导图社区 动词不定式、分词和动名词的比较
这是一篇关于动词不定式、分词和动名词的比较的思维导图。详细介绍英语语法——非谓语动词——动词不定式、分词和动名词的比较。
编辑于2021-08-26 21:06:44动词不定式、分词和动名词的比较
主语
分词(短语)不能做主语。动名词和动词不定式作主语的用法如下
1. 在表示一般抽象概念时,通常二者可以互换使用。
To swim /Swimming is an interesting sprot. 游泳是一项有趣的运动。
To red /Reading good books makes him happy. 读好书是他快乐。
在上诉用法中,虽然二中可以互换使用,但动名词作主语同作表语一样,表示的动作多为一般性或抽象性的意义,不收具体时间的限制;而动词不定式所表示的是比较具体的动,某一次的动作,且常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。
a
To swim is a good sport for you.对你来说,游泳是一种很好的运动。(特指)
Swimming is a good sport.游泳是一种好运动。(泛指
b
To act like that is childish.那样做有点孩子气。(对动作执行者是有所指的)
Taking a walk after supper conduces to good health.晚饭后散步有助于健康。(泛指)
c
To ignore this would be a mistake.忽视这一点是错误的。(对动作执行者是有所指的)
Being successful in business these days takes some doing.现今要在生意上获得 成功相当困难。
2. it 作形式主语时,一般情况下二者可以互换。
It's not easy to learn /learning a foreign language well. 学号一种外语不容易。
It won't be any help to learn /learning grammar without doing any ecercises. 学习语法不做练习是没有用的。
【注释】
在"It's no good/use..."句型中,动用动名词。而在"It's important/necessary..."鞠兴中,则多用动词不定式作真正的主语。
It' no use asking me. I dow't know any more than you do. 你问我没有用,我知道的并不比你多。
It is important to see that the brakes on your bicycle work porperly. 重要的是设法使自行车制动器好用。
3. 表示一个具体、个别的动作时,多用动词不定式。
To read this English book is very interesting. 读这本英语书很有趣。
To solve this problem is out of the question. 要解决这个问题是不可能的。
4. 动词不定式含有将来意味时,不能用动名词代替。
We would not accept such terms. To accept them was to give up our stand,我们不能接 受这样的条件。接受它们就是放弃我们的立场。(To accept不能用Accepting)
To care for wisdom and truth and the improvement of the soul is far better than to seek money and honor and reputation.尊重知识,追求真理,净化心灵,比追求金 钱、荣誉和名声高尚得多。
You want to see this film? But I think to see this film is to waste time.你想看这部电影 吗?我认为看这部电影是浪费时间。(to see不能用seeing)
5. 在“疑问代词/副词/whether+不定式”结构中,不能用动名词代替不定式。
To know how to wait is the great secret of success. 成功的重要秘诀是懂得如何去等待。
What to do with her has not been discussed. 怎样处理她还没有讨论。
Where to go for our hoilday has not been decided yet. 我们要去哪里度假还没有决定下来。
6. 当主语被否定时,通常用动词不定式,用动名词较少。
Not to have a correct political point of view is like having no soul. 没有正确的政治观点就等于没有灵魂。
Not to uncover our shortcomings would be a gret mistake. 不揭露我们的缺点就是严重的错误。
Not to repent a fault is to justify it. 不懊悔就是为错误辩护。
7. 在“there be+no+v-ing”句型中,是动名词习惯用法,不能用不定式代替。
There's no hiding of evil not to do it. 若要人不知除非己莫为(谚语)
There is no tresting to appearance. 不可以貌取人。
8. 在疑问句中,主语在句首时,用动名词,不用动词不定式。
Did her being late make you angry? 她迟到让你生气了吗?
Dose our saying that mean anything to him? 我们那样说对他起作用吗?
9. 在“No+动名词”的公告形式的省略结构中,只能用动名词。
No spitting! 禁止随地吐痰!
No speaking to the driver! 不准与司机交谈。
No scribbling on the walls!请勿在墙上涂写!
10. 动名词作主语时,可以改为以 it 作主语的强调句型,将作主语的动名词变成表语。这时的动名词不可用动词不定式来代替。
Reading books pleases him. 读书使他快乐。
可以改写成 It is reading books that pleases him.
表语
1
分词作表语时,起形容词作用。现在分词作表语,表示主语所具有的性质和特征。过去分词作表语,表示主语所处的状态。句中主语范围很广,可以指人,也可以指物,可以是各类名词,也可以是动名词、动词不定式(短语)或名词性从句。
She appears disappointed.她显得很失望。
He got excited when he heard the news.听到这消息他很激动。
The machine is complicated in structure.这台机器结构复杂。
His report他的报告
The old man这位老人
To read a novel 读小说
Reading a novel 读小说
What he said 他的话
is amusing.是有趣的。
动名词和不定式作表语时,起名词的作用。表语和主语处于同等地位。它所指的或是和主语一样的东西,即表示主语的内涵,主语和表语在概念上一致(相同或相似),或是主语所产生的结果。因此其主语有很大的局限性,一般限于表示工作、任务,如 duty , job , task , work 等以及表示精神、态度,如 happiness , wish 等抽象名词。有时也可以用名词性从句。
His wish is making /to make more contributions to the motherland.他的愿望是为祖 国做出更多的贡献。(主、表同等关系)
To see is to believe. /Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(结果关系)
The golden rule in life is making a beginning”.〈谚〉人生的金科玉律就是“开始”。
2
当动名词和动词不定式作表语,主语和表语处于同等地位,常常可以将主、表交换位置,其句子的意义不变。
His greatest happiness was serving /to serve the people heart and soul.他最大的幸 福是全心全意为人民服务。(主、表同等地位,=Serving /To serve the people heart and soul was his greatest happiness.全心全意为人民服务是他最大的幸福。)
The key question is finding a method of solving it.关键的问题是找出一个解决它的 办法。(主、表同等地位,=Finding a method of solving it is the key question.找 出一个解决它的办法是关键问题。)
分词作表语时,主、表位置不能换
The situation throughout the country is very encouraging.全国的形势是非常令人鼓 舞的。(句中表语encouraging不能作主语)
3
动名词和动词不定式由于具有动词的特征,所以由及物动词构成的动名词和动词不定式可以带有自己的宾语和状语。而分词作表语时,由于具有形容词的特征,它不能带有自己的宾语,但可以用 much , quite , very , very much 等程度副词来修饰,有时也可以用表示比较意义的 more 和 most 来修饰。
Our production task is making machines.我们的生产任务是制造机器。(动名词短语)
Our aim is to master English in the shortest possible time.我们的目的是在最短的时间内掌握英语。(动词不定式短语)
The news that another oil-field has been opened up is most inspiring.又开了一个油田的消息是最令人鼓舞的。(分词短语)
4
动名词和动词不定式作表语时,如果表语所指的是和主语相同的事,动名词和动词不定式可以互换使用,二者没有严格的区别。分词不能与动名词和动词不定式互换使用。
Our task is catching /to catch up with and surpassing /to surpass the world's advanced levels.我们的任务是盘上并超过世界尧进水平。
但要注意动名词表示的动作不收具体时间的限制,在意义上比较一般和抽象,不指某一次的具体动作,而往往具有更大的过程性,有进行和反复的意思。动词不定式与动名词作表语的区别与比较:
1
不定式作表语表示某一具体动作,而不是一般抽象概念
His purpose is to learn 3,000 English words in this term.他的目的是这一学期学会 3 000 个英语单词。
The first step towards greatest is to be honest.(谚〉诚实是迈向伟大的第一步。
His plan is to finish this job in a week.他的计划是一周内完成这项工作。
动名词作表语时,一般表示职业、范围、抽象概念
Their task is building roads.他们的任务是筑路。
His job is repairing tractors.他的工作是修拖拉机。
2
当系动词是 be 以外的其它动词,且后跟"to be +adj."或其他动词不定式作表语时,作表语的动词不定式不能与动名词互换。
What she said proves to be true.他的话证明是真实的。
His handwriting appears to be improving.他的书法看起来在不断提高。
They seemed to be talking of something important.他们似乎在谈什么重要的事。
3
系动词 be 的主语和表语都是不定式时,作主语的不定式往往表示条件,作表语的不定式表结果。
To read such books is to poison yourself.读这样的书是毒害你自己。
To live is to function. That is all there is to living. <谚>活着就是要工作。这是生活 的全部意义所在。
To admire the antique is not to admire the old but the natural.〈谚〉赞美古物并非赞美 古代,而是赞美自然。
在这种句型中,如果主语是动名词,表语通常也是动名词。
Teaching is learning.教学相长。
Doing everything is doing nothing.<谚>事事都有做,一事无成。/贪多嚼不烂。
但是系动词 be 以外的其它系动词时,主语是不定式,表语可以是其它形式。
To raise wages means increasing purchasing power.提高工资就意味着提高购买力。
4
“疑问代词/副词/whether+不定式”结构作表语时,不能用动名词代替不定式。
The question is which book to select.问题是选哪一本书。
The most important problem is whom to serve and how to serve.最重要的问题是为 谁服务和怎样服务。
What he wants to know is when and where to have the meeting.他想知道的是在何时何地开会。
Her first question was whether to accept or refuse his offer of marriage.她的首要问题 是接受还是拒绝他的求婚。
5
waht 从句、“all+定语从句”“...thing+定语从句”作主语时,如果表语表示未来动作,就用不定式表示。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我想建议的是立即开始工作。
What they must do is control the air pollution here.他们要做的是控制这里的空气污 染。(不定式control前省略了 “to")
All you have to do is to listen.你必须做的就是听着。
The only thing we can do now is to take a cab.现在我们能做的唯一的事是乘坐出租车。
当上述3种结构作主语,且这些句子中的谓语动词是 do 的进行式时,其中表语要用动名词表示。
What the professor has been doing for years is studying the subject.这位教授多年来 所从事的工作就是研究这个课题。
All I was doing from then on was trying to stay alive.从那时起,我所做的一切就是 尽力活下去。
5
动名词作表语时,系动词通常是 be ,有时可以用 mean 。
Progress means moving forward.进步就是向前进。
But I won't wait if it means delaying more than a week or so.但是如果这意味着要延 迟一个多星期左右的时间,我就不等了。
而动词不定式和分词作表语时,可用的系动词就不较多。除了 be 以外,动词不定式还可以用 appear , get , prow , prove , seem 等。
She appeared to be very friendly with us,她显得对我们很友好。
He is getting to be quite a good student.他越来越是一个相当不错的好学生。
She seems to be in a great hurry.她似乎非常匆忙。
可跟分词作表语的系动词,处 be 以外,还有 become , feel , get , go , grow , look , remain 等。
The room soon became crowded.房间里很快挤满了 人。
Don't get caught in the rain.不要让雨淋着。
Things haven't really got going yet.事情还没有真正开展起来。
The market looks quite flourishing.市场看上去很繁荣。
The river stage went lowering slowly.河里的水位在缓慢下降。
宾语
1
分词(短语)不能做宾语。动名词作宾语的一般表示习惯的、抽象的、经常性的行为。
Oxygen does not bum, but does support burning.氧气不燃烧,但能助燃。
We practise speaking English every day.我们每天练习讲英语。
动词不定式作宾语则表示特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为。
I like to read this new book on electrical engineering.我喜欢读这本关于电机工程的新书。
Would you like to play football with us this afternoon?今天下午你想和我们一起踢 足球吗?
2
动词不定式作宾语时,前边可以就按疑问词,如 how , what , when , where , which , why , whether. 动名词则不能再其前面加这类词。
To know how to suggest is the great art of teaching.〈谚〉循循善诱,是教学的高明艺术。
I don't know what to say about your suggestion.对于你的建议我不知道该说什么。
They spent a lot of time thinking what presents to give to you.他们花了好多时间考 虑该送你什么礼物。
You'll soon learn when to use that construction.不久你就会获悉什么时候启用那座建筑物。
Ask him where to go.问问他去哪儿?
I can't decide which train to take.我不能决定乘哪趟火车。
I was wondering whether to stay here another week.我不知道是否该再在这儿待一星期。
They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.就该选谁的问题他们交换了看法。
在介词 about , of , on 等之后也可以跟上述结构作宾语。
The question is about what to do next.问题涉及下一步怎么办。
He sat down to discuss with his father the problem of how to spend the summer.他坐下来和他父亲共商如何度夏这一问题。
3
动名词作介词宾语很普遍
He has much experience in running factories.在开办工厂方面,他们有丰富的经验。
He who is ashamed of asking is ashamed of learning.〈谚〉耻于下问,难做学问。
He returned to her house on the pretext of having forgotten something.他以忘掉东西为借口又回到她家。
而动词不定式作介词宾语的情况很少,一般只能在表示最近将来时的介词 about ,和表示“除外”意义的介词 besides , but , except , save , than 等后作宾语。这些介词表达上述意义时, about 只能用不定式作宾语。
I was about to say when you interrupted me.我正要说时,你打断了我。
but, except和than后边可跟动词木定式,也可跟动名词作宾语。如:
There was nothing left for Mary to do but go.玛丽无事可干,只能走。
He had nothing to do except wandering/to wander about in the street.他无事可干,只好在大街上游荡。
They thought that there was no way out than climbing /to climb the cliff.他们认为唯 一的出路是爬山崖。
应注意,but 后一般不跟动词不定式作宾语。但是,如果 but 前的短语动词是动名词,but 后也要用动名词。
I enjoy doing anything but talking with him.我一点不喜欢跟他谈话。
定语
分词(短语)作定语
分词(短语)作定语时,同它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示名词本身的动作、行为。所以分词是从动作、行为方面说明中心词的特征。单个分词作定语时,一般位于所修饰的名词之前,可以重读,也可以次重读音,其后的名词必须重读。分词短语作定语时,位于所修饰的名词之后,一般不用逗号分开。
Falling bodies have energy.落体具有能量。
The burning fuel gives out heat and light.燃烧的燃料放出光和热。
He had a crowded schedule during his 4-day visit.在 4 天访问期间,他的日程被排得满满的。
Electrons are particles moving round their atomic nucleus.电子是绕原子核运转的微粒。
现在分词短语作后置定语强调动作,时间观念较强,主要表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或与句中谓语动词同时发生的动作、经常性或习惯性动作或所处的状态,相当于一个定语从句,带有形容词的特点。
Do you know the number of people coining to the party? 你知道参加参加聚会的人数吗 ?
The man talking with Mr. Brown is our English teacher.正在与布朗先生讲话的人是 我们的英语老师。
A man respecting others will be respected.尊重他人者,才会受到尊重
动名词作定语
动名词作定语时,通常是单个词,不带自己的宾语,它必须位于所修饰的名词之前,同它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,不表示该名词本身的动作或行为。通常说明被修饰的名词的性质、用途、名称或与该名词有关的动作,常常可以有"used for+动词" 结构来代替,放在它所修饰的词之后作定语。所以动名词作定语是从用途上说明中心词的特征,它必须重读,其后的名词可次重读或不重读。
There are many reading materials ( = materials used for reading) on the desk.在桌 子上有许多阅读材料。
By means of a lifting machine ( = a machine used for lifting), we lift weight.利用升 降机,可以将重物提起。
Their working plan will be made next week.他们将于下周制定工作计划。
”介词+动名词(短语)“结构作后置定语时,放在所修饰的名词之后,对名词起修饰、限定作用。它是一种名词性定语,表示抽象概念,并不强调动作,而且时间观念也不强。
I have no plan of making any trip.我没有任何旅行计划。
The importance of learning English can not be over-emphasized.学习英语的重要性无 论怎样强调都不为过。
动词不定式(短语)作定语
动词不定式(短语)作定语时,强调所修饰的名词的动作与行为。不定式(短语)一律位于所修饰的名词之后,其用法有一下3种情况。
不定式(短语)所修饰的词多为抽象名词,这些抽象名词主要有一下三种情况:
①某些要求以不定式作宾语的动词派生或转化而来的名词,如attempt, claim, decision, desire, determination, hope, intention, need, plan, promise, refusal, resolution, tendency, wish等,常用木定式作定语。如:
She expressed her wish to work in our university.她表示希望能在我们大学工作。
They announced their refusal to attend the conference.他们宣布拒绝参加会议。
The decision to resume the work was taken at the meeting,会上做出了 继续这项工作 的决定
②某些由后跟不定式作状语的形容词派生而来的抽象名词,如ability, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, patience, reluctance, readiness, willingness 等,常用不定式作定语。如:
He had lost all faith in his ability to succeed.他己经完全不相信自己能够成功。
There can be no real freedom without the freedom to fail.〈谚〉不允许失败的自由就 不是真正的自由。
The boy burned with (a) curiosity to know what was in the letter addressed to his mother.那孩子有一种强烈的好奇心,想知道给他母亲的信里到底是什么。
③有些抽象名词可用不定式,也可用“介词+动名词”短语做后置定语。这类词主要 有 attempt (at), capacity (of), chance (of), claim (to), desire (of), failure (in), honour (of), opportunity (of), plan (for), pleasure (of), reason (for), right (of), time (for), way (of)等。如:
That's the only way to overcome /of overcoming the difficulties.这是克服这些困难的 唯一方法。
He put forward a plan to build /for building a bridge.他提出了 一项建桥计划。
May I have the pleasure to take /of taking a glass of wine with you?我可以和你举杯 共饮吗?
从上述的例句可以看出,用“介词+动名词”结构和用动词不定式(短语)作后置 定语意义差别不大。因此用哪一种比较好,在很大程度上取决于说话人的主观态度和习 惯用法。但在下列抽象名词后,多用“介词+动名词”作定语,少用不定式(短语)。这 类词主要有 advice (on), apology (for), astonishment (of), choice (of), excuse (for), habit (of), hope (of), idea (of), importance (of), method (of /for), necessity (of), means (of), objection (to)> possibility (of), process (of), purpose (of/in), skill (in), success (in), surprise (of) 等。如:
She has been in the habit of getting up early.她一直有早起的习惯。
He simply couldn't find means to support /of sup porting his family.他简直无法养活 他的家人。
【注释】
单个动名词作前置定语时也可以与动词不定式互换,但在意义上有细微的差别。此外,动名词单独作定语一定谓语所修饰的名词之前,不定式一定谓语其后。
a
We have no dringing water. 我们没有饮用水。
We have no water to drink. 我没没有水喝。
b
That is a fishing boat. 那是一条渔船。
There is no boat to fish in. 没有捕鱼用的船。
动词不定式作定语所修饰的是具体名词时,其用法有4种情况
1||| 不定式与其所修饰的词之间通常有动宾关系,译成中文时,常在动词不定式前加“要”,表示动作在“某点时间”前尚未实现。
I have something very particular to ask you.我有点特别的事要问你。
The first thing is to get some work to do.首要的事是找点活干。
2||| 作定语的不定式后跟一个介词,不定式所修饰的词是介词的宾语。
He is a good comrade to work with.他是一个很好共事的同志。
This is a fine room to work in.这是一个适于工作的好房间。
He has a pocket radio to listen to when he travels.他有一个袖珍收音机,在旅行时可 以听听。
3||| 不定式与其所修饰的词之间通常有逻辑上的主谓关系。
Is there anybody to carry on the work?有人继续这项工作吗?
He is always the last(one)to leave the office.他总最后一个离开办公室。
Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active.在参加这项 工作的人中,他恐怕是最积极的。
4||| 作定语的不定式表示即将发生的动作。
In the texts to follow, we'll come across such problems.在下面的课文中,我们会遇 到这样的问题。
“疑问代词/副词/whether+不定式”结构可以作定语。
The place where to hold the meeting has been decided.开会的地点己决定了。
He was informed of the time when to start.己通知他动身的时间。
The way how to get heat from the sun is being studied,如何从太阳取得热量的方法 正在研究中。
状语
动名词在句中不作状语。分词作状语时,起副词的作用,修饰谓语动词,表时间、原因、结果、条件、方式以及伴随情况等。其位置较灵活,可位于句中、句首或句末。分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。动词不定式在句中作状语,起副词的作用,表示句中谓语动词的目的、结果、原因、程度、条件等。所以分词和动词不定式都可以作原因状语、结果状语和条件状语。下边就二者在这三种情况的不同表现形式进行比较。
作原因状语的比较
分词作原因状语通常位于句首,以示强调,其表达形式有以下5种:
1||| 分词为 being 时,其短语多表原因。
Being so excited, many of us could not fall asleep.由于太兴奋,我们中的许多人都睡不着。
Being Party members, we should take the lead in everything.因为我们是党员,所以 凡事都应该带好头。
2||| be 以外其他系动词构成的分词短语也可以用来表示原因。
Feeling tired, I lay down on the grass.我感到疲劳,就躺在了 草地上。
Getting bored and homesick, he resigned his office and went home.由于感到厌烦和 想家,他便辞职回了家。
3||| 表示“知道,忘记”等心理活动的现在分词通常表示原因。
Not knowing what to say, he kept silent.不知道要说什么,他只好保持沉默。
Having forgotten his telephone number, she didn't know how to get in touch with him.由于忘记了他的电话号码,她不知道如与他取得联系。
Finding the company and entertainment not to our taste, we left after half an hour. 发现来宾和招待都不合我们的口味,所以半小时之后我们就离开了。
4||| 句中谓语动词意义为“必须,不得不”时,作状语的分词短语常常表示原因。
Being easily set on fire, alcohol must be kept away from the flame.因为易于着火,酒精必须存放在远离火焰的地方。
The rain having ruined my hat, I had to buy a new one.雨把我的帽子淋坏了,我不得不买顶新的。
5||| 过去分词作原因状语。
Born in a poor family, he had to work when he was a child.由于岀身贫寒,小时候他 就不得不工作。
The audience, greatly affected by his speech, all voiced their support for the proposal. 听众被他的演说深深感动,所以都表示支持这项建议。
动词不定式(短语)作原因状语时,不能位于句首,通常只为与不及物动词和表语形容词之后,且不定式的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作。其表现形式有种。
位于表示情绪变化的不及物动词之后,表示情绪变化的原因
He smiled to see the children so happy.看到孩子们这样幸福他微笑了。
She wept to hear the terrible news.听到这可怕的消息,她哭了。
表示位于喜、怒、哀、乐、运气好坏等情绪的表语形容词之后,说明引起这种情绪或态度的原因。
We were thrilled to hear that she had had a baby.听说她生了 小孩,我们特别兴奋。
Two weeks later he was overjoyed to see his story printed in full.两星期后,看到他 的故事全文印刷出版他高兴极了。
作结果状语的比较
分词作结果状语时,通常位于句子的主谓结构之后,且常带有副词 thereby , therefore , thus 等,以示强调。
We increase the length of the wire, thus increasing its resistance.我们增加了 导线的 长度,从而增加其电阻。
He didn't come today, thereby making it necessary for us to find someone else.今天 他没有来,因此我们必须找别人。
不定式(短语)作结果状语主要用于一些固定句型,如"too...to"结构"、onle+不定式"、"so...asto do sth."、"be such as to do sth."、"such+名词+as to do sth."等。
He was too excited to fall asleep.他激动得睡不着觉。
I rushed to the library only to find all the seats had been taken.我匆忙赶到图书馆, 结果发现所有的位了都被占了。
Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?是谁这么卑鄙竟然干出这种事来?
His carelessness is such as to make it unlikely that he will pass the examination.他 这么粗心,可能会使他考试不及格。
You can't have done such a dreadful thing as to put off going for my sake.你不可能 干出这种非常的事,以致为了我而推迟行期。
作条件状语的比较
分词(短语)作条件状语用法很普遍,可以单独使用。也可以在其前边加 if 或 unless 。现在分词作状语时,通常位于句首;过去分词可位于句首,句中或句尾。
Travelling at 50 miles per hour, the train will reach there in 20 hours.如果以每小时 50英里的速度运行,火车将在20个小时后到达那里。
Solving this problem, we shall have to carry out our plan.要想解决这个冋题,我们 就必须执行我们的计划。
The man will die unless operated at once.除非立刻作手术,否则那人就会死亡。
If (being) well read, the book will give you much to think.如果细心阅读,这本书会 使你感到有许多问题值得思考。
Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.如果给予更多的时间, 她肯定会做得更好。
Helped by the teachers, the first-year students have made the design.在老师帮助下, 一年级的学生们完成了这项设计。
动词不定式做条件状语时,可位于句首,也可位于句末。但不定式的否定式表示条件时,多位于句末。从使用情况来看,动词不定式作条件状语的用法不像分词那么常见。在这种句型中,主句的谓语动词常与 will , would , shall , should , can , could , must 等情态动词连用。
You will do better to get his support.如果得到他的支持,你会干得更岀色。
To look at her, you would think her a young woman, but she is in fact 49 years old.(= If you were to look at her, you...)要是你看看她,你就会认为她是个年轻妇女, 但实际上,她49岁了。
You do an honest man wrong to call him a liar.如果你说他撒谎,那你就冤枉了一个 老实人。
You will regret one day not to follow her advice.如果不听从她的劝告,总有一天你 会后悔的。
One would get into trouble not to see the mistake.如果看不出错误所在,你就会陷 入麻烦之中。
【注释】
分词作时间、方式以及伴随情况状语的用法参见【分词】篇。动词不定式作目的、程度状语的用法参见【不定式】篇。
补足语
现在分词和动词不定式作宾语补足语时,句中的谓语动词均可用表示视觉、听觉和触觉等生理感觉的动词以及表示嗅觉的动词 smell 和表示心理状态的动词。但是不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语时,表示动作的完成,即全过程;而分词表示动作的进行,即非全过程。
a
I saw the train come into the station. 我看见火车进了站。
I saw the train coming into the station. 我看见火车正在进站。
b
I heard him speak. 我听见了他的发言。
I heard him speaking. 我听见他正在讲话。
但有时两者之间意义没有多大差别。
c
I don't like to hear you talking/ talk like that. 我不喜欢听你那样谈话。
d
I heard him coming/come in last night. 昨天晚上我听见他进来了。
过去分词作宾语补足语时,表示完了的,被动的动作,宾语是宾语补足语动作的承受者。
e
I've heard him criticized many times. 我已经听见他多次受到批评。
动名词作宾语补足语时,相当于名词,它不像分词和动词不定式那样普遍,用作宾语补足语的情况很少,常见的动词有 name(给···命名) , call(称···为) , term(称···为)。
People call that killing two birds with one stone. 人们称那为一箭双雕。