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topic
雅思听力临考前策略
metaphor prominance dependency
metaphor 隐喻
form----A is B
e.g. time is a thief
functions
bridge---old/simple knowledge
new/complex knowledge/ words
save encoding time
create new word meanings
dead metaphors 死隐喻,习以为常的隐喻
e.g. broken record 反复说同样的话
Language is the graveyard of metaphor
novel metaphor→frozen→the origional meaning was forgot
get grammaticalised变成语法标记 semantically bleached语义漂白
e.g. will, going to
syntax
all human lan. have metaphor, non-human lan.无
grammar
literal comunication=leave out words
metaphor=use all the words
build up of set of words/expressions
prominance 显著性
make sonething stand out
overcome listener bordom
manipulate attentional state
e.g. intonation & memory
cues for important info.
e.g. shift wrong opinion
dependency 依存关系
dependency length minimisation最小依存长度原则
When words depend on each other, we like to keep them close
languages tend to place syntactically related words close together in order to reduce cognitive load during processing.
因为limited working memory 工作记忆有限
discourse-pragmatic markers 话语-语用标记语
e.g. btw, antway, tbh, apparently
fuction
inform listener how the coming info. is related to the old info, keep together things that belong together
shift/maintain listener's attentional state, helps listener manage the information flow
signpost what's important
"yeah no"
gentle answer to negative questions
bare "no" is too direct/harsh
softening disagreement/showing weak aggreement
build empathy&solidarity
reduce social distance
"like"
quotative "be like"
expressing thoughts