1. Destroyed the castles of the barons
2. Sent away missionary soldiers
3. Took away their lands and titles if they disobeyed his order.
4. Reformed the legal system, the administration and the church court
1.Legal:
System of trial by jury (陪审团审判)
Common law: 习惯法
2.Administration (行政):
Inquest of Sheriffs (治安官)
“Assize of Arms ”武器法
3.Church:
reduce the jurisdiction(司法权) of the church courts(failured)
consolidation of Monarchy
Henry
1.Died of illness at 28
2.Leading troops in rebellion
👑Richard I(the lion-hearted)（1189–1199）
Richard was a warrior and was constantly away on crusades(十字军东征).During the ten years of his reign, he was in England for only 6 months.
1. He could speak bearly a word in English.
2. He visited English only during coronation(加冕礼).
3. Released his mother from captivity, making
her the regent(摄政王) of England.
4. He regarded England as source of money
to fund his wars to assert Plantegenet power
in France and won glory in Crusade.
5. Richard and Fench king agreed to divide
spoils of war equally.
Geoffrey
1.Duke of Brittany
2.Died mysteriously in Paris at 28
👑John(Lackland)（1199–1216）
1.Great Charter(大宪章)
2.The worst king
3.Accumulated wealth
4.Rebelled the pope(failured)
5.Inherited large territory both in France and England, but
lost almost all of the territory in France
The significance of "Great Charter ":
The rules represented a step forward in the development of English history. The rules became part of the common law. The Magna Carta is part of the British Constitution today and provides the basic principles for the protection of individual rights in both England and the United States.
The nature of Great Charter:
The Great Charter was essentially a feudal document.
It was made in the interests of the feudal lords, great and small.
It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government.
👑Henry III(pious lamb)（1216-1272）
1.Rebuilt Westminster Abbey (威斯敏斯特教堂、西敏寺)
2.Appointed relatives on the side of king′s wife (外戚)
3.Provisions of Oxford (牛津条例)
4.Great council (国王咨询会)
5.Parliament (议会)
6.Simon de Montfort (议会之父)
7.All Estates Parliament (各阶层议会)
3.Provisions of Oxford (牛津条例):
This document set up a 15 men Privy Council
(枢密院）
① membership approved by the barons
② members were to advise the King
③ indirectly conduct power over the whole government.
Significance:
① The Provisions of Oxford were constitutional reforms to resolve a dispute between the English barons and King Henry IlI.
② The Provisions of Oxford transformed the way England was governed. It limited the power of the king.
4.Great Council and Parliament :
In the Kingdom of England, Great Council , is An assembly when church leaders and wealthy landowners were invited to discuss the affairs of the country with the king .
It was established in the reign of the Normans
English parliament originated in the Great Council.
Summoning the parliament was to get consent for taxation.
6.All Estates Parliament (各阶层议会):
In 1265 be sides usual lords and churchmen , it included knights 骑士 from each county 郡县 and representatives (2 citizens ) from each borough 镇子.
It was the first time that representative of both the counties and towns were called to attend parliament. It was also considered the “ beginni ng of parliament ”
👑Edward I(Longshanks)（1272–1307）
1.Conquest of Wales
2.Prince of Wales
3.Battle with Scotland
4.Model Parliament (模范议会)
2.Prince of Wales:
The title reserved exclusively for the heir apparent to the British throne
4.Model Parliament(模范议会):
The Conquest of Wales and a long war with Scotland left Edward in constant need of money. In 1295, Edward summoned the All Estates Parliament which included more than 400 members. This came to be looked upon as a model for all succeeding ones, and it has been known in history as the Model Parliament.
The representatives both from shires (英国的郡) and towns were newcomers, Humble in position, and had the same interests. Therefore they became known as the "commons" in Parliament.
They were the representatives of the middle class, or those next below the nobility and higher clergy.
👑Edward II(lascivious goat)（1307–1327）
1.Personality:prefers gardening to fighting, men to women.
2.Marriage:Isabela, daughter of French King Westminster Abby: coronation(加冕)
3.Court Favorites(宠臣):Piers , Hugh
4.Relationship with Barons(贵族):Provoked Barons hatred, Barons killed Piers, Hugh
5.Crisis in Gascony
6.Abdication(退位):He was the first abdication of a king of England.
In 1324, French king(Isabela's brother) invaded Gascony. Isabella and their son(Edward III) were sent to Paris for peace negotiation. Gascony were returned to Edward ll while Edward Il did homage (效忠) to the French King.
👑Edward III（1327–1377）
1.Unified the barons around him.
2.Invaded Normandy claiming the throne of France. By 1360, the English army had regained large Plantagenet lands in France.
3.Reforms of language in parliament and law court.
4.Hundred Years' War（1337–1453）
5.Black Death
Black Prince
👑Richard II（1377–1399）
1.Banished his rival barons and confiscated all the land owned by the Duke of Lancaster.
2.Wat Tyler's Rebellion
Wat Tyler's Rebellion (瓦特泰勒起义) :
It also called The Peasants' Revolt(农民起义) or the Wat Tyler's Uprising, was a major uprising, led by Wat Tyler, across large parts of England in 1381.
Causes :
① The socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s.
② The high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London.
③ The final trigger for the revolt was the poll taxes（人头税） and ended in a violent confrontation , which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country.
Purposes :
① Reduction in taxation
② An end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom (农奴身份)
