Phonology

这张图系统地展示了语音学和音系学的基本概念、研究内容及其在语言学中的应用，有助于理解语音在语言中的作用和运作方式。

Phonology

• The Phonic medium of language.
  • The limited range of songs which are meaningful in human communication and the individual sounds within the limited range.
• Phonetics
  • Three Phonetics
    • Articulatory phonetics
      • How a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds-From the speaker's point of view.
    • Auditory Phonetics
      • How the soundsAre perceived by the hearer-From the hearer's point of view.
    • Acoustic Phonetics
      • How sounds from one person to another.
  • Organs of speech.
    • Pharyngeal cavity
      • Voicing or Voiceless;The throat.
    • Oral cavity
      • The mouth
      • The uvula
      • The velum or soft palate
      • The hard palate
      • The teeth ridge or alveolus
    • The nasal cavity
      • The nose.
  • Orthographic representation of speech sounds-Broad and narrow transcriptions.
    • Broad transcription
      • The transcription with letter-symbols only.
    • Narrow transcription
      • The transcription with letter symbols together with the diacritics.
  • Classification of English speech sounds.
    • Consonants辅音
      • a.Manner of articulation
        • Stops:/p//b//t//d//k//g/
        • Fricatives:/f//v//s//z//θ//ð//ʃ//ʒ/
        • Affricates:/tʃ//dʒ//tr//dr//ts//dz/
        • Liquids:/l//r/
        • Nasals:/m//n//ŋ/
        • Glides:/w//j/
      • b.Place of articulation
        • Bilabial:/p//b//m//w/
        • Labiodental:/f//v/
        • Dental:/θ//ð/
        • Alveolar:/d//s//z//n//l//r//ts//dz/
        • Palatal:/ʃ//ʒ//tʃ//dʒ//j//tr//dr/
        • Velar:/k//g//ŋ/
        • Glottal:/h/
    • vowels元音
      • a.The position of the tongue in the mouth.
        • Front:/i:/ɪ//e//æ//a/
        • Central:/ə//ɜ://ʌ/
        • Back:/u://u//ɔ://ɒ//a:/
      • b.The openness of the mouse.
        • Close vowels
        • Semi-close vowels
        • Semi-open vowels
        • Open vowels
      • c.The shape of lips.
        • Rounded
        • unrounded
      • d.The length of vowels
        • Long or tense vowels:/i://ɔ://a://u://ɜ:/
        • Short or lax vowels:/ɪ//ɒ//ʌ//u//ə//æ/
      • e.
        • monophthongs
        • biphthongs
• Phonology.
  • Phonology and Phonetics
    • Phonetics
      • Speech sounds used in all human language.
    • Phonology
      • How speech sounds in a language form patterns.
      • How these sounds are used to convey meaning.
  • Phone ,phoneme and allophone
    • Phone:A phone, a phonetic unit or segment.
      • /pʰ/:pit,pat;/p/:spit
    • Phoneme:A phonological unit ,an abstract unit.
      • /p/
    • allophone:Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment.
      • /pʰ/:pit,pat＋/p/:spit
  • Phonemic contrast ,complementary distribution and minimal pair.
    • Phonemic contrast:Similar but two phenomes
      • /rip//rib/
    • Complementary distribution:All phones of phenome
      • /li:p//pi:l/
    • Minimal pairs:Two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment.
      • pill/till
  • Some rules.
    • Sequential rules:The rule that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
      • /kbli/✗;/bilk/✓
    • Assimilation rule:Making one sound similar with another by copying a feature of a sequential phenome.
      • Green.
      • Been.
    • Delition rule:Tell us when a sound is to be deleted, although it is orthographically represented.
      • Sign.
      • Design.
      • Paradigm.
  • Suprasegmental features Stress, tone and intonation.
    • Definition.
      • The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.
    • Main features.
      • Stress.
        • The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.
          • Word stress:In'crease v.;'Increase n.
          • Sentence stress:He is driving my car.
      • Tone.
        • Pitch variations which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords.
      • Intonation.
        • Pitch ,stress and sound lengths are collectively known as intonation.