英语专四语法笔记

英语专业四级复习真题中必考语法，包括转折关系、倒装、不倒装、主谓一致、分数表达、虚拟语气、定冠词、倍数表达、从句省略、限定词等。

语法

• 转折关系
  • though 虽然经管，表转折
  • in case 万一假使 provided 假如 even if 即使 虽然
    • 表假设
• 倒装
  • so+adj./adv.+部分倒装 +that...
  • 具有否定意义的词放句首，hardly，in no way，little，scarcely，seldom，never，no more，no longer，not，not only，no sooner，no until
• 不倒装
  • So+主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词 用来表示赞成前一人说的话
• 主谓一致
  • 主语不可数名词，谓语用单三
  • they each have
  • 就近原则：在 not only…but also, not…but , neither…nor , either…or , there be… 句型中，谓语动词由相邻的主语来确定
  • 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
  • 考点1：语法一致原则 1.当and或both ...and ...连接两个或两个以上名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数式。 Eg： Fish and chips are getting very expensive. 2.不定代词 either，neither ,each ,one ,the other ,another ,any body ,anyone ,anything ,nobody ,no one ,nothing 等作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 3.由each ,each ...and each ...,every ...and every ...做主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 4.主语后接有with ,along with ,together with ,as well as ,no less than ,more than,including ,besides ,like ,except ,but 等词或短语时，谓语动词单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定 5.“a number of +名词复数”做主语时谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of +名词复数”做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 6.“a lot of (lots of ,plenty of ,most of )+名词 ”“分数或百分数+名词”等做主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词，如果是不可数名词则谓语动词用单数形式，如果是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。 7.只有复数形式的名词（如clothes ,trousers ,shorts ,pants ,shoes ,gloves ...)做 主语时谓语动词用复数形式。 8.不定式或动词ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
• 分数表达
  • 分子基数词，分母序数词。分子如果是1以上，分母序数词用复数。
• 虚拟语气
  • wish that 强烈而又难以实现的“愿望”
  • hope 可以实现或能达到的希望
  • It′s high time that… that从句中的谓语，用过去式或“Should+动词原形”，在后者中should不可省略。
  • otherwise，but for 暗含虚拟条件。
• 比较状语从句
  • not…any more than 和…一样都不… no more than 只不过
• 定冠词
  • of后一定加定冠词
  • 以Day结尾的节日或西方传统节日不用加定冠词， 而以Festival结尾的都是非西方节日要加
• 限定词
  • 名词性物主代词修饰名词时，不可与a.an.this.that等词一起前置，必须使用双重所有格作定语放在名词后面，构成形式为“a/an/this/that+n.+of+名词性物主代词"
    • I can't put up with that friend of yours.
• 从句省略
  • 在表示时间、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句中，如果从句谓语含有be动词，且从句主语和主句的主语一致，或其主语是it，此时可将从句的主语和be动词一起省略
• 倍数表达
  • 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+as+adj.+as…
  • 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+the size（amount/length…）of…
  • 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+adj.比较级+than
  • by+倍数 表示增加多少倍
• 定语从句
  • 先行词是不定代词，如anything，nothing，one，all，much，few，any，little等时，关系代词只能用that
• 副词
  • nearly、quite、almost表示程度副词。nearly，almost可修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语。但是quite不能修饰代词
• Each用法
  • each [i:tʃ] adj.每; 各自的; pron.每个; 各自
    • 1, each后加 单数名词 .他的意思是“每个人都…”,后加上单数名词，这是一种英文习惯. Each one has a book.
    • 2, each作为形容词，修饰单数名词，接单数动词。 Each man carries his own bag. （修饰单数名词）
    • 3, each作为代词，单独使用，接单数动词； Each carries his own bag. (代词)
    • 4, each放在复数名词和代词后作同位语，接复数动词。 We each have our own office. each作We的同位语,主语还是We,所以用have
    • 5,each of 后接复数名词，而且 必须是特指 的，但整个词组的中心词是“each”,作单数看待。 如；each of the students(注意：the 不能去掉) Each of the boys has a bike. (主语是each,谓语动词按第三人称单数看待,所以用has) Each of them goes to a different factory.
    • 6, each of the students与each student的区别 1).当each后跟的是名词时，用each，如：each person，each student等等 2).当each后跟的是代词时，用each of，如each of us，each of them等等 3).一样的意思，语气不同而已，第一个会比较重一点，第二个就平常聊天那样子.
    • 7, every(each)+名词+ and +every (each)+名词谓语动词用单数，如 Every boy and girl has the right to recieve education. =Every boy and every girl has the right to recieve education. 每一个男孩和女孩都有接受教育的权利
    • 8, 当and连接几个单数主语，主语由each，every，no，many a等词修饰时，谓语动词要用单数。记住这个形式every/no/each A+every/no/each B后面谓语动词一律单数. 例如：Every boy and girl is invited. 所有的男孩和女孩都被邀请。 Each boy and each girl is invited. 每一个男孩和每一个女孩都被邀请。 No boy and no girl is there now. 现在那儿没有任何男孩女孩。
• 限定词
  • 前位限定词： 1. all, both, half(助记：二都一半）； 2. 倍数：(倍）double, twice, three times等； 3. 分数：two thirds等；（分） 4. such, what, how, so, as, quite, rather（七感叹） 前位限定词一句话助记法： 二都一半分倍七感叹。
    • 注意： 1.一般前位词之间互相排斥，不能共存； 2.有个别跨类现象：比如quite/rather可前可后；还有such也可前可后， 如:such a good day; all such students 。 3.其中how, so, as的使用，注意冠词的位置：How/So good a boy! He is as good a boy as Mike. 一般形容词紧随名词, 如：such a good boy; 但有副词how/so/as修饰它时, 形容词紧随副词后，如：so good a boy。
  • 中位限定词： 1.指示代词：this,that,these,those 2.形容词性物主代词：my, their等 3.不定代词：some, any, another等 4.名词所有格：Tom’s , his parents’等 5. 冠词：a，an, the 助记法：三代一名一冠
    • 注意：中位词之间互相排斥，不共存。 不可以说：his a book 或a his book。
  • 后位限定词： 1.序数词：first,second等 2.一些顺序词：next,last,past，other, previous, another等 3. 基数词：one, two等 4.数量词：a great deal of，plenty of, many，much，(a)few,(a) little, fewer,(the) fewest,less,(the) least, more, most; several,等 (顺序词+数量词） 助记法：数词（除分数、倍数以外）
    • 注意：后位词之间可共存，但有顺序，比如：the first two years 头两年
  • such与其他后位限定词连用时，其他限定词在前，such居后。如; few such (things)，many such (discussions) ， several such (boxes) ，four such (books)，little such (interest) ， another such (stories)等。
• 反义疑问句
  • 祁使句的反义疑问句用Will you，let us 的句型用shall we
    • Don’t forget to return it to Tim，will you？
• how much do you think he earns？ how much 做宾语
• 三大从句中的what， that和 which
  • 一．在名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)中that 不充当任何句子成分，which 作定语，What 充当主语、宾语、表语等。
  • 二．在定语从句中，what 不能引导定语从句，只需区分 that和which。
    • 1.that 的先行词既可以是人，又可以是物，而which 的先行词只能是物。 2.当先行词是物时，that 和which经常可以互换。
    • 3. 不可互换的情况： 用that 不用which有8种情况： (1).当先行词被不定代词修饰或先行词本身是不定代词时 。不定代词有28个： every/no/any/some (thing one body) much many (a) little/few all both none neither either each 。Eg: Is there anything that I can do for you? All that is needed is a supply of oil. (2)当先行词是序数词时或先行词被序数词 (the last, the next ) 修饰时。Eg: Our school is the first one that tries out this teaching method. (3).当先行词是形容词最高级时或先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。Eg: This is the best film that I have seen. (4).当先行词既有人又有物时。 The speaker will tell us about some writers and their works that are known to us. He talked a lot about things and persons that they remembered in the school. (5).主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句。 Which is the book that you brought me? 句子中有两个定语从句时， 其中一个已用关系代词which , 另外一个宜用that ，Eg： They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. (6). 当先行词由the only，the very, the right 等修饰时。Eg: This is the very letter that I am looking for . —Do you agree with her ideas at the meeting? —Absolutely，what she′s just said is the very idea that I want to express. (7).当先行词在主句中作表语时，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。Eg: China is not the country that it used to be. (8).当主句以here, there 开头且先行词是指物的名词时。Eg: There is no dictionary that you can find everything in.
    • 用which不用that有三种情况： (1).在非限制性定语从句中(指人时使用who或whom，指物时使用which)。 We went to Mountain Tai last weekend，which，not surprisingly，was crowded with visitors. (2). 介词前置时。He hasn’t got enough money with which he can buy the computer. (3).当先行词本身是that时。 That which is right speaks louder.
  • 三．在状语从句中，what 和Which 均不能引导状语从句，that也只能引导九种状语从句中的两种，即目的状语从句和结果状语从句，也有说有表条件、原因和条件的。Eg： He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.（结果状语从句） He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.（目的状语从句） Now that you′ve come, you′d better have dinner with us.（原因状语从句） Seeing that he was a hard worker, he achieved a lot.（原因状语从句） He was so excited that he couldn′t fall asleep.(结果状语从句) 表示条件的：suppose/supposing (that), assume/assuming (that), provided/providing (that), given that等。 Suppose/ Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do? 如果我们误了火车，我们将怎么办？
• nine is to three what three is to one
• many a 修饰可数名词单数， such two books，such a book the next 既修饰可数又修饰不可数
• 感叹句
  • what+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语
  • what+形容词+不可数名词/复数名词+主谓
  • how+形容词/副词+主谓
• 与不可数名词连用
  • 1、little 【释义】不多的；(与不可数名词连用)少量的，一些 2、a little有一点 3、a good deal of 4、a great deal of 5、a bit of
• 情态动词可能性从弱到强：might、may、could 、can、 should 、ought to 、would 、must
• deserve、need、want、require
  • 若后面所接的动词表示主动意义，则用不定式的主动式to do， 若后面所接的动词表示被动，则用不定式的被动式to be done或者动名词doing（用主动形式表被动意义）
    • This is one of the issues that deserve mentioning.
• 一般过去时经常用于表示在过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，但Wish wonder think hope等词用于一般过去时，表示 现在的一种试探性的态度tentativeness，或一种委婉的语气
• 谓语动词复数的情况 1）由and或both...and...连接两个单数名词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。如： Fire and water do not agree． 注意 如果and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，则两个名词共用一个冠词，谓语动词必须用单数。 The teacher and writer is her friend． 2）有些集合名词．如：cattle，folk，people，police，poultry(家禽)等作主语，总是跟复数动词形式。 The people hope to live a happy life． The police have caught the criminal． Cattle feed on grass． 3) 表示成双成套的名词，如：trousers，shoes，glasses，compasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 His black trousers are too long．他的黑裤子太长。 Your glasses are on your nose． 4）表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以“-s”结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。 The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean． Rocky Mountains stand in the west of North America． 5）名词clothes，works(作“著作”讲)，goods，contents，the Olympic Games的谓语动词律律用复数。如： Clothes keep people warm． His works have been translated into several foreign languages． 注意：若表示“一套衣服”，可用a suit of clothes。clothes不可与不定冠词a或数词连用。 若表示“一部作品”用a work，“两部作品”用two works。 谓语动词单复数由名词前面的词或词组决定的 1）由“some of，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，most of，the rest of，all of，half of，part of，the remainder of或分数、百分数+of+名词”等短语作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。 The rest of the lecture is dull． Half of the apple is rotten．这个苹果的一半腐烂变质了。 Half of the apples are rotten．这些苹果有一半腐烂变质了。 About one third of the books are worth reading.大约三分之一的书值得一读。 Over 30％ of the students were absent from the meeting． 2）由“a kind of，this kind of，many kinds of”和“名词+of this kind”等，以及由与kind意义相似的type，sort，form，part，piece，section等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。如： A kind of birds has been discovered by them． Parts of the book are very instructive． This kind of apples is expensive. Apples of this kind are expensive. 3）“more+复数名词+than one”结构谓语常用复数。 More members than one have protested against the plan．
• 1、形式一致 主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式 主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式 2、语意一致 谓语动词用单数的清况 1）当名词词组中心词为表示金钱、时间、度量、距离、价格等复数名词时，把这些复数名词看作一个整体。谓语动词采用单数形式。 Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt． Fifty minutes isn’t enough to finish this test． Ten miles seems like a long walk to me． 2 以“-s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名、游戏名、运动名，谓语动词用单数 以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，常用单数谓语动词形式。当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词则用复数形式。 这类单词有： economics经济学 electronics电子学 physics物理学 politics政治学 mathematics数学 statistics统计学 Roots was a novel about a slave family． His politics were a matter of great concern to his friend． Politics is his favorite subject． Statistics show that approximately 40 percent of all marriages in the US end in divorce． Statistics is a subject that is difficult to learn． 3) 有些表示某类别的总称的集合名词，如：machinery(机械)，clothing(衣服)，luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，equipment(设备)，jewelry(珠宝)等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如： My luggage was sent by air． The equipment of our factory is all imported from Britain． 4) 不定式、现在分词和从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数： Playing with fire is dangerous． 注意： 若用and连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式 Early to rise and early to bed is a good habit． When and where the building will be built hasn’t been decided． 主语从句要根据从句表达的意思而定 What she said is correct． What he gave me are five English books