导图社区 初中英语词法及考试知识要点
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初中英语词法及考试知识要点
这是一篇关于初中英语的思维导图，主要内容包括：句法，完型填空，时态、语态、非谓语动词，阅读理解，书面表达，词法。
编辑于2025-02-28 17:45:55- 初中英语
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初中英语
词法
动词
按功能分
谓语动词
人称和数的前后一致
时态，语态，语气
非谓语动词
按形式分，任何一个动词都有六种新式，情态动词除外
按性质分
实义动词
及物动词
不及物动词
系动词
be动词
am,is,are,was,were
表感觉
look,smell,taste,sound.feel
表保持
keep,renain,stay,stand,continue,lie,sit,prove
表变化
beconme,turn,get,go,grow,fall,come,run
表似乎
appear、seen
助动词
be
do
现在式
肯定：do,does
否定：don't,doesn't
过去式
肯定：did
否定：didn't
have
现在式
肯定：have,has
否定：haven't,hasn't
过去式
肯定：had
否定：hadn't
现在式
肯定：have,has
否定：haven't,hasn't
过去式
肯定：had
否定：hadn't
will和shall
现在式
肯定：will,shall
否定：won't,shan't
过去式
肯定：should和would
否定：shoudn't和wouldn't
情态动词
本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语
没有人称和数的李化 have to 例外
I can help you.
He can help you.
They can help you.
情态动词后接动词原形
关于过去式
must 没有过去式
can-could,may-might,shall-should. will-would,need-needed,have to-had to, be able to-was(were)able to
抓住情态动词的基本特点
表某种语气：推断、判断、委婉、客气
表某种情态：能力、充许、必须、应该、意愿、命令
can/could
表能力、表许可、表可能性、could表语气委婉
may/might
用来询问
表可能性不大的推测，might 语气更不能肯定
must/have to
must的两个定义
You must go to bed now. 你现在必须去睡觉了。
He must be our English teacher. 他一定是我们的英语老师
have to表客观上必须的
should-ought to
Everyone in our class should study hard. 我们班每个人都应该努力学习。
连词
when和while
I was about to go out when I heard the beel.(与此同时)
My mom is a teacher while my dad is a doceor.(两者共列)
however
无论多么 However hard he studies,he won't pass the exam.
但是 He is ill today. However, he still goes to school.
for和because
必然的唯一的原因
He didn't go to school yesterday because he was ill.
补充说明理由
You should get up,for some birds are singing outsides.
neither...nor和not only...butalso
1.Neither he nor I am leaving for Beijing.
2.Not only he but also I am leaving for Beijing
as well as符合靠前原则
The mom as well as her two sons is leaving for Beijing.
形容词、副词比较级和最高级
构成
一般结尾
+er,+est
small-smaller-smallert
字母e结尾
+r,+st
wide-wider-widest
辅音字母加+y结尾
把y变i=er/est
easy-easier-easiest
一个元音字母+一个辅音字母
双写该字母，+er,+est
big-bigger-biggest
多音节
more+,most+
beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
不规则变化
good/well-better-best
bad/badly/ill-worse-worst
many/much-more-most
little-less-least
句型
同级比较
My room is as big as yours.
My room isn't as(so)big as yours
比较级
He works harder than my brother.
He is much taller than my brother.
The more you read the book,the more interesting you will find it.
最高级
He is the tallest in my class.
He is the tallest of the three.
He is the tallest I have ever seen.
He is the tallest among the students.
Our city is one of the biggest cities in the world.
数词
年月日时刻及年代表达法
基本是顺序是月、日、年
具体时刻用at
具体某一天用on
大于一天用in
仅举几例
at twenty to four
on september (the) first,2012
in August,2024
in the 1980's
分数
构成：基数词、数词
分子大于1时，分母复数
a half(二分子一)，a quarter(四分之一)
five and four sixths(五又六分之四)
分数本身没有单复数，根据它所代替的名词而决定
百分数
构成:基数词+percent(percent）意思是百分之不能变复数。
百分数本身没有单复数，根据它所代替的名词而决定
介词
at, on,in表时间
He gets up at 6:30 every morning
He was born on July 4.
can you go to Beijing in september?
1.He is good at (擅长) English
2.Sports Will be good for your health,(对..有好处）
because和because of
I don't go out because it is raining
I don't go out because of the rain.
like
Who are you like?你像谁?
What do you like?你喜欢什么?
分类
简单介词
between,like,after
复合介词
inside,into,throughout,outside
分词介词
including,considering,concerning,follwing
短语介词
in the middle of, in front of.
介词短语做句中成分
状语
定语
表语
宾语补足语
主语补足语
名词
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
单复数
一般加 -s
book-books
village-villages
以s,sh,ch,x结尾加-es
class-classes
quiz-quizes
box-boxes
dish-dishes
以ce,se,e,dge结尾加 -s
以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i加-es
city-cities
country-countries
原因字母+y结尾，直接在词尾+s
day-days
f,fe结尾把f或fe,变为ves
leaf-leaves
life-lives
单数复数相同
fish,sheep,deer
集体名词
people, family
不可数名词
物质名词
glass, ice ,water
抽象名词
beauty, peace, happiness
专有名词
独一无二的人或物（人名、地名、国家名、景观名）China, the Great Wall
所有格
有生命的
规则变化
单数 加-'s
my teacher's car
the children's toys
复数词尾没有s也要加-'s
词尾已有s,只加-'
不规则变化
man-men
woman-women
child-children
foot-feet
tooth-teeth
person-peoole
mouse-mice
无生命的
名词 + of + 所有者
the windows of the calssroom
the first part of the book
双重所有格
I have a picture of my uncle's.
a friend of my father's
some books of the professor's
构词法 名词后缀
表示人或用具-er,-or
writer作家，cooker炉具
competitor竞争者，visitor游客
表示行为-ance,-ence
appearance出现，guidancc指导
cxistence存在，preference偏爱
表示状态或行为 -Ce
absence缺席，independencc独立
表示行为-tion,-sion -ment
introduction引进，description描写,relaxation放松
permission允许，expression表达,conclusion结论
development发展，argument争论
表示状态或性质-ness
darkmess黑暗，happiness幸福
表示动作、地方或场所-age
shortage短缺，marriage婚姻，package包裹
表示动作、性质、过程、状态-th
warmth温暖，youth青春
表示过程-ure
failure失败，pleasure快乐
表示状态 -dom
freedom自由，wisdom智慧
表示性质、时期或区域 -hood
childhcod孩童时代，neighborhood邻里
表示状态 -ship
fiendship友谊，hardship艰难
专家，从事……的人 -ist
artist艺术家,tourist游客
表示过程或状态-al
arrival到达，refusal拒绝
表示受动者-ee
employec受雇者，trainee受训者
表示性质或状态-ity,-ty
ability才能，responsibility责任
冠词
不定冠词a,an
表泛指
My father is teacher
首次提及
a worker is talking your mom
表·每”概念
people have three meals a today
在元音音素前，用an,在辅音音素前用a
a child,an hour
零冠词
泛指
Do you like music?
专有名词
China,Tom
运动项目,学科名称三餐饭前
play basketball
He is good at English
Where do you have lunch
职务,头衔或称呼
Mr. Smith.what areyoudoing?
固定搭配
He is Joe,Chairman of our company
定冠词the
表特指
The film is very interesting.
世界上独一无二的事物
the sun;the moon
在序数词和最高级前
the first teacher to come here
the best book in the room
在形容词前,表一类人或物
the poor ;the young
固定搭配
play the violin
in the morning
代词
人称代词
主格 I you he she it we you they
宾格： me you him her it us you them
意义:代替人或者物
用法：作主语、宾语、表语
物主代词
形容词性 my your his her its our your their
名词性 mine yours her its our your theirs
意义：表示所属关系
用法：主语、表格、宾语、定语
反身代词
单数
this,that
单数 ：myself yourself himself herself herself itself
复数
these,those
复数：ourselves yourselves themselves
意义：谓语动作返回到发出者本身
用法：宾语、表语、同位语
相互代词
Each other, one another, other's, one another's
意义：表相互关系
用法：宾语、定语
指示代词
this that these those
意义：表指示，指代作用
疑问代词
人
who,whom,whose，
物
what
二者均可
which
意义：表疑问
用法：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语
连接代词
who whom which what that whose whoever whomever whatever whichever 等
意义：引导名词性从句
用法：主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语
关系代词
who whom whose which that as
意义：引导定语从句
用法：主语、宾语、定语
书面表达
答题指导
在写作之前，必须解决三个问题
审体裁
审人称
审时态
在写句子之前，心须解决三个问题
句型
语序
时态
考点梳理
应用文，包括通知，便条，日记等
看图写文
着表写文
写作注意事项
一定要使句子符合六大句型和八大时态
句子成分须全，须符合六大句型
定语和状语后置，先地点状语，后时间3状语，定语和状语前要有合适的介词
多用固定的、地道的英语句型
注意词性和成分的结合，即不同的词性作不同的成分，不同的成分由不同的单词形式充当
干万不要犯超低级错误，比如:He like study English.
前后照应，人称、数、时态保持前后一--致
尽量不写复合句，控制单词数量
写完一个句子，一定要用句号，不要一。到底开头首字母一定要大写
牢记黄金句法三原则
一句话有且只有一个谓语
两个句子之间须有连词
动词不作谓语便作非谓语
前三句话和后三句话千万不要出错
书法三原则
左斜
圆滑
饱满
在写作时，尽量不要连笔:cl,lc,rn,au等
时态、语态、非谓语动词
动词不定式的句法功能
主语
It took us three hours to complete the esperiment
表语
Our difficulty is where to get enough food.
补足语
They didn't allow us to park the car here.
宾语
They refused to accept my suggestion
状语
The girl jumped with joy to hear the news.
定语
His attempt to solve the difficult problem failed again.
动名词的句法功能
主语
Swimming has its own laws.
表语
My favorite summer sport is swimming.
宾语
Howabout going to the movie theater
定语
These passages may be used as listening materials
分词的句法功能
表语
1.The news is interesting
2.You will be interested in the news
定语
1.he often helps his working work with home
2.this is the lab set up by the students them selves
补足语
1.l heard him singing in the next room
2.They found theroom stolen.
状语
1.Not knowing her address.l can't visit her
2.Given better attention,the trees could grow better
完型填空
答题技巧
首先通读全文，矢口道首再读一遍文章，把简单的选项添上上
再读一遍文章，把简单的选项添上上
依照上下文，通过前后联系，再把别的选项添上
如果还有剩下的选项，再仔细阅读，找出线索
做题注意事项
千万不要拘泥于一题和一句，要有整体意识
注意上下文暗示和文章的脉络
联系上下文，从文中找答案
阅读理解
应考策略
牢记一个中心，两个基本点
一个中心点是，读懂文章，只要读懂文章，做题就不在话下
两个基本点
扩大词汇量
学会分析短文结构
重点放在对文章的整体理解，抓住文章的整体脉络
对西方文化尽可能多的了解
答题策略
通读全文，掌握大意，可以不求甚解
阅读题干和四个选项，清楚本文的重点
目光在文章和试题间跳来跳去
注意同义词或者反义词，因为文章和题干所用的单词常常是同义词或反义词
出题情况
理解整篇文章或某段落大意，一般占1~2题
细节理解和判断题占绝大部分
依照上下文判断生词含义，一般占1题
理解作者的话外之意，即推断出深层次含义，-般点1题
判断作者的观点态度等，-般占1题
句法
简单句的六大句型
主语+谓语
The old man is coming
主语+谓语+宾语
We should study science.
主语+系动词+表语
Our city is very beautiful
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
The professor gave meabook
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
Ifound thc cagccmpty
there be句型
There is a pen, a box and two bags on the bed.
简单旬的四个类型
陈述句
肯定句
They like skating
否定句
He didn't go shopping yesterday.
We aren't students.
疑问句
一般疑问句
Are you interested in the music?
特殊疑问句
How many books are there in the room?
选择疑问句
does yoor eisry gvork in a factory or in a compony
反意疑问句
He is six years old,isn't he?
祈使句
肯定祈使句
子主题 1
否定祈使句
子主题 1
You can't swim,can you?
感叹句
what+n.
What a clever boy my son is!
What hardworking students I am teaching!
What cold water this is!
What a size it is!
how+adj./adv
How hot and wet it is today!
How bravely thcy fought the cnemy!
How finc a day it is!
How time flies!
并列句的四种关系
并列递进
Use your head,and you will work it out.
转折
He is well over 60, but he doesn't look at all old
因果
Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind.
选择
The light is red, so I had to stop my car.
三大从句
宾语从句
例句
He doesn't tell me when he will be back,
I don't know where lleft my key.
Can you tell me what you want?
易考知识点
I don't think your mom will give you money.
你认为你的妈妈不会给你钱。
I'm afraid that I can't give you the book.(be adj.从句)
He tells me he will go there.
he told me he would go there.
He tells me he will go there.（他现在告诉我他将要去那里，比如他可能现在就在和我聊天，说他打算下周去）
He told me he would go there.（他之前告诉过我他要去那里，比如他上个月和我说他打算去，但是现在可能情况有变）
定语从句
状语从句