metaphor prominance dependency

这是一篇关于metaphor prominance dependency的思维导图，主要内容包括：dependency 依存关系，prominance 显著性，metaphor 隐喻。

metaphor prominance dependency

• metaphor 隐喻
  • form----A is B
    • e.g. time is a thief
  • functions
    • bridge---old/simple knowledge
      • new/complex knowledge/ words
    • save encoding time
  • create new word meanings
    • dead metaphors 死隐喻，习以为常的隐喻
      • e.g. broken record 反复说同样的话
      • Language is the graveyard of metaphor
    • novel metaphor→frozen→the origional meaning was forgot
  • get grammaticalised变成语法标记 semantically bleached语义漂白
    • e.g. will, going to
  • syntax
    • all human lan. have metaphor, non-human lan.无
    • grammar
      • literal comunication=leave out words
      • metaphor=use all the words
        • build up of set of words/expressions
• prominance 显著性
  • make sonething stand out
    • overcome listener bordom
    • manipulate attentional state
    • e.g. intonation & memory
  • cues for important info.
    • e.g. shift wrong opinion
• dependency 依存关系
  • dependency length minimisation最小依存长度原则
    • When words depend on each other, we like to keep them close
    • languages tend to place syntactically related words close together in order to reduce cognitive load during processing.
    • 因为limited working memory 工作记忆有限
  • discourse-pragmatic markers 话语-语用标记语
    • e.g. btw, antway, tbh, apparently
    • fuction
      • inform listener how the coming info. is related to the old info, keep together things that belong together
      • shift/maintain listener's attentional state, helps listener manage the information flow
      • signpost what's important
    • "yeah no"
      • gentle answer to negative questions
        • bare "no" is too direct/harsh
      • softening disagreement/showing weak aggreement
        • build empathy&solidarity
      • reduce social distance
    • "like"
      • quotative "be like"
        • expressing thoughts