英国文学

英国文学源远流长，经历了多个重要时期，每个时期都有其独特的风格和代表作品，以下是对英国文学简史的梳理，希望对大家有用！

英国文学

• History
  • The making of England
    • The Roman Conquest
      • Latin&Christianity
    • The English Conquest
      • Angle-Saxons
    • The Norman Conquest
      • 1066-William the Conquest
      • French&Feudalism
  • Literature
    • Romance
      • Chivalry(骑士精神)
      • Le Morte D'Arthur 《亚瑟王之死》
        • Sir Thomas Malory从法语翻译出来
        • 1485年英第一台印刷机印刷的作品
        • King Arthur
          • 玫瑰战争
            • Lancaster(red) vs York(white)
      • 1611 King James Bible
        • 第一本英语官方圣经
    • Chaucer
      • the founder of English poetry
      • buried in Westminster Abbey(西敏寺/诗人角)
      • The Canterbury Tales(English)
        • 29个人讲故事
        • The wife of Bath(巴斯妇人的故事)
      • Language
        • Middle English
          • vivid and exact
      • Theme
        • humanism
          • pursue happiness
          • oppose the dogma of the church
      • introduced iambic pentameter(the heroic couplet) from France to English
      • First great poet wrote in English language
        • make 伦敦方言→the standard for the modern English speech
    • The Renaissance and Humanism
      • humanity vs divinity (人性 vs 神性)
      • Thomas More
        • Utopia《乌托邦》
          • First book
            • 英国社会现状
              • the root of poverty is the private ownership of social wealth(社会财富私有化)
          • Second book
            • 理想化的共产主义社会 Utopia(Greek word)
            • ideal commonwealth
          • written in Latin
          • exposure of the evil reality of the English society
      • Drama
        • The miracle place(奇迹剧)
          • Based on Bible stories
        • The Morality play(道德剧)
          • 善恶冲突/人物名字带有性格特点→片面化
        • The melodrama(情节剧，通俗剧)
          • 惩恶扬善
        • Marlowe(马洛)
          • university wits 大学才子之一
          • Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》
          • First made blank verse（无韵诗）
            • rhymeless iambic pentameter
          • Paved the way for Shakespeare
        • Shakespeare
          • periods
            • The first Period (1590-1594)(历史剧为主)
              • the historical play
                • Henry VI《亨利四世》
                  • Parts 1, 2 and 3
                • Richard III
              • the romantic tragedy
                • Romeo and Juliet
            • The Second Period (1595-1600) Mature and highly successful 甜蜜快乐
              • great comedies
                • A Midsummer Night's Dream
                • The Merchant of Venice
                • As you like it
                • Twelfth Night
              • Sonnets
            • The Third Period (1601-1607) Dark Comedies
              • great tragedies
                • Hamlet
                • Othello
                • King Lear
                • Macbeth
            • The Fourth Period (1608-1612) Romantic drama
              • tragicomedies/ reconciliation plays
                • Pericles
                • Cymbeline
                • The Winter's Tale
                • Tempest
              • historical play
                • Henry VIII
          • One of the founders of realism
            • Living in the transition period (feudalism to capitalism)
          • 37plays 154sonnets(1609)
      • Cervante's Don Quixote
        • European novel（西方文学史上第一部现代小说）
  • The English Revolution and Restoration(王朝复辟) 复辟时期 “The Merry Monarch”→道德败坏的中心
    • Classical literature
      • symbols and metaphors
      • the combination of narrative
      • “三一律”黄金法则（古典主义时期至高无上）
        • respect formal unities of time/place and action
    • John
      • Milton(米尔顿)
        • a classicist
          • advocate "immorality"
          • 反君权神授
            • Defense of the English People《为英国人民声辩》
          • political opportunist
        • Paradise Lost 《失乐园》1667
          • long epic in 12books (史诗悲剧)
            • the Old Testament 《旧约》
            • blank verse (first used it in non-drama work)
          • freedom, free will, individual choice （Both loss and gain）
            • 反抗上帝权威
          • Satan is the real hero of the poem
        • Areopagitica 《论出版自由》
      • Bunyan(邦彦)
        • The Pilgrim's Progress 《天路历程》
          • religious allegory(宗教寓言)
          • 类似中世纪道德剧（人名➕形象片面，单调化）
        • Language:standard
        • unrealistic
      • Donne（邓恩）
        • the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry(玄学派)
        • conceit(奇特的意象)
          • 《跳蚤》
      • Dryden(德莱顿)
        • 英国古典主义的先驱
        • heroic tragedy (英雄悲剧)
        • established heroic couplet as one of the principle English verse forms(把英雄双行体确立为英语诗歌的主要形式之一)
  • The Enlightenment and Classicism(过度依赖principles/rules)
    • Alexander Pope(波普)
      • the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century
      • Essay on Criticism《论批评》
        • "To err is human, to forgive, divine"
      • 古典主义最有名的人物
      • heroic couplet
    • Jonathan Swift
      • great satirist
      • Gulliver's Travels
      • style
        • simple, clear, vigorous
        • "Proper words in proper place"
    • Rise of the English Novel(18th 小说崛起)
      • Defoe
        • Robinson Crusoe
          • one of the forerunners of the English realistic novels
          • first person
            • 自传体回忆录
              • 宣称个体经验至高无上
          • the representative of the English bourgeoise at the earlier stages of its development
          • practical and exact/ religious
    • Samuel Richardson（理查德森）
      • first person&second person
      • 第一个写书信体小说
        • 心理小说大师 鼻祖
      • Pamela 《帕梅拉》(Virtue Rewarded)
        • letters from a beautiful young girl to her parents
        • New
          • life and love of ordinary people
          • moral instruction
            • 道德教化
          • secret thoughts and feelings
            • the first English psycho-analytical novel
      • enlarge the knowledge of human nature
        • 否定作者干预人物心理/无价值评判的空间
    • Henry Fielding(菲尔丁)
      • third person
      • 英国现实主义小说之父
        • set up the theory of realism in literary creation
        • Nature herself
          • conversation
            • insisted on the importance of mixing with people(personal experience)
        • Nature
          • the close study of men and women in real life
          • reproduce human nature faithfully and accurately
        • Byron called him "the prose Homer of Human Nature"
      • Tome Jones《汤姆琼斯》
        • a Foundling(弃婴)
          • 王尔德《不可儿戏》剧情高度相似
        • life of the 18th England/human psychology/criticism of social evils/fool-blooded characters/artistic language
        • 丰富的年鉴式表达
        • 个人的旅程/成长
          • characters and manners
        • humourous and ironic
        • ominiscient narration （全知视角）
    • 18th century Drama
      • 无小说辉煌
      • Sheridan(谢里丹)
        • Irish
        • The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
          • great comedy of manners(风俗喜剧)
          • portrayal and staire of English high society
            • 上流社会的虚荣
              • vanity/greed and hypocrisy
          • two brothers
          • the best English comedy since Shakespeare
    • Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry(感伤主义和前浪漫主义诗人)
      • William Blake(布莱克)
        • He never went to school
        • 浪漫主义诗歌的先驱
          • identify classicism with formalism
            • 古典派过分注重技巧而非真正的艺术
          • natural sentiment and individual originality are essential to literary creation (原汁原味，真情实感)
            • Romantic spirit
        • Songs of Innocence 《天真之歌》
          • for children/simple language
          • Little Lamb
          • everything in harmony
          • To see the world in a Grain of Sand (一花一世界……)
        • Songs of Experience
          • racial discrimination and suffering
            • The Little Black Boy/ The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的小男孩》
          • suffering of the miserable
            • the power of evil
          • hate of the church and the clergy
          • "a heaven of our misery"
            • oxymoron
      • Robert Burns
        • Scottish
          • national poet of Scotland
        • A Red, Red Rose
        • Bruce at Bannockburn
          • a typical song of patriotism
        • Auld Lang Syne 《友谊地久天长》
        • happy simplicity/humor/directness/optimistism
          • characteristics of old Scottish songs
• Both before and after the second war（作品跨度涉及二战前后）
  • E.M. Forster（福斯特）
    • 现代主义文学的先驱
      • symbolism/碎片化
    • multicultural background
    • Howards End《霍华德庄园》
    • A Passage to India《印度之行》 最有名
    • Aspects of the Novel《小说面面观》
  • Doris Lessing
    • The Golden Notebook
    • Children of Violence
• 20th Century
  • critical realism→modernism→postmodernism
    • 帝国崩溃
    • 冷战
  • Herny James
    • forefounder of the "stream of consciousness" “意识流”先驱
    • 美国文学巨匠（美转英）
  • Katherine Mansfield
    • The Garden Party
  • Thomas Hardy哈代
    • naturalism/symbolism/pessimistic philosophy
      • 受达尔文主义影响
      • human beings are only the puppet on the hand of the universe
    • architecture
      • architecture style
    • Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》
      • 永恒之王（命运）
    • Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
      • 乡村青年裘德一生的悲剧
    • Novels of characters and environment(人物、环境最有名)
  • The Irish Dramatic Movement(爱尔兰戏剧运动)
    • The Abby Theater
    • Bernard Shaw（萧伯纳） 创作使命感
      • 创作为道德教化的武器 削弱艺术性
      • the vitality of the dialogues
      • satire&exaggeration
      • Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
      • Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》
      • The Quintessence of Ibsenism 《易卜生主义的精华》
  • Modernism in Poetry
    • Yeats
      • Irish
      • symbolism, mysticism(神秘主义)
      • When you are old
    • T.S. Eliot（艾略特）
      • poet/dramatist/critic
      • Murder in the Cathedral《大教堂中的谋杀》 most famous play
      • The Waste Land《荒野》 long poem
        • dramatic dialogue
      • fresh visual imagery/highly expressive rhythm/allusions and quotations
  • The Psychological Fiction
    • D.H Lawrence
      • explore human relationship
      • Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》
        • autobiograhy
        • Oedipus complex"恋母情结"
      • The Rainbow
      • Women in Love
    • The "Stream of Consciousness"
      • interior monolouge
        • inside world
        • memories&fantasies 过去对现在的影响
    • James Joyce
      • Irish
      • Dubliners 《都柏林人》
      • A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《青年艺术家的肖像》
      • Ulysses《尤利西斯》
        • myth/allusions
      • realism/symbolism/意识流
        • 重视inner reality
      • 学识渊博
    • Virginia Woolf
      • 意识流/psychological death/experimental structure/rich imagery and symbolism
      • Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》 一天
      • To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》
      • Modern Fiction《现代小说》 文论
        • 英国小说意识流派宣言
    • 意识流
• Prose Writers and poets of the mid and late 19th century
  • Victorian Age (维多利亚时代)
    • 简介
      • England 全盛
      • 达尔文进化论颠覆性
        • great controversy between science and religion
    • Arnold（阿诺德）
      • poet critic
        • 维多利亚时代最伟大的批评家
      • main principles
        • disinterestedness
          • 坚决遵循本性规律，反附加思想
        • 文学批评不为“批评”→找到最好的思想并传播
    • The Brwonings
      • Browning
        • The Ring and the Book 《环与王》 poetical drama
        • My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》
        • achievement
          • introduce new from to English poetry
            • the dramatic monolouge （戏剧独白） "make a clean beast of himself" 人类心理活动的过程
            • a multi-viewpoint
      • Elizabeth Barrett(Mrs. Browning)
        • The Cry of the Children
        • Sonnets from the Portuguese 《爱情十四行诗》
    • The Rossettis(兄妹)
      • Christina Georgina Rossetti
        • love poems
          • sweet sadness
    • 维多利亚时代最伟大的两大女诗人
  • Literary trends at the end of the century
    • Naturalism
      • 1850s后
        • "true to life "
          • reproduce real life including all its details
    • 区分自然主义和现实主义
    • Aestheticism
      • "art for art's sake" from French poet Gautier→由Walter Pater 引进英国
      • Oscar Wilde
        • Irish poet/dramatist/novelist/eassyist
        • The Importance of Being Earnest《不可儿戏》
          • 对维多利亚时代虚假道德的反讽
        • The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林格雷的画像》
        • The Ballad of Reading Caol《瑞丁监狱之歌》
• English Critical Realism 资产阶级社会的史诗epic
  • General Introduction
    • 宪章运动/无产阶级崛起
    • 1840s~1850s兴盛
    • 讽刺资产阶级，同情劳苦大众
      • reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature（金钱统治）
      • 并未找到根除社会弊病的途径（未意识到改变资产阶级的必要性）
    • the use of humor（正派） and satire（阴暗面）
    • 代表社会阶层的独立个体冲突➕广泛的社会冲突（比18th小说更进一步）
  • Charles Dickens
    • The Pickwick Papers
    • Oliver Twist
    • first period naive optimism
    • David Copperfield （自传式） Dickens' favorite
      • second period
      • Mr. Micawber (刻画有名)（米考伯先生）
      • the most autobiograhical of all his books
    • Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》
      • 案件
    • A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》
      • 巴黎&伦敦 贵族残害百姓导致法国大革命爆发
    • Great Expectations
    • third period disillusion/doubt/loss of hope
    • "the expression of the conscience of his age"
      • 时代的良心
    • Dickens and Shakespeare
      • Two unique popular classics of England
  • Thackeray(萨克雷)
    • Vanity Fair《名利场》
      • a novel without a hero(没有主人公)
      • 两个女主的人生轨迹
    • humor and satire
  • Jane Austen
    • everyday life of simple country society
    • Pride and Prejudice
    • Sense and Sensibility
    • Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》
    • Emma《艾玛》
    • Persuasion《劝导》
  • The Bronte Sisters
    • Charlotte
      • Jane Eyre
        • Women's desire for independence
          • a bidungstroman 成长小说
    • Emily
      • Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》
      • 多重视角叙述
      • a full human life in a capitalist society was impossible of entertainment
    • Anne
  • George Eliot
    • The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河桥上的磨坊》
    • Middlemarch《米德尔马契》
      • strong moral commitment
        • renunciation（克己）
      • the necessity of heroic behavior in an unheroic age (悲壮的自我牺牲精神)
      • new depth of social and philosophical concern
    • dig into the inner life of her characteristic
    • extraordinary psychological insight
• Romantic Period
  • Dorothy(Wordsworth's sister)
  • William Wordsworth
    • representative poet of early Romanticism(早期浪漫主义)
    • orphan
      • cherish nature (childhood)
        • value childhood experience
    • Preface to the Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》 浪漫主义诗歌的宣言
      • "All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" 好诗歌是强烈感情的自然流露
      • individual sensation
      • "Poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity" 诗歌源于在平静中回忆起来的情感
      • near to the real language of men
        • purity&simplicity
    • My Heart Leaps up
      • "The child is father of the man"
        • paradox
        • The importance of childhood experience(Guide)
    • I Wandered Lonely as A Cloud
      • 自然美➕自然美作用于人的内心世界（前所未有）
    • "Lucy" poems
      • harmony with nature
    • revealing the feelings of the common people (familiar with rural life)
      • 反资 回归自然
    • everyday subject➕supernatural coloring
      • style
  • Coleridge（柯勒律治）
    • supernatural world➕feeling of everyday reality
    • 浪漫主义最伟大的批评家
    • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古水手之歌》
      • masterpiece
        • included in the Lyrical Ballads
    • Biographia Literaria (Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions)《文学传记》 most important prose ( a literary autobiography)
      • new principle of criticism
      • not to judge but to appreciate and interpret
    • “受伤的天使”
      • highly gifted but a great dreamer
  • 三位一体 1798合作发表Lyrical Ballads 浪漫主义开篇之作
  • Byron(拜伦)
    • Don Juan《唐璜》
      • "epic satire"
        • abuses the present society
    • Byronic Hero"拜伦式英雄"
      • a melancholy and solidarity figure often defies social conventions （我行我素，清高叛逆）
  • Shelley(雪莱)
    • Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》
      • passionate love of nature
    • A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》
      • Peacock's The Four Ages of Poetry 朋友作品
      • 诗歌不会因为文明的进步而衰落
      • the moral influence of poetry(诗歌的道德影响)
    • "Mad Shelley"
      • Opposition to the brutal fagging system
        • 英国公学中低年级学生给高年级学生跑腿的这样一种教学传统
  • Keats(济慈)
    • 唯美主义
    • 关心劳苦大众
    • "A poet has no identity"
      • 不要留下自己的痕迹
    • Negative Capability
      • Man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after the fact and reason.(无限的包容性，想象的空间，多样的可能性）
    • "Beauty is truth, truth is beauty"
    • Ode to Autumn《秋颂》
    • Endymion
    • The Eve of St. Agnes