语法简单句

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简单句

• 核心
  • 核心构成
    • n+v;即主语加谓语
    • 谓语v分类
      • 有实义
        • 不及物动词vi.
          • 主谓
        • 及物动词vt.
          • 主谓宾
          • 主谓双宾
            • 人+物 物+介词（to；for）+人
          • 主谓宾宾补
            • 宾语和宾补是逻辑上的主谓关系
      • 无实义
        • （连）系动词
          • ① be 动词（单独使用） ② get become turn go grow“变得” ③ look sound smell taste feel 感官动词“看／听／闻／尝／感觉起来......” ④ seem appear（似乎是；好像是） / keep remain（保持...状态）
          • 主系表
    • 攻略
      • 简化句子 －不及物动词
        • … I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
      • 找到分裂结构 －及物动词
        • I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be… conversational partners…
      • 判断从句
        • 宾语从句－及物动词后
        • 表语从句－系动词后
  • 核心变化
    • 主语+谓语v
      • 时态
        • 一般时态
          • 一般过去时 谓语动词 = did（完全发生在过去）
            • The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009… That was bad to my overall fitness goals.
          • 一般现在时 谓语动词 = do / does
          • 一般将来时 谓语动词 = will do 或 am/is/are going to do
            • … people will simply become lazy and depressed. Will the European Union make it？ … the future will be a wasteland of a different sort...
          • (一般)过去将来时 谓语动词 = would do 或 was/were going to do
            • （Facebook promised the European commission...）it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities ...
        • 进行时态
          • 小结：进行时态：谓语动词 = be + doing
          • 过去进行时 谓语动词 = was/were doing
            • The position was just taking up too much time, she said. … but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year...
          • 现在进行时 谓语动词 = am/is/are doing
          • 将来进行时 谓语动词 = will be doing
            • Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm
        • 完成时态
          • 谓语动词 = have + done（阶段性总结） 在某一时间点向前看某件事的完成结果，做没做完不重要
          • 过去完成时 谓语动词 = had done（过去的之前）
            • By（截止到某一时间点前） February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades... Many said that unemployment … had improved them in some ways ... 一般过去时（后发生的）和过去完成时（先发生的） Throughout the evening, one man had been（持续性时间段） particularly talkative…
          • 现在完成时 谓语动词 = have/has done（现在的之前）
            • 1. People have speculated for centuries about a future without work. 2. … since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California... since+过去的时间/表示过去时间的句子，后跟现在完成时 3. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.  补充：just / ever / never / also… 4. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been around for two decades... （从过去到现在这个时间段内发生的事） 区别：现在完成时 vs. 一般过去时 ① 宏观上  从过去到现在vs.只表示过去 ② 微观上 1）现在全部完成，可以换成过去时  He has left, so I cannot find him now.（对现在有影响）  He left two hours ago. 2）现在部分完成，不能换成过去时  We have learned English for 15 years.  We learned English for 15 years.
          • 将来完成时 谓语动词 = will have done（不重要）
            • … we will have wasted them.
        • 完成进行时
          • 谓语动词 = have been doing 截止到某一时间点之前，这个事情进行的过程
          • 过去完成进行时 谓语动词 = had been doing
            • （过去的之前+持续进行） The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.
          • 现在完成进行时 谓语动词 = have/has been doing
            • 现在的之前，并持续进行 Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will.
          • 将来完成进行时 谓语动词 = will have been doing
      • 情态
        • （情绪态度可能性） 情态动词的时态变化有限 情态动词的人称变化无 情态动词变否定／疑问（直接+not；或直接提前） 时态变化 现在时 过去时 must 无 can could will would shall should may might 1.表示过去 2.表示现在的委婉语气 3.用于虚拟语气
        • 情态动词表示“情态”
          • must 必须
            • To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.
          • can / could 能够/可以
            • They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle. In the past, workers with average skills… could earn an average lifestyle.
          • will / would 将要/愿意
            • Will you marry me? … some will be less effective than others. In effect, the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace...
          • may / might 可以/可能
            • … guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
          • should 应该
            • ... I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.
        • 情态动词表示“推测”
          • have 不得不；必须 ought 应该
          • 情态动词 + do
          • 情态动词 + be doing
          • 情态动词 + have done
            • Jealousy and anger... may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. They may be coming [into the workforce]…
      • 语态
        • 主动
        • 被动
          • 强调“被谁做”
            • The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids...
          • 被动语态与时态的结合
            • But her appeal was considered a failure.（过去） But her appeal is considered a failure.（现在） But her appeal will be considered a failure.（现在的将来） But her appeal would be considered a failure.（过去的将来） But her appeal was being considered a failure.过去正在 But her appeal is being considered a failure.现在正在 But her appeal had been considered a failure.过去已经（过去的之前） But her appeal has been considered a failure.现在已经（现在的之前） The outbreak of swine flu… was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. … they’re being included in the decision-making process... … the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
          • 被动语态与情态的结合
            • Obesity… can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. … sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
      • 否定
        • 实义动词变否定
          • do/does/did ＋ not ＋ 动词原形
        • 助动词和情态动词变否定
          • 助动词和情态动词＋not （be 动词、情态动词、完成时态中的 have 等）
    • 攻略
      • 定位谓语动词，确定长难句中包含了几件事
        • Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
      • 定位谓语动词，准确找到主语
        • Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world...
      • 找到主宾表
        • Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle.（先找谓语）
• 扩展
  • 词性扩展
    • 限定词（不重要）
    • 形容词，副词
      • 形容词、副词作修饰成分
        • The angry boy shouted angrily.
      • 形容词修饰名词
        • High sympathy can substitute for low guilt. （作定语） The reason for this is simple... （作表语）
      • 除了名词，其他均由副词修饰
        • This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears.
      • 形容词、副词的三种比较级别
        • not as...as... 不如...
        • 原级比较
          • as + adj./adv.原形（比较的内容） + as ＋比较的对象 表示：“和……相比一样的……” • But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.
        • 比较级
          • adj./adv.的比较级 （+ than ＋ 比较的对象） 表示：“(和……相比)更……” ，通常用于两者之间的比较 This advice is more relevant now than ever before...
        • 最高级
          • adj./adv.的最高级 ＋ （介词短语表示比较的范围） 表示：“(……范围内)最……”，通常用于三者或以上的比较 • … the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.
    • 介词短语
      • at 点 （一维） on 面 （二维） in 体 （三维）
      • 表示时间的介词
      • 表示地点或范围的介词
      • 其他用法的介词
    • 攻略
      • 简化句子，找核心
        • … they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.
  • 成分扩展
    • 非谓语动词作定语、状语
      • 非谓语动词作定语
        • … such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics... This proposed mandate was born of frustration.
      • 非谓语动词作状语
        • Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’lives and interests. Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity.
    • 攻略
      • 非谓语动词词组的完整性
        • The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory.
      • 准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象
        • I saw a passing plane. Passing the cafe, I saw a friend. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.
        • 非谓语动词的位置
        • 与句子间是否有逗号隔开
        • 代入法（最靠谱）
      • 非谓语动词的去留
        • 句子的核心：保留 不是句子的核心：先去掉再看 doing，to do做主宾表语得留着 如果做定语，状语修饰名词或句子，可以先去掉不看
    • 同位语、插入语（不重要）
      • 同位语： Tony, my teacher, is coming here. 插入语： Tony, with his students, is coming here. 都是非核心，可以不看
      • 专有名词 vs. 普通名词（二者顺序可掉换）
        • And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. … in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.
      • 标志性的标点
        • （ ： —— ， ， ） 表解释说明 We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution... … the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone...
      • 主谓结构作插入语
        • Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds.
      • 副词作插入语
        • Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise…
      • 介词短语作插入语
        • Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good.
    • 攻略
      • 简单句的核心+扩展
      • 如何利用简单句的核心和扩展攻克考研
        • A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number ofdays taken listed beneath. A… work… consists of a… photograph…