens)
The Adventuresof Huckleberry Finn (1884). (情节，黑人的名字，fraud，人称)很可能考大题 《哈克贝利 费恩历险记》 humor, colloquialism
Theme
Racism and slavery种族主义和农奴制
By exposing the hypocrisy of slavery, Twain demonstrates how racism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are oppressed. 通过揭露奴隶制的虚伪，吐温展示了种族主义如何扭曲压迫者，也扭曲了被压迫者
The result is a world of moral confusion, in which seemingly "good" white people such as Miss Watson and Sally Phelps express no concern about the injustice of slavery or the cruelty of separating Jim from his family. 结果是一个道德混乱的世界，在这个世界里，沃森小姐和莎莉菲尔普斯等看似“好”的白人对奴隶制的不公正或将吉姆与家人分离的残酷性毫不关心。
The hypocrisy of "civilized" society文明社会的虚伪
Throughout the novel, Twain depicts the society that surrounds Huck as little more than a collection of degraded rules and precepts that defy logic. 在整部小说中，吐温将围绕哈克的社会描绘成一堆违背逻辑的堕落规则和戒律。
Intellectual and moral education智德教育
By focusing on Huck's education, this novel fits into the tradition of the bildungsroman: a novel depicting an individual's maturation and development. 通过关注哈克的教育，这部小说符合成长小说的传统:一部描绘个人成熟和发展的小说。
By the novel's end, Huck has learned to "read" the world around him, to distinguish good, bad, right, wrong, menace威胁, friend, and so on. 在小说的结尾，哈克已经学会了“阅读”他周围的世界，区分好、坏、对、错、威胁、朋友等等。
Characterization
The duke and the dauphin are two frauds. They do many evil things to cheat people to gain money, they pretend to be of noble origins, and are jealous of superior status of others; the oppress the weak and make the weak to serve themselves.
The protagonist and narrator Huck
A "bad boy" (and always a bit of an outcast) who is fond of a venturing life on his own rather than a stable life under the custody of civilized adults Not superstitious, reasonable boy (text) 一个“坏男孩”（总是有点被抛弃），他喜欢独自冒险的生活，而不是在文明成年人的监护下过稳定的生活 不迷信，通情达理的男孩（文本）
Huck is thoughtful, intelligent (though formally uneducated), and willing to come to his own conclusions about important matters, even if these conclusions contradict society's norms, He develops his own way of judging and disposing things. A typical American boy with "a sound heart (morality based on intuition and experience) and a deformed conscience" (He is the conflict between societal or received morality) 哈克深思熟虑，聪明（虽然没有受过正式教育），愿意对重要问题得出自己的结论，即使这些结论与社会规范相矛盾，他也发展了自己的判断和处理事物的方式。 一个典型的美国男孩，拥有“健全的心灵（基于直觉和经验的道德）和畸形的良心”（他是社会道德或公认道德之间的冲突）
Frequently forced to survive on his own wits (He learns how things go on his own and quickly works out his own way to deal with the frauds.) (text) 经常被迫靠自己的智能生存（他自己了解事情的进展情况，并迅速想出自己的方法来应对欺诈行为。（正文）
Miss Waston and Widow Douglass Two wealthy sisters who live together in a large house in St. Petersburg and who adopt Huck. the most prominent representative of the hypocritical religious and ethical values Twain criticizes in the novel.
Jim
Jim is a black man and a runaway slave, he is at the mercy of almost all the other characters in the novel and is often forced into ridiculous and degrading（adj. 丢脸的;有辱人格的） situations. Jim is an African American slave owned by Miss Watson. 吉姆是一个黑人和一个逃跑的奴隶，他受到小说中几乎所有其他角色的摆布，经常被迫变得荒谬和有辱人格。丢脸的;有辱人格的）情况。吉姆是华生小姐拥有的非裔美国奴隶
He is simple and trusting but is gullible（易受骗的）.
Jim is superstitious and occasionally sentimental (text), but he is also intelligent, practical, and ultimately more of an adult than anyone else in the novel. 吉姆是迷信的，偶尔多愁善感（文本），但他也很聪明，很实际，最终比小说中的任何人都更像一个成年人
Jim's frequent acts of selflessness, his longing for his family, and his friendship with both Huck and Tom demonstrate to Huck that humanity has nothing to do with race. 吉姆频繁的无私行为、对家人的思念以及他与哈克和汤姆的友谊向哈克表明，人性与种族无关。
Emily Dickinson
Themes: nature, love, friendship, death, literature 主题：自然、爱情、友谊、死亡、文学
Style: dashes, punctuation and capitalization 样式：破折号、标点符号和大写
Diction: precise,
Meter: ballad meter, though irregular
Imagery: (fresh, original)
Theory: poetic indirection
Multiple ideas of each poem
Paraphrasing stanzas
poem 四首
Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托
Uncle Tom's Cabin（主题，反奴隶制）
Anti-slavery novel
Lincoln praised her as the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.
(Christian sentiment)
characterization
Tom: faithful, obedient, and good-natured black slave Tom is the middle aged slave of his first master,who allowed him to have a cabin as the home of his family. It is a beautiful place surrounded by flowers and plants, where the young master George plays with Tom's children
Little Eva, daughter of the 2nd master calls him uncle， a innnocent girl
legree:the villain
Threemasters
1st Master: Shelby, kind, bu(sold Tom to pay the debt. Father of George
2nd Master Augustine St. Clare, father of Eva,careless, missed the emancipation of Tom
3rd Master Simon Legree, villainous, killed Tom
Edgar Allan Poe
Famous works
他的诗歌大多有古怪、奇特、病态的形象。他强调写忧郁的情绪，著名的《乌鸦》(The Raven) (1845）就是这方面的代表作。他的短篇小说分恐怖小说和侦探小说。约70余短篇小说，收在《述异集》(1840）中。(Tales ofthe Grotesque and Arabesque)[Para. 2]
恐怖小说（Gothic tales) [Para. 3]: a genre of literature that combines fiction, horror and Romanticism; stories often take place in medieval Gothic buildings）手法滑稽怪诞的，情节匪夷所思，渲染恐怖。坡的恐怖小说中的男主人公常常是精神异常，女主人公缠绵病榻、或刚撒手人寰。大力渲染歌特气氛，死亡恐惧 及 病态描写 淋漓尽致。充分运用象征主义手法，直指人物内心黑暗深处，展示充满欲望而又矛盾的灵魂。
Short poems: "To Helen", "The City in the Sea" (P92)
Long poem:"The Raven" 押韵，情绪变化（好笑-折磨）
Essay: "The Philosophy of Composition" (P92 Ln. 10)
Aesthetic assertion
In his "Philosophy of Composition", he announces,"When it most closely allies itself to Beauty: the death,then, of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world - and equally is it beyond doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover." All means must be employed to achieve the UNITY OF EFFECT.（统一效果／烘托）
Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑
The Scarlet Letter 情节，转变，人物形象
Theme -This novel explores the universal presence of guiltand delves into the complexities and ambiguities of humanchoices.
(1)主题-这部小说探讨了罪恶的普遍存在，并深入探索了人类选择的复杂性和模棱两可性。
Hawthorne's intention is not simply to tell a love story or a story of sin, but rather to focus on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects and consequences of sin on both society as a whole and the main characters in particular.
霍桑的意图不仅仅是讲述一个爱情故事或罪恶的故事，而是着重关注罪恶对整个社会以及主要角色的道德、情感和心理影响和后果，
Through this, he portrays the tension between society and individuals. According to Hawthorne, everyone has the potential to be a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore necessary for the improvement of human nature.
以此展示社会与个体之间的紧张关系。霍桑认为，每个人都有成为罪人的潜力，因此伟大的道德勇气对于改善人性是不可或缺的。
Symbolism -Hawthorne presents Hester as an aristocratic and sensitive young woman who faces her punishment with dignity and courage. Even after being released, she chooses not to flee the community.
象征主义-霍桑将海丝特描绘为一位贵族气质且敏感的年轻女2)子，她以尊严和勇气面对自己的惩罚。即使在被释放后，她不选择逃离社区。
Instead, she supports herself and her child by engaging infancy needlework, devotes her life to caring for her child and helping the sick and the poor, and regains the admiration and love of her fellow villagers.
相反，她通过精美的刺绣维持自己和孩子的生计，奉献自己的生活给孩子以及帮助病人和穷人，并重新赢得了同胞们的钦佩和爱戴。
The scarlet letter, initially a symbol of shame for adultery transforms into "Able" due to the genuine sympathy and assistance she offers to others. Towards the end, an "A'appears in the sky, representing an angel.
红字，最初是通奸的耻辱象征，因为她对他人真挚的同情和帮助而转变为“有才能”的象征。最后，在天空中出现一个“A”的标志，象征着天使。
Hester's life gains true significance when she establishes apositive and meaningful identity for herself.
当海丝特为自己建立了积极而有意义的身份时，她的生活获得了真正的意义。
Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼 平等，民主，自由
A great democratic poet
unique free style(no fixed beat/meter or rhyme)
"Free verse" has no regular meter, rhythm, or line length and unstressed syllables, shown in leave of grass 有规则的韵律，节奏，或行长和非重读音节，在《草叶集》中表现出来
developed a poetic style of originality(devoid of convetional rhyme and meter) 形成了一种独创性的诗歌风格(没有传统的押韵和韵律)
majority of his poems depend on parallelism and other reiterative devices for its structure and cadence 他的大部分诗歌依靠平行和其他重复的方式来构成结构和节奏
works
Leaves of Grass草叶集
自我之歌（demorcracy, equality人之间互相串联, freedom不听话）
我听见 美利坚在歌唱
Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
His importance as philosopher lies in that he domesticated(本土化)， in the American soil and in the common sense of his mid, the richest philosophical ideas of many lands and cultures 他作为哲学家的重要性在于，他在美国的土地上，在他的头脑的常识中，驯化了许多国家和文化中最丰富的哲学思想(本土化)
Nature大概，著名的话: published in 1836, which epitomized the main doctrines of his philosophy, his theor of symbolism correspondence and idealism as well as his unshakable belief in the progress of man and society 《自然》出版于1836年,集中体现了他的哲学主要学说、象征主义对应理论和唯心主义,以及他对人类和社会进步的坚定信念
选段
Washington Irving及其作品 1.introduced familiar essays 2.The 1st am. short-story writer(international fame) 3.humor, simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flow; graceful representation 幽默、简单、清晰、稳重、流畅;优美的表达(Style)
The Sketch Book a collection of essay
“Rip Van Winkle”要详细了解
Theme: nostalgia/conservatism
rip is a idle, easy-going and kindhearted farmar who likes to help people.he is a hen-pecked husband who escapes to the woods, frinks liquor and falls asleep for 20 years,he has difficulty in adapting to (social)changes
The Ledgend of Sleepy Hollow
20 Year Sleep(German legend)
3.humor, simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flow; graceful representation
Philip Freneau菲利普·弗雷诺
诗歌野金银花The Wild Honey Suckle（大题） 生命之花短暂而美丽，既传统（格律，浪漫主义情怀）又创新
Benjamin Franklin and his major works 富兰克林及其主要作品
Poor Richard's Almanac
《穷理查德年鉴》：由美国开国元勋本杰明·富兰克林创办的一本年鉴，包含了天文、气象、农业、医学等各种信息，同时也包含了富兰克林的智慧格言和幽默故事。
Autobiography
Franklin's 13 virtues（填空选择） 富兰克林的 13 种美德
Temperance克制
Order秩序
Frugality节俭
Sincerity真诚
Moderation温和
Tranquility宁静
Humility谦逊
Silence安静
Resolution果断
Industry勤勉
Justice正义
Cleanliness干净
Chastity贞洁
术语
意识流 stream of consciousness
Stream of consciousness: "Stream-of-Consciousness or "interior monologue", is one of the modern literary techniques.
意识流："意识流"或"内心独白"是现代文学技巧之一。
It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings, reflections,memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.
这是一种试图模仿一个角色的思想、感受、反思、记忆和心理图像的自然流动方式的写作风格。它是由爱尔兰小说家詹姆斯·乔伊斯于1922年首次使用。
象征主义
Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century.
象征主义：象征主义是使用象征的写作技巧。它是19世纪后半叶在法国兴起并极大地影响了许多英国作家，特别是20世纪的诗人。
It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.
它使诗人能够将一个非常复杂的思想或一组思想压缩成一个形象甚至一个词。它是诗人在创作中使用的最强大的手段之一。
Calvinism and its doctrines 加尔文主义及其教义 加尔文主义有五个基本要点:“全然堕落”意味着每个人都天生有罪;上帝所拣选的“选民”是命定的;那些罪人需要赎罪才能得救(根据加尔文主义，基督没有为拯救所有罪人而死);“不可抗拒的恩典”意味着上帝的选民不能抗拒上帝的召唤;圣徒持续蒙受天恩，意味着那些被选择得救的人将到达天堂。加尔文沮丧地指出，上帝预先注定了“自身没有任何优点的一部分人类，却被永恒救赎而另一部分人，只是为了惩罚他们的罪，就受到永远的诅咒”
Total depravity(original sin)
Unconditional election(chosen people) 此教义说：神在创世之前，根据自己的旨意拣选了一部分人得救。此拣选是无条件的，不是基于人的善行，也非基于对人的信心的预见。
limited atonement赎罪(save some people)
predestination 命运；预先注定(one cannot help his destiny)
God's grace (favor, kindness,neither gain or refuse)
perseverance of the saints(also referred to as eternal security,,once saved,always saved)
Deism and its key points 自然神论及其要点
1、only one God was worth worshipping. 只有一个上帝值得崇拜 2、man could keep making progress by making use of his own moral sense, intelligence and wisdom 人可以利用自己的道德感、智能和智能不断进步 3、man should love truth and do good 爱真求善 4、education and science was an important means to create man's happiness. 教育和科学是创造人类幸福的重要手段 5、the freedom of citizen's speech , action , and faith embodied man's basic rights 公民的言论、行动和信仰自由体现了人的基本权利 6、to serve God best was to do good for mankind 事奉上帝就是为人类行善
Transcendentalism超验主义
超验主义，或超越论（英文：Transcendentalism），也称作“新英格兰超验主义”或“美国文艺复兴”，是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。它兴起于1830年代的新英格兰地区，经过不断发展成为美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动。其领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生，重要成员有美国作家、哲学家亨利·戴维·梭罗等。超验主义强调人与上帝间的直接交流和人性中的神性，具有强烈的批判精神。其社会目标是创建一个道德完满的乌托邦式理想社会，其精神成为美国文化中一个重要遗产。
American Transcendentalism: They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism, or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the Universe. 美国超验主义：他们主张文化复兴，反对物质主义，把"高于一切的真理"，称为宇宙中最重要的事物。
Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. 超验主义基于这样一种信仰：只有通过超越感官世界，才能达到关于生死的最基本的真理。
'transcendentalism' was derived from latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits
Over-soul(God): spirit is everywhere and the sun in Iife
Nature: symbol of the spirit; conecting link
man(indidvidualism);self-cultural, self-reliance communed with the over-soul, thus he is divine
代表作家，艾默生
the glided age
an age of extremes: of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope, and the age Booming hope in which American business was gilded, or edged with gold. Obviously,industrialization created new themes for American writers—a kind of new life for them to depict and to explain
local conversation/regionalism
Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.
地方色彩主义者关注呈现和诠释他们地区的本地特色。他们倾向于理想化和赞美，但他们从不忘记保持对本地生活真实的记录。
Theme : showed no mercy to and tried to find fault with the flat life of the Mid-west towns, provincialism and complacence（狭隘自满）,moral hypocrisy and pragmatism of the 1920s.
The Jazz Age (Roaring Twenties)
Background:
Bored by reform movements and disillusioned by the failure of the war,people used their increasing leisure time to experiment with new amusements and to seek relief from serious problems 背景:对改革运动感到厌倦，对战争的失败感到失望，人们利用越来越多的闲暇时间尝试新的娱乐活动，寻求从严重问题中解脱出来
The Great Depression大萧条
Definition: During the 1920s Americans entered a decode of prosperity and exhibitionism. The legal ban against alcoholic beverages,did more to encourage than to curb.Fashions were extravagant; more and more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished i and nearly every American home had a radio in it. 定义:在20世纪20年代，美国人进入了繁荣和暴露主义的解码期。对酒精饮料的法律禁令起到了鼓励而不是遏制的作用。时尚是奢侈的;道路上汽车越来越多，广告铺天盖地，几乎每个美国家庭都有一台收音机。
The Lost Generation（迷失的一代） 一战--经历--见证残酷--虚假宣传--社会疯狂，道德沦丧，空虚--填补位置，空虚，享乐--海明威，菲茨杰拉德，中西部，福克纳，戏剧，诗歌
Period: appeared around the turn of the century and came to maturity during the First World War
Those young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but were aware all the while that the world was crazy and meaningless and futile. Their whole life was undercut and defeated. 那些年轻的英美侨民，无论男女，都卷入了战争，与旧的价值观隔绝了，却无法适应文明疯狂的新时代。他们毫无意义地、不安地徘徊，享受钓鱼、游泳、斗牛和大自然的美景，但同时意识到这个世界是疯狂的、毫无意义的、徒劳的。他们的整个生活都被削弱和击败了。
Iceberg style(understatement/ ommission/minimalism)
characterized by short and terse sentences,
simple diction often filled with emotion,
vivid colloquialisms口语 and particularly the simplicity of his laconic statements
to a certain extent, wiped out the demarcation line between journalism and literature.
simple but full loaded短而简洁
”code hero“准则英雄 a man of adventures
The Hemingway man was aman's man. He was a man involved in a great deal of drinking. He was a man who moved from one love affair to another, who participated in wild game hunting, who enjoyed bullfights, who was involved in all of the so-called manly activities which the typical American male did not participate in.
“tough,” courageous, and honest, but broken physically by the brutality of war and disillusioned by the insensitivity and hollowness of the civilized society.
suffer alone silently and bravely to keep dignity
"Grace under pressure"重压之下的优雅
suffer bravely直面忍受危险
lives with this intensity 活出精彩
exemple----Herry
Brief View of Naturalism论述题 social,economic,psychological causes environment-social, condition-economic, heredity-instinctive(pessimism 3 points) Influenced by Science
Background历史背景
Darwin social Darwinism→ survival of the fittest 社会达尔文主义The Origin of Species
Human beings have aspects like animals 人从动物进化有动物本性
Industrialization (man's dependence on machines)工业化
Theme (Content)主题 Deterministic/harsh/pessimistic: ENVIRONMENT, CONDITION, HEREDIT Frank discussion of sex Low social class Amoral (no sense of right and wrong)
Style风格特点
Harsh reality,pessimism
残酷的现实，悲观主义
DETAILED description (like experiment)
frank sex description
OBJECTIVITY (No comments);
amoral
low class
representatives
western expansion美国西进
In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed, linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. The coming of the railroads changed how Americans worked, where they lived, how they ate, and how they dressed. Since transportation was made better and easier, the nation's people became more and more mobile. In the last surge of westward expansion, Americans, lured by the promise of free and, settled the Great Plains and the mountain states. Vast western areas were no longer unexplored or unknown by 1890.