unit 7 teaching grammar

833，王蔷，主要探讨了“语法教学”的多个方面，涵盖了语法教学的重要性、在不同语言技能（听力、阅读、写作）中的应用、以及在不同学习群体（特别是成人和儿童）中的效果。语法教学对成人的重要性可能超过儿童，并在写作方面的应用相对更为重要。

unit 7 teaching grammar

• the role of grammar in language learning
  • it is generally believed that
    • grammar teaching is less important for children than for adults
    • grammar teaching is less important in listening and reading than in writing
    • grammar teaching can be seen in most formal classroom languaage taching
    • generally speaking, chinese efl learners need a certain degree of mastery of english grammar. however, it should be noted that leaarning grammar itsel is not the ultimate goal of learning english
• grammar presentation
  • three ways of presenting grammar in the classroom
    • the deductive method
      • reasoning from general principles to a particular case. thedeductive method relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing优缺点
    • the inductive method
      • method of logical reasoning which obtains or discovers general laws forom particualr facts or explains适用任何情况
    • the guided discovery method
  • similar to the inductive method in that ss are infducedd are induced to discover rules by themselves
  • but differnt in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teachers and the rules are the elicited and taught explicitly
  • conclusion
    • each has merits and drawbacks. the best way is to vary methods in different situations
    • Ur suggests that
      • a good presentation of grammar should include both oral and written and both form and meaning.
      • plenty of contextualized emample are necessary;
      • visual materials are helpful;
      • use of complex terminology should be avoided for young learners
      • inductive and discovery method should be used for those structures that can be easily perceived by the learners
      • for complex structures it is better to teach the rule expliciltly and deductively
  • 补充
    • implicit knowledge
      • refers to knowledge that unconsciously exists in our mind, which we can make use of automatically without making any effort. eg. of L1
    • explicit knowledge
      • refers to our conscious knowledge about the language. We can talk about it, analyses it and apply it in conscious ways.
• grammar practice
  • mechanical practice
    • focus on forms
    • Ss pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure
    • substitution and transformation drills are most frequently used
  • meaningful/communicative practice
    • focus on form
    • focus on meaning(clt)+ overt study of form
    • Ss practices the target structure while negotiationg meaning
  • using prompts for practice
    • the prompts can be picture, mimes (use of facial expressions and gestures), tables,charts or key words
    • practices based on prompts is usually considered as meaningful practice
  • eg,
    • using picture prompts
    • using mines or gestures as prompts
    • using information sheet as prompts
    • using key phrases or key words as prompts
    • using chained phrases for story telling
    • using created situation (to practice TL in a communicative way)
  • mechanical practice and meaningful practice of grammar have both advantages and disadvantages. Two types of practice can be combined. Using prompts (pictures, mines, tables, charts ,key words, created- situations) has provide to be an effective way of grammar practice
• Q1:what kind of practice is most effective?
  • ur predicts six factors that contribute to successful practice.
    • pre-learning
      • new language noticed
    • volume and repetition
    • success-orientation
    • heterogeneity of sentences and contexts 异质性
    • teacher assistance
    • interest
• methods for grammar presentation
• method for grammar practice
• implicit and explicit knowledge