导图社区 英语语法
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英语语法
拜课专升本英语语法知识总结，包括句子成分、从句、时态和语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、反义疑问句、强调句和感叹句等。
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- 句子成分
- 情态动词
- 相似推荐
- 大纲
拜课专升本英语语法
第一章 句子成分
例子
Rose was a lady
主系表
They met
主谓
He loved Rose
主谓宾
Jack gave Rose the board
主谓宾宾
The ending made people sad
主谓宾宾补
一、主干成分(缺一不可)
谓语
表示某种动作。
(系动词:起连接作用,没有实际的动作意义。)
主语
动作的发出者。
宾语
动作的承受者。
宾补
对宾语的补充说明
表语
在系动词后,说明主语的身份、状态和性质
二、枝干成分(可有可无)
定语:
修饰限定名词或代词
状语:
修饰动词
同位语:
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,用来说明和解释另一个句子成分。
三、总结

第二章 从句
一、含义
从句是由连词引出的句子在整句话中充当某种成分
二、分类(根据所代替成分的词性)
从句在句中充当什么成分就是什么从句
1.名词性从句
主从、宾从、表从、同位从
2.形容词性从句
定从(由连词引出的句子充当定语,修饰n)
3.副词性从句
状从(由连词引出的句子充当状语,修饰v)
第一节 名词性从句
一、含义
名词性从句是由连词引导的句子在整句话中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语的成分
二、分类
主从
由连词引出的句子充当主语成分, V前/be前。
宾从
由连词引出的句子充当宾语成分, V后/介后
表从
由连词引出的句子充当表语成分, be后
同位从
由连词引出的句子充当同位语成分,n后
三、连词
做题方法:
1.划从句,判断类型
划从句:如果一句话有两个动词,且无连词,那它便是主从复合句。从连词开 始,到第二个动词之前为从句部分,若没有第二个动词,则划至句末。
2.判断从句是否缺成分
3.判断整句是否缺含义
1. that
(无成分,无含义)
I can't believe that the accident happened in such a way
宾语从句
That English teacher is gorgeous is a truth
主语从句
We heard the news that our team had won
同位语从句
His advantage is that he always focuses on one question
表语从句
2. whether/if, when, where, why, how, which, whose
(无成分，有含义）
I wonder whether/if/where/when he'll be free tomorrow
It depends on whether /when/where we will have enough money
Whether/when/where/why/how he will become famous again is unknown
When/Why/Where/How Jack left hometown wasn't clear
Which brand he will buy depends on himself.
We all know whose responsibility it is
补:
(1) if表示是否,只用于宾从(实意动词引导的) whether可引导所有名从
(2) whether... or not 是否
3.what,who,whom
(有成分，有含义）

What you said sounds reasonable
Nobody knows who broke the glass
Whom/What the staff hated was obvious
四、注意
1.从句需用陈述语序(主+谓)
How are you? I wonder how you are.
2.主语从句和宾语从句的变形。
1)主语从句的变形,用it作形式主语
当主语从句较长，常将主语从句后置，而用it作为形式主语置于句首。
When and where we will hold our sports meeting is hard to decide
It is hard to decide when and where we will hold our sports meeting.
2)宾语从句的变形，用it作形式宾语
I think that we spent so much money on these books worthwhile
I think it worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books
注: consider/ find/ think/ feel/ make等动词常带宾语补足语，这时要用形式宾语it，宾语从句放到宾补之后。
3.宾语从句中that可以省略
I believe (that)prevention is better than cure
4.固定句型:
A is to B what C is to D
A对于B,犹如C对于D一样
A pen is to a writer what a gun is to a soldier
第二节 定语从句
Xi'an is a beautiful city that a lot of people visit.
先行词
一、含义
定语从句是由连词引出的句子充当定语,修饰名词。
二、连词
l.that, which,who,whom
(有成分,有含义)

做题方法:
1.划从句,判断类型
划从句:如果一句话有两个动词,且无连词,那它便是主从复合句。从连词开 始,到第二个动词之前为从句部分,若没有第二个动词,则划至句末
2.判断从句是否缺成分
3.看先行词 指人 还是指物
考点链接
（一）n+从句
同位语从句:前面的名词通常为抽象名词,且抽象名词=从句
He told me the news that he passed the exam
the news= that he passed the exam
定语从句:名词≠从句,从句修饰限定名词
He told me the news that made him excited
the news≠that made him excited
判断从句类型,填适当连词
1. The fact that they didn't finish the work was terrible
同位语从句
2. The fact (that/which）they ignored was terrible
定语从句
（二）省略连词
1.宾语从句中that可以省略
I believe(that) he gets the first prize.
2.定语从句中that作宾语可以省略
This is the game (that) I like？
（三）that与which区别(当先行词指物作主语或者宾语时)
1.只能用that
(1)先行词是不定代词 all, some-, any-, no-, every-
All that your ordered is here
(2)先行词被绝对意义的词修饰时,比如序数词,最高级，the very, the only
The first thing that attracted me was your smile
(3)先行词既有人也有物
There are many kids and toys that reminded me of my childhood
2.只能用 which
(1)非限定性定从
(2)连词位于介词之后,作宾语
Xi'an is a city in which we live
The board on which they stood was made of wood
总结:定从中that与 which的区别
只用that
先行词为不定代词
先行词含绝对含义
先行词既有人又有物
只用 which
非限定性定从
连词位于介词之后，作宾语
2.when，where，why,whose
(无成分,有含义）
I still remember the first day when I came to school
This is the city where i have stayed for two years.
I can't forget the reason why I chose this school.
The man whose name is Li Xian is my boyfriend.
考点链接:介词+ which
1.介词+ which替代when, where,why
I still remember the first day when/on which I came to school
This is the city where/in which I have stayed for two years
I can't forget the reason why/for which I chose this school.
→当先行词表示时间 地点 原因时,介词选用根据从句和先行词的含义关系。
Xi'an is the place where/in which I grew up.
He likes the holiday when/during which he can travel around the city
2介词选用根据从句中的动介搭配
当先行词不表示时间 地点 原因时,介词选用根据从句中的动介搭配。
This is the book about which I often talk.
This is the book for which I paid 100 RMB.
三、类型
1.限定性定从
主从句间无逗号
只能修饰名词(先行词)
连词常规使用
例句
Li Xian is a man that/whom many girls adore
2.非限定性定从
主从句间有逗号
既能修饰名词,也能修饰句子
连词无that,其它连词用法相同
例句
He is a boy, who smokes
The book, which I bought, is interesting
He smokes, which surprises us
四、固定句型
...先行词，数词/名词/代词 of which/whom...
In this movie there are many characters, 2 of whom are animals. The main character is a cat, the name of which is Garfield. A lot of people, most of whom are children, like the movie
考点链接
与as相关的固定句式
(1)as+sb.+ did/had done正如某人...的那样
As I expected, the students are very diligent The students are very diligent, which I expected
(2) as is known to all= as we all know众所周知
As is known to all ,the earth moves around the sun The earth moves around the sun, which is known to all
第三节 状语从句
一、含义
由连词引出的句子充当状语,修饰动词
二、特点
1.主从句结构完整,不缺成份
2.填连词时看主句和从句的关系(翻译句子)
3.位置不定: 主句+状从 ;状从,+主句
三、分类
时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、目的、比较 、条件、方式
四、状语表现形式
adv、介词短语、从句、to do（动词不定式）
(一)时间状从
1.when,while，as
when+任意时态
while+ be doing
as随着
(当...时,主从句动作同时发生)
例句
When I speak, you write
While I was playing games, the cell phone rang
As the time goes by, she becomes fatter and fatter
2.before, after. since, until/till(not. until）
Before you came here. I had waited for you After you left the classroom, I cleaned the blackboard I have lived in Xi'an since I graduated from college
since 自从;一般主句用现在完成时( havd done)
注意
until:直到...为止
He cried until I came back. 他哭,直到我回来
not...until:直到...才
He didn‘t cried until I came back. 他不哭,直到我回来。(即直到我回来,他才哭。)
People don't know the value of their knowledge until they use it.
3.
as soon as=the moment/second/minute (that )(一...就） every time(每次)/ every day每天)/ every week每周
As soon as I arrived at the bus stop, the bus left Every tme I went home,my mother made delicious food for me
Hardly +had+主语+done... when+主语+did... No sooner+had+主语+done... than+主语+did...
一...就
(二)地点状从
where/wherever
Where there is a will, there is a way Where there is a river. there is a city You can sit where you like
（三）原因状从
because ,as ,for, in that(由于),sine(既然)、 now that(既然)
Most people visit Xi'an because/as/for/in that it is beautiful As/ Because he studied hard, he got the scholarship Since/ Now that you have grown up, you should be responsible for your life
补充
because of
owing to
due to
+n/doing
由于
=
because+句子
He is anxious because his answer is different from other people answers
He is anxious because of /owing to/due to his answer
(四)结果状从
如此…以至于
so+ adj/ adv.+that...
He felt so anxious that he began to tremble He ran so fast that I fell behind Ads are so common that we can see them everywhere.
such+(a/an+ adj+)n+ that...
...such +n+ that... ...such+a/an+adj+n.+that...(such后的名词前可加冠词和形容词)
It was such a good film that I saw it twice You were such clever students that you all got high scores
(五)让步状从
1.尽管: although, though, while,as
Although/Though/While he tried hard, he failed to pass the exam. Though/Although/While he is a kid, he can speak 4 languages
注: although/though不与but连用，可与 yet/still连用
While(虽然) I know the truth, I didn't tell it to anyone You like playing basketball while (但是) I like playing football
while
在句首:虽然
在句中:但是
as倒装句式:n/ v/adj/adv+as+主+谓,(n前有冠词必省)
Although he tried hard, he failed to pass the exam. Hard as he tried, he failed to pass the exam. Though he is a kid,Kid as he is, he can speak 4 languages
总结
although:不倒装
as:必须倒装
while
在句首:虽然
在句中:但是
n/v/adj/adv.+as++主+谓
2无论 -ever:（whatever, whoever, whenever, however, wherever）
注:ever= no matter- 比如: whatever=no matter what
Whatever you do, I will support you Whatever difficulties we meet, we can overcome them However cheap it is, I don't want to buy it.
whatever+ 主+谓 whatever+ n+主+谓 however+ adj/adv+主+谓
3即使: even if/even though
Even if/ Even though you don't know the result, you should have a try. Even though/ Even if you fail in the exam, you are still the best.
补充
In spite of
despite
+n /doing
尽管
In spite of/Despite failing in the exam, you are still the best
(六)目的状从
1为了:in order that 、so that(句中)
In order that we have a good future, we should do our best We should do our best so that/in order that we have a good future
补充
In order to do
so as to do句中)
In order that we have a good future, we should do our bes In order to have a good future, we should do our best. We should do our best so that we have a good future We should do our best so as to have a good future.
2.in case(that)(以防）for fear that(惟恐)
In case/For fear that you won't pass the exam, you must work harder I get up early for fear that/ in case I might be late
补充
in case of
for fear of
+n/doing
I get up early for fear of/in case of being late.
(七)比较状从
1像...一样:…as+adj/adv+as... 不如:… not so/as+adj/adv+as...
Guo is almost as old as Lin, but he isn't so handsome as Lin Lucy is as tall as Lily, however, she doesn't run so fast as Lily
2.比+than(短词-er;长词more-)
Lin is more handsome than Guo Lily runs faster than Lucy
3the比句子,the比+句子(越...,越...)
The more you laugh, the younger you will be The harder you study, the luckier you will be
4比and比(越来越...)
Our country is getting stronger and stronger The housing price becomes higher and higher
(八)条件状从
If(如果), unless(除非), as long as(只要),once(一旦)
If/ As long as/Once I have money, I will travel around the world Once/ If/As long as you make a decision, you should stick to it. Unless I have money, I won't travel around the world.
unless=if...not
If I don’t have money, I won't travel around the world
(九）方式状从
1好像: as if/as though
It looks as if it were broken She looks sad as though something bad happened
2.以...的方式 the way， as
Please do the exercises as I tell you You must hold the pen the way I do it.
总结:
1含有多种含义的连词
while
时间状从:当....时
让步状从
在句首:虽然
在句中:但是
Since
时间状从:
自从
原因状从:
因为
as
时间状从:
随着
原因状从:
因为
让步状从:
尽管
方式状从
以...的方式
2.相似的连词
.
even if/though
让步状从
即使
as if/though
方式状从
好像
.
so..that
结果状从
如此…以至于
so that
目的状从
为了
第三章 时态和语态
第一节 时态
一、含义
谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和状态。动词在不同时间和状 态下表现形式不同。
二、分类
eg
我天天工作
I work every day.
我正在工作
I am working now.
我已经工作两年了
I have worked for 2 years.


三,用法
(一)一般态
1.一般现在时:
(1)构成:
主+ do/does
主+ am/is/are
(2)含义:
a.习惯性,经常性发生的动作
I always get up early.
He drinks eight cups of water every day.
b.客观事实,普遍真理
The hen lays eggs
There are four seasons in a year
c现阶段的身份状态性格/特征
You are students and I am a teacher The weather is hot in summer Mary never speaks to strangers. Girls like going shopping
(3)标志词: always,ofen, every-
2 一般过去时
(1)构成:
主+did
主+ was/were
(2)含义
a,表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态
He was poor last year
b,过去经常性的动作或存在的状态
He often slept in class when he was a child
(3)标志词: yesterday, last-,-ago, the day before yesterday
补:
used to do
过去常常做...
He used to live in the countryside.他过去经常居住在乡村。
be used to doing
习惯于做...
He is used to living in the countryside.他习惯于居住在乡村。
be used to do...
...被用来做...
Wood is used to make paper 木头被用来造纸。
3.一般将来时
(1)构成:
主+will/ shall do
shall用于第一人称:I ，we
will用于所有人称
(2)含义:表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态
We shall(will） graduate from college two years later
Tomorrow will be a sunny day
(3)标志词: tomorrow,next, -later, the day after tomorrow
补充
（1）将做...
am/is/are going to do
He is going to play football with his friends next week
am/is/are to do
He is to play football with his friends next week
am/is/are about to do
He is about to play football with his friends next week
(2)主将从现(时间状从,条件状从)
当主句和从句的动作都发生在将来时,主句动词用一般将来时,从句动词用一般现在时表将来
I will tell (tell) him the good news when he comes (come) back. If it is (be) fine tomorrow, we will go(go) for a picnic
(3)表示位置转移的动词通常用现在进行时表将来
go, come, arrive, move, leave,.start...
They are moving to a new house soon.他们将搬新家了。
4.过去将来时
(1)构成:
主+would/should do
should用于第一人称:I/we; woud用于所有人称。
(2)含义:
从过去某一时刻看将要发生的动作
I will see a movie after class(我将要去看电影) I said I would see a movie after class我说了我要去看电影
补充 （以过去某时间视角）将要做...
was/were going to do
was/were to do
was/were about to do
(二)进行态( be doing）
1.现在进行时
(1)构成:
主+ am/is/are doing
(2)含义:现在/现阶段正在进行的动作
They are doing experiment now.
(3)标志词:
at the moment, at present,now, listen,look
2.过去进行时
(1)构成:
主+ was/were doing
(2)含义:过去某一时刻某一阶段正在进行的动作
When she was reading the newspaper, I fell asleep
We were talking about the film just now
3.将来进行时
(1)构成:主+ will/shall be doing
(2)含义:表示将来某一时刻/某一阶段正在进行的动作
We will be having a test at this time next week.
(三)完成态( have done)
1，现在完成时
（1）构成
主+have/has done
(2)含义:
a.过去发生或已经结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
He has watched the movie with his friends The police have found the missing child
补充
该用法和一般过去时的区别:
(1)现在完成时:强调影响/结果
2)一般过去时:只说明动作发生在过去
例句
He has watched the movie with his friends (影响:已经看过了,不需再看了) He watched the movie with his friends (仅表示“已看过”)
The police have found the missing child. (结果:找到了,不用再找了) The police found the missing child. (仅表示“找”这个动作发生在过去)
b过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态
标志词:
表示开始 since
表示持续:for+时间段
表示结束 till now,so far, up to now
He has worked in our company since two years ago Up to now I have been a teacher for 5 years since I lived in xi'an
c曾经的经历
I have been to the Great Wall twice I have never been to the Great Wall He has climbed the mountain three times She has written him five letters recently
注:在句型 It is the first time that…,从句常用现在完成时态
This is the first time that you have visited Tiananmen Square
2.过去完成时(注意两个动作的先后顺序)
(1)构成:主+ had done
(2)含义:在过去某一时间之前就已经发生完成的动作
做题方法
a找出发生在过去的两个动作
b判断两个动作的先后顺序
c先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时
He told me that he had passed the exam
When they got to the field, the football match had started already
3.将来完成时
(1)构成:
主+will/shall have done
(2)含义:截止到将来某一时间已经完成的动作
We will have finished our task by next month They will have martied for 10 years by the end of this year
注: by/by the time +
截止到...
表示现在的时间句子
主句用：主+have/has done
表示过去的时间句子
主句用：主+had done
表示将来的时间句子
主句用：主+will/shall have done
(四)完成进行态
现在完成进行时
(1)构成:主+ have/has been doing
(2)含义:表示从过去某一时间开始的动作,一直持续到现在,还未结束
The population of China has been increasing during the 3 years.
Scientists have been searching for new sources of energy for decades.
注意:现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
(1)I have written a book.我写了一本书
(截止到现在的动作,已结束)
(2) I have been writing a book我一直在写一本书。
(截止到现在的动作没有结束,并将持续下去)
第二节 语态
一、含义
表示主语与谓语动词之间的关系
二、表达方式
主动:主+do
主语是动作的发出者
I open the door 我开门。(我能发出“开门”这个动作)
被动:主+ be done
主语是动作的承受者
The door is opened by me 门被我打开了。(门发不出“开门”这个动作)
补充
1vi没有被动语态
如：work, appear, disappear, fail, die, happen,cry...
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago
2感官动词主动形式表被动意义
taste, smell, sound, seem, feel
The food tastes delicious The song sounds well
3.宾补为不带to的动词不定式变被动还原to
see sb do sth → be seen to do sth help sb do sth→ be helped to do sth
He saw the thief enter the office building
三、被动语态与时态结合

第四章 情态动词
动词分类
v实
vt
后接宾语，有被动语态
vi
不接宾语，无被动语态
如果要宾语，必须在vi后加上介词或副词
v助
do/does/did
have/has/had
+V：为V助 +n: 为V实
情态动词
be动词(构成 be doing/be done时be动词为助动词)
一、含义
有自身含义的助动词
二、基本用法
肯定:S+V情+do
否定:S+V情+not+do
例子
I can drive a car I can't drive a car
He can play basketball. He can't play basketball
三、作用(推测;批评责备)
(一)推测
1. can/could
(1)能够: be able to do(强调能力)
He can get a good score because he tries his best.
He is able to get a good score because he tries his best
(2)推测:
can/could可能 (可能性大于may,不常用)
can't/couldn't不可能,表示语气强烈的否定推测
例句
He can't be her husband because he is still single.
Grace has lived here for two years, so she can't be a newcomer
(3)can't...to...=can' t.enough再...也不为过
Women can't have too many clothes
You can't be too careful when you cross the road
2,may/might
(1)可能(语气没有那么强烈)
He may win the lottery. They might be waiting for you outside
may/might not“可能不
The figures may not be exactly right, but they are close enough
(2)May...I...?
May I take a picture with you?
(3) may/might as well+V原 不妨...
You may/might as well have a try as long as you are willing to do it.
Since we didn't pass the exam, we may as well ask others for help
3. must
(1)推测:一定,肯定(表示语气强烈的肯定推测)
They must be sisters because they look like each other
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired
(2)必须
You must form good habits if you want to succeed
Soldiers must obey orders
注: mustn't“禁止”needn’t“不需要
You needn't（不需要） return the album to me right now, but you mustn't（禁止） make it dirty.
(3) must 表示说话人的主观命令 have to 表示客观环境迫使某人做某事
I must finish the task quickly.
If I want to buy the car,I will have to borrow some money.
总结

情态动词表推测的句式总结
主语
can/could(not)
may/might(not)
must
+
do
对现在/将来推测
have done
对过去推测
（1）could have done
过去本能做...（实际上未做）
（2）might have done
过去可能做过
(3) must have done
过去一定做过
（4）couldn't/can't have done
过去一定未做过
mustn't have done
(二)批评责备
1. shall/should
(1)将来时标志
一般将来时:主+ will/shall do
过去将来时:主+ would/ should do
(2)应该
should have done=ought to have done本应该做某事但实际上没有做
shouldn‘t have done= oughtn't to have done本不应该做某事但实际上做了
例子
It was an easy test and he should have passed 那个测试很容易,他本应该通过的。(但实际上他没有)
It was an easy test and he ought to have passed
例子
Mike was unhappy yesterday, and you shouldn't have told him the bad news 迈克昨天不开心,你本不应该告诉他那个坏消息的。(但实际你告诉了)
Mike was unhappy yesterday, and you oughtn't to have told him the bad news.
(3) should do= ought to do
People should take measures to protect the environment
People ought to take measures to protect the environment
2.need
need
n
需要，需求
v
v实
人作主语
need sth
He need some water.
need to do sth
He needs to drink some water.
物作主语
need doing...需要被...=need to be done
The blackboard needs cleaning.
v情
need do sth
He need drink some water.
注意
need作为v实和v情有区别
v实
肯定：She needs to lose weight
否定：She doesn't need to lose weight
v情
肯定：She need lose weight
否定：She needn' t lose weight
doesn't/ don't/ didn't need to do sth needn't do sth
不需要做...
needn' t have done 本不需要做某事但实际上做了 didn't need to do 不需要做,实际上也没有做
I needn' t have waited for her, because she left last night实际等了
I didn't need to wait for her, because she left last night.实际没有等
情态动词表批评责备的句式总结
(1) should have done /ought to have done
本应做...（实际未做）
(2)shouldn't have done /oughtn't to have done
本不应做...(实际做了）
(3) need have done
本需做（实际未做）
(4) needn't have done
本不需做（实际做了）
(5) didn't need to do
不需要做（实际也未做）
补充
dare和need一样,可为V实或V情
dare to do sth
dare do sth
敢于做…
He dares to meet his teacher's eyes
实义动词
He dare meet his teacher's eyes
情态动词
doesn't/don't/ didn't dare to do sth
daren't do sth
不敢做…
He doesn't dare to meet his teacher's eyes
He daren't meet his teacher's eyes
第五章 虚拟语气
在英语中语气的种类包括陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气
语气
陈述语气.
I don' t have money
说明事实
祈使语气
Please lend me some money
表请求允可
虚拟语气
If I had money, I would travel around the world
与事实相反
一、含义
表与说话人的主观愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设
二、if虚拟条件句
if虚拟条件句

(一)与现在事实相反
从句:
ved/were
主句:
3d1t+v
3d1t： should;/might/would/could (should用于第一人称)
例句
If I were Ma Yum, I should help you pay the bill right now.
If Huang Jiaju lived now, he should bring us more songs.
(二)与过去事实相反
从句
had+done
主句
3d1t+ have done
例句
If I had seen the show last week, I should have taken lots of pictures.
If I had got there earlier yesterday, I_should have met her
(三）与将来事实相反
从句
ved
were to do
主句
3d1t+v
should do
例句
If I lost/were to lose/should lose weight successfully next month,I should buy all kinds of beautiful clothes.
If the sun rised/were to rise /should rise in the west tomorrow,I should marry you.
做题方法
1.根据含义判断是否为虚拟语气
2.找关键词
（1）已有时间标志词
（2）看句中已有的动词形式
补充
1.if从句的变形,即三词提前省略if。 在if引导的虚拟条件句中,出现were/had/ should,可省略if, 三词提前,主句不变。
步骤
(1)省略if
(2)三词(即 had, should, were)放句首
(3)主句不变
If I were Ma Yun=Were I Ma Yun
2介词短语代替从句(注意时间）
从句
withou
(如果没有...)
but for
(要不是...)
+n/doing
主句
与现在/将来相反
3d1t+ v
与过去相反
3d1t+ have done
例句
Without sunlight, people's life should be terrible now
But for their timely rescue, he should have lost his life.
3.错综虚拟 (if从句和主句的时间不一样,做题时,各归各位)
If he had review well last week,he shouldn't take make-up exams now
If I hadn't missed the bus just now, I should arrive at the classroon now
If you had taken my advice last month, you wouldn't cry over your failurd now
三、特殊词（7adj、12v）
7adj
It is+adj+that+主语+ (should) do/be done
adj
重要必要及紧要
important
vital
necessary
essential
urgent
自然;陌生
natural; strange
例句
1. It's necessary that we (should) take) an umbrella on a rainy day.
2. It is strange that such a thing (should) happened in your school
3. It is important that enough money (should) collect to fund the project
4. It is essential that these application forms (should) be sent back as early as possible
12v
主句主语十V+（that）从句主语+( should) do/be done
同源词用法相同(从句使用虚拟语气)
一坚持:
insist（v）
insistence (n）
insist
表“坚持要求时:要虚拟即主+( should) do/be done;
表 坚持认为”时不虚拟,根据已有动词时态去选择
The doctor insisted that the boy was injured badly, and he insisted the boy be sent to the hospital
二命令
order(v)
order(n)
command(v）
command(n)
四建议:
advise(v)
advice(n)
suggest(v
suggestion(n)
suggest
表建议要虚拟 即主+( should) do/be done;
表“暗示”或“表明时:不虚拟,根据已有动词时态去选择
My wallet suggests that I am poor, then my friend suggests I work harder.
propose(v)
proposal(n)
recommend(v
recommendation(n）
五要求:
desire(v
desire(n)
demand(v)
demand(n)
require (v)
requirement (n)
request(v,)
request(n)
ask
四、time虚拟
It's time to do sth 是做的时候了
It's time to make a decision for your life
It's (high) time that+主语+ did sth.是做的时候了
It's high time you started to work because you don't have enough time.
五 wish/ How I wish (希望) as if/ as though (好像) If only (要是.就好了) 虚拟句中v形式都一样
（一）sb wish/ How I wish(希望)
sb+wish
How I wish
+（that）从句
与现在事实相反:
ved/were
与过去事实相反:
had done
与将来事实相反:
2d1t+v
2d1t: would/ could/ might
例句
I wish I were able to tell him all about the meeting at this moment We wish we had done what you did when we were at high school I wish the housing prices could come down in the near future
(二) as if/ as though(好像)
as if/as though+句子
与现在事实相反:
ved/were
与过去事实相反:
had done
与将来事实相反:
2d1t+v
2d1t: would/ could/ might
例句
They talked happily as if they had been friends for many years
I can't stand him. He always talks as though he knew everything
(三)If only (要是……就好了
If only+句子
与现在事实相反:
ved/were
If only I were not so nervous now
与过去事实相反;
had done
If only I had gone to the movies with you last night
与将来事实相反:
2d1t+v
2d1t: would/ could/ might
If only it would stop raining tomorrow
六、 would rather
主语+ would rather+(that)+句子
宾语从句
与现在/将来事实相反:
ved/were
与过去事实相反:
had done
补充
would rather do A than do B 宁愿做A而不愿做B
I would rather stay at home than go shopping.
would rather+
(看 would rather后有无主语来确定后面填的内容
宾语从句（有主+谓）
与现在/将来事实相反
ved/were
与过去事实相反:
had done
+do sth
例句
I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being(当前）
He would rather that he had prepareed for the exam well last week
总结
一、if虚拟条件句

二、特殊词汇（7adj/11v)
(一）特殊adj
It is+adj特+that+主语+( (should) do/be done
（二）特殊v
主语十V特+（that）主语+( should) do/be done
三、time虚拟
It's （high）time that+主+did... 是做的时候了
四、虚拟语法都一样
sb wish/how I wish
as if/as though
if only
+句子
与现在事实相反
ved/did
从句谓语动词
与过去事实相反
had done
与将来事实相反
2d1t+v
第六章 反义疑问句
一、构成及一般规则
构成
陈述句+疑问句
简单问句：助动词+主语？
作用：用于证实陈述句中的内容
1，助动词分类
do/does/did
have/has/had
情态动词
be动词（构成be doing/be done时 be动词为助动词）
2，一般规则
前肯后否，前否后肯，人称一致，时态一致
例句
He has a car, doesn't he? He doesn't has a car, does he?
It is a marker, isnt it? It isn't a marker, is it?
I am a lady aren't it? I am not a lady, am I?/are I?
I was a lady, wasn't I? He is a man. isnt he?
二、特殊情况
1，陈述句为祈使句时
（1）表肯定，问句用will you？won’t you？could you？would you？
Open the door, will you/wont you/could you/would you?
Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, will you/won't you/could you/would you？
（2）表否定，问句只用will you？
Don't make any noise in the library, will you？
（3）
Let‘s ...,shall we?
let's go and play badminton, shall we?
Let us...,will you?
Let us go for a walk, will you?
2,当陈述句中有否定词时
no，few/little,rarely,barely,never,hardly,seldom,问句用肯定
We hardly refuse others in our life, do we?
He has never ridden a horse before, has he?
3，在主从复合句中
（1）一般情况下，问句与主句保持一致
It is the first time that you have come here, isn't it?
The lady couldn‘t say a word when she saw the snake, could she?
（2）当主句中有I think/believe/suppose时，问句与从句的主谓，时态保持一致，肯否取决于主句
I don't think dropping litter is allowed in Yellow River Park is it？
I don't suppose my friends will forget to attend the party, will they？
4，当陈述句谓语动词为wish时，问句助动词用may，并且为肯定形式。
I wish to visit the Dinosaur World, may I?
5，当陈述句为There be句型即There is/was/are/were...,问句用be（not+there？
There are always many volunteers in great events, arent there? There is not much news in today's newspaper, is there?
6.当陈述句中有ought to，used to，would rather,had better时，
（1）ought to
问句用oughtn’t+主语？/shouldn't+主语？
ought to do=should do
We ought to make full use of time, oughtn't/shouldn't we?
He ought to win the first prize, oughtn't /shouldn't he?
（2）used to
问句用usedn't+主语？/didn't+主语？
My brother used to take part in labor in that village, usedn't he?/didn't he?
She used to wear glasses at school, usedn't she? /didn't she?
（3）would rather
问句用wouldn't+主语？
I would rather stay at home because of the bad weather, wouldn't I?
He would rather be single than get married, wouldnt he?
（4）had better
问句用hadn‘t+主语？
We had better make a good plan to finish the work, hadn't we?
You'd better get up early, hadn't you?
第七章 强调句和感叹句
强调句
一、句型
It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
（主语、宾语、状语）或者n/adv/介词短语/句子
They saw the film last night
→It was they that saw the film last night
强调主语
→It was the film that they saw last night
强调宾语
→It was last night that they saw the film
强调状语
二、判断方法
将It is/was...that/who...去掉，剩下的内容完整
补充
1，not until 的强调句
It is/was not until +状语+that+其他部分（直到...才...）
not...until 直到,,,才
Alice didn't realized she had lost her keys until she got home →It was not until she got home that Alice realized she had lost her keys
2.强调句的疑问句形式
（1）一般疑问句的强调句式
Is/ Was it+被强调部分+ that/ who+其它部分?
It was the film that they saw last night. Was it the film that they saw last night?
（2）特殊疑问句的强调句式
特殊疑问词+is/ was it that+其它部分?
It was the film that they saw last night. →What was it that they saw last night?
It was last night that they saw the film. →When was it that they saw the film?
三、辨析
It is/was...that...
it作形式主语：It is +adj+that+句子
强调句：It is+被强调内容+that+句子
n/adv/介词短语/句子
例句
It's necessary that he return the dictionary immediately It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang
感叹句
What+（a/an+adj)+n+(主+谓）
How+adj/adv+(主+谓）
例句
It is a beautiful city - What a beautiful city it is! -How beautiful the city it is!
He studies hard in our class How hard he studies in our class
第八章 倒装句
一、含义 将谓语动词提到主语前（v+主语）
二、动词分类
v
v实
vt
后跟名词
vi
后不跟名词
v助：协助实义动词共同构成谓语
do/does/did
have/has/had
情态动词
be动词
构成be doing/be done时be动词为助动词
三、倒装句的类型
（一）完全倒装（标志词+v实+主语）
1，表示时间，方位的词位的副词位于句首时倒装
now/then, in/out , up/down ,here/there ,away
例句
The little boy ran out, with tears in his eyes →Out ran the little boy, with tears in his eyes
Your turn comes now → Now comes your tur
2,表示地点的介词短语（介词+n）位于句首
例如：under the tree, on the desk, in front of the house
例句
My friends sit under the tree→ Under the tree sit my friend
Li Ming lies on the grass→On the grass lies Li Ming.
注意：在完全倒装中，主语是人称代词（I/we/you/he/she/it/they)时不用倒装，用正常语序（主+谓）
They stay here→Here stay they.
（二）部分倒装（标志词+v助+主语）
1.否定意义的词/短语位于句首
（1）否定副词
no/not，neve/seldom，few/little，rarely，nowhere
例句
I have never heard him tell a lie since we became good friends →Never have I heard him tell a lie since we became good friends
My friend has rarely seen such a wonderful sight →Rarely has my friend seen such a wonderful sight
（2）七个绝不
in no case/way
on no account/condition
at no time
by no means
under no circumstance
例句
We should in no case talk with others in the library →In no case should we talk with others in the library
She will by no means agree to our plan for the trip -By no means will she agree to our plan for the trip
（3）一...就...（前倒后不倒）
Hardly+had+主语+done...when+主语+did...
No sooner+had+主语+done...than+主语+did...
例句
I had hardly went home when it began to rain. - Hardly had I went home when it began to rain
I had no sooner got to the station than the train left - No sooner had I got to the station than the train left
2.Not only...but also （前倒后不倒）
Females can not only earn money, but also take care of children - Not only can females earn money, but also take care of children
He not only likes reading interesting stories, but also likes writing some at free time. → -Not only does he like reading interesting stories, but also likes writing some at free time
3,Not until +n/句子 在句首，后面的主语用部分倒装（did+主语+v原）
They didn't start to prepare for their work until the deadline→Not until the deadline did they start to prepare for their work
Tom didn't begin to review until he had finished his lessons Not until he had finished his lessons, did Tom begin to review
4，“也”的倒装（too ，too，as well as，either不倒装）
（1）肯定的“也”：
so+v助+主语
I want to become rich. He wants to become rich, too.
So does he
If you jump, I will jump, too.
so will I.
注意
对于so
前后主语一致
so+主语+v助
...的确如此
前后主语不一致
so+v助+主语
...也一样
例子
-She wants to lose weight So she does(她的确如此) So does Li Mei.(李梅也一样)
-He works hard -So he does, and so does his brother. She is good at Chinese, so is her friend.
（2）否定的“也”
neither/nor+v助+主语
I don' t speak dialect. She doesnt speak it, either.
Neitherr does she.
He didn't like the film. I didn't like it, either.
Neitherr did I
5，“Only+状语（adv/介词短语/从句）”，后面句子部分倒装（v助+主语）
I can watch TV only then.→ Only then can I watch TV.
I can live better only in this way -→Only in this way can I live better
I realized the importance of study only when I graduated from school. -→Only when I graduated from school, did I realize the importance of study
6，as的倒装
n/v/adj/adv+as+主+谓（n前有冠词必须省略）
Although he worked hard, he did not pass the exam →Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam
Although he is a child, he can understand his mother's great pain →Child as he is, he can understand his mother's great pain
总结
一、完全倒装(标志词+V实+主语)
1表示时间,方位的词位于句首时
2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首
注：在完全倒装中,主语是人称代词时不倒装
(二)部分倒装(标志词+V助+主语
1否定意义的词短语位于句首
(1)否定副词
(2)七个“绝不
(3) Hardly… when…; No sooner.han.(前倒后不倒)
2. Not only… but also…(前倒后不倒)
3. Not until+名词/句子在句首,后面主句用部分倒装即did主语+V原
4.“也”的倒装
(1)肯定的“也”
So+V助+主语
(2)否定的“也
Neither/Nor+V助+主语
5.only+状语”在句首,则后面句子部分倒装(v助+主语)
6.as的倒装
句式:n/v/adj/adv..+as+主+谓,主句 (n前有冠词必省)
第九章 主谓一致
一、含义
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数量上与主语保持一致。
1，主语的人称、数量的判断

2，动词单数的表现形式
（1）+s
works
sees
（2）+es
以ch，sh，s，x，o结尾的
watches
washes
kisses
fixes
goes
does
（3）以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i，+es
studies
flies
（4）特例
have的单数是has
be的单数是is/was
二、谓语只用复数的情况
1，“三群”做主语：people police cattle
2，the+adj 表示一类人
三、谓语只用单数的情况
1，抽象名词做主语：金钱 时间 重量 距离 动名词
2，不定代词做主语：each， every ，no， either of，neither of
四、其他情况
1，就近原则
（1）there be
There is a teacher and many students in the classroom There are many students and a teacher in the classroom
（2）not only...but only...不但...而且...
Not only Tom but also his brothers are fond of watching television Not only the students but also their teacher_enjoys the film
(3)either...or 要么...,要么...
Either you or I am going to the teacher' office after class
Either the teachers or the president is to attend the meeting
(4)neither...nor 既不...，也不...
Neither the students nor the teacher knows(know)anything about it. Neither my wife nor I myself am able to teach my daughter to sing English songs
2，就前原则
n+with/along with/together with/as well as+n
Two children with their mother come(come)to the cinema
Tom as well as his parents is (be)going to London
3，“n+n”做主语
表示一个，谓语动词用单数
A writer and educator_is (be)giving a lecture now
表示两个，谓语动词用复数
A writer and an educator_ are(be)giving a lecture now
4，量词
(1)修饰可数名词
many/a few/a（great）number of/several+n复+v复
Several cities take(take)measures to develop their economy step by step
A number of students are(be)admitted to the key university
注意：
the number of+n复+v单
...的数量
a number of+n复+v复
一些...
The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reason ast week
（2）修饰不可数名词
much/a little/a great deal of/an amount of+不可数名词+动词单数
A good deal of money was (be)spent on books last year. An amount of time is(be)used to relax nowadays
（3）均可修饰
a lot of=lots of/some/plenty of
a quantity of=quantities of 大量的
+名词复数+动词复数/+不可数名词+动词单数
A quantity of farmers choose to work for money A quantity of beer was sold yesterday
注意：quantities of+n 作主语时，后只跟动词复数
Large quantities of water are_needed for cooling purpose Quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain last week.
第十章 非谓语动词
非谓语动词
一、含义
非谓语动词，指在句子中不作谓语的动词
非谓语动词在句子中不充当谓语成分，但可以充当句子中其他成分。
二、分类
不定式
to do
表目的/将来
I called the police to ask for help.
动名词
doing
当名词来使用
Playing computer games does not do anything good to you.
分词
本质是adj/adv
现在分词
doing
表主动/进行
过去分词
done
表被动/完成
第一节 不定式
一、不定式的形式功能

注意：不定式的否定在to 前加not，如not to do
1，不定式的一般式
所表现的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或者发生在谓语动词之后。
I am very glad to meet you.
am very glad和to meet的两个动词同时发生
We decided to go shopping.
to go shopping发生在decided之后
2，不定式的进行式
所表现的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生而且正在发生。
The boy seems to be palying video games in his room.
3，不定式的完成式
所表现的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
He is said to have changed his hair cut.
to have changed his cut 发生在is said 之前
4，不定式的被动式
表示不定式的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者。
The building to be finished next month is for our students.
二、不定式的句法功能
在句子中起n、adj、adv的作用
可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补、同位语。

1，作主语
To make a promise is hard
To be working all day makes people tired.
注意：动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式结构放在句子中谓语动词的后面作为真正的主语。
常用句型
It is/was +adj+(of/for sb)+to do sth.
例子
To study hard is very necessary for us.
It is very necessary for us to study hard.
例子
To help me with my homework every day is very kind of you.
It is very kind of you to help me with my homework every day.
2，作表语
All I want to do is to study well.
3，作宾语
She decided to change her mind.
常考的由动词不定式to do作宾语的动词
三个希望两答应
hope wish want
agree promise（expect、desire）
两个要求莫拒绝
demand ask
refuse（decline）
设法学会作决定
mangae learn decide（determine）
不要假装在选择
pretend choose
补充
动词不定式to do作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语（to do 放于宾补之后）
I find it（形式宾语） easy to get up （真正的宾语）early.
由动词不定式to do作宾语，it作形式宾语时的动词:
consider make think find feel
4，作宾语补足语
He wanted me to be a scientist in the future.
常考的由动词不定式to do作宾补的动词：v sb to do sth（宾补）
期待鼓励和建议
expect encourage advise
想要邀请下命令
want invite command（order）
允许要求下决心
allow（permit） ask（request、require） determine
注意
四看三使二听一感觉
四看
notice
see
watch
observe
三使
have
let
make
二听
hear
listen to
一感
feel
后面的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后必须带to
例子
I saw her(省略to） enter the cinema.
被动：She was seen to enter the cinema.
5，作定语
例子
He is a man to tell lies.
6，作状语
表目的、原因、结果等
I went to the airport to see my idol.
表目的
I am very sorry to hear the news.
表原因
第二节 动名词
一、动名词的形式功能

注意：否定式在动名词前加not，如not doing
1.一般式：动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生或者在其后发生。
He enjoyed swimming very much.
enjoyed和swimming同时发生
They are thinking of climbing Mount Tai this weekend
climbing Mount Tai发生在 are thinking之后
2.完成式：动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
Thanks a lot of for having given me this precious chance.
having given me this precious chance发生在thanks之前
3.被动式：表示动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者。
I remember having been taken to the ocean park when I was five years old 我记得我五岁时候曾被带到海洋公园过。
逻辑主语I是having been taken 中take这个动作的承受者
He once cheated in the exam without being caught 他有次考试作弊没有被抓住
逻辑主语he 是being caught中catch的动作承受者。
二、动名词的句法功能
动名词在句子中起n的作用
可作主语、宾语、表语、定语

1、作主语（动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数）
Smoking is bad for health.吸烟有害健康。
Climbing mountains is really fun,爬山真是有趣
2、作表语
Her job is washing and cooking她的工作是洗衣做饭。
His job is earning money for his wife他的工作是给他媳妇挣钱。
3、作定语
The teacher has many reading materials.这位老师有很多阅读材料。
The teaching method is important for them.教学方法对他们来说很重要
4、作宾语
Mary is thinking of going back to New York.玛丽正在想回纽约的事情。
He regrets having given her the promise so hastily.他后悔如此草率地给了她承诺。
（1）由动名词作宾语的动词
喜欢花费别想象
enjoy、 spend...（in）doing sth 、imagine（fancy）
错过建议要考虑
miss 、suggest（advise、propose） consider
完成练习要保持
finish（complete） 、practice 、keep（on）doing
承认感激不喜欢
admit（acknowledge） appreciate、dislike
介意冒险要抵制
mind、risk、resist
避免逃离要允许
avoid、escape、allow（permit）
（2）由动名词作宾语的短语
give up doing sth
放弃...
be worth doing
值得做...
can't help doing
忍不住做...
feel like doing
想要做...
be busy doing
忙于...
succeed in
成功做...
insist on
坚持...
stick to
坚持...
be good at
擅长
depend on
依靠
look forward to
期待...
apply to
应用于
set about
着手做
do well in
擅长
accustomed to
习惯于
devote oneself to
致力于...
adjust to
适应于...
can't stand
难以忍受...
（3）接动名词、不定式作宾语均可，但意义不同的词
go on
to do
接着又做另一件事
doing
继续做同一件事
forget
to do
忘记要做...
doing
忘记做过...
stop
to do
停下来做另一件事
doing
停止正在做的事
remember
to do
记得要去做...
doing
记得做过...
try
to do
努力做...
doing
尝试做...
regret
to do
对要做的事感到遗憾
doing
对做过的事感到遗憾
mean
to do
打算做...
doing
意味着...
（4）need、require、want、be worth，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义
The car needs reparing.
The problem is worth discussing.
（5）句型
It is no use/no good(in) doing...
做...是没有意义的/没有好处的
It is no use memorizing the theory without putting it into practice 只记住理论而不付诸实践是没有用的。
There is no use/no sense/no point/no good(in) doing
做...是没有意义的/没有用的/没有好处的
There is no point trying to persuade him.想说服他是没有用的
第三节 分词
一、分词的形式功能

注意：分词的否定在前面加not，如 not doing/not done
（一）现在分词的四种形式如下
1，一般式
现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或在 谓语动词表示的动作之前或之后发生。
They went to the park,, singing and talking他们边唱边说地进入了公园。
Entering the classroom, he closed the door.进入教室后,他关上了门。
2，完成式
现在分词的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
Having finished her homework, she went shopping.做完作业,她出去购物了。
Having failed twice, he did not want to try again.已经失败了两次,他不想再试 次
3，一般式的被动
不仅表示被动,而且表示这个动作正在发生,或者这个动作与 谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生
The project being discussed at that time was very important.那个时候正在被讨论的项目很重要。
4，完成式的被动
不仅表示被动,而且表示这个动作发生在调语动词的动作之前。
Having been told many times, they still made the same mistake.被告诉了多次,他们仍然犯了同样的错误。
Having been badly damaged by the earthquake, the city had to be rebuilt 城市被地震严重破坏,它需要重建。
（二）过去分词只有一种形式done，它表示的动作是一个被动的动作或者是已经完成的动作。
Given more time. I can do it better 给我更多的时间,我可以做的更好。
Compared with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn't seem big at all. 与整个地球的大小相比,最大的海洋看起来一点儿也不大。
二、分词的句法功能
分词的作用相当于adj、adv

（一）作表语
be doing
令人...的
be done
（自身）感到...的
此用法中动词为表示人的情绪的动词：兴奋、满意、失望、乏味等
exciting excited
boring bored
scaring：令人恐怖 scared：（自身）感到害怕
（二)作定语
a swimming lady
a lady swimming in the pool
1.位置
单个词
放名词前
前置定语
子主题
放名词后
后置定语
2.做题方法
第一步：找到句中的谓语动词（确定要填的是非谓语形式）
第二步：看空前名词与空的主被动关系
The girl sionging (sing) songs is my frinend.
The girl 和sing是主动关系
What is the gift bought(buy) by him？
gift和buy是被动关系
第三步：看空前名词与空的时间关系

China founded in 1949 becomes more prosperous.
China 和becomes是被动关系
in 1949 发生在过去
（三）作宾补
1.结构
动词+名词
doing
正在做
done
被做
2.动词
感官动词
feel hear see watch
使役动词
have（让） make（使） keep（保持）
其他
find leave（留下、让） with（介词）
3.做题方法
第一步：找到句中10个特殊词（为了确定要填的是非谓语形式）
第二步：看空前名词与空的主被动关系
第三步：看空前名词与空的时间关系

4.with的用法
(1) He stole the purse with no one noticing (notice)
(2) He stole the purse without anyone noticing (notice)
(3) He stole the purse without being noticed (notice)
总结with/without
后有名词：with/without+n+
doing
主动
done
被动
后无名词：with/without+
介词+doing的形式
doing
主动
being done
被动
5.词组
（1）see/hear sb
do
看见/听见某人做了某事
doing
看见/听见某人正在做...
(2) make/have sth done 让某事被做 make/ have sb do 让某人做...
(3) get sb to do sth 让某人做 get sth done 让某事被做
（四）作状语（表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随）
形式1
V1，主+谓（V2）（前后主语一致）
做题方法
第一步：标出动词V1和V2
第二步：看主被动关系（看主语和V1的主被动）
第三步：看V1和V2的发生顺序
（1）V1、V2同时发生
主动
doing
被动
done
（2）V1先于V2发生
主动
having done
被动
having been done
（3）V1后于V2发生
主动
to do
Given more attention,the children could grow better.
形式2
名词+V1,主+谓（V2) (前后主语不一致）
做题方法
第一步 ：标出动词V1和V2
第二步：看主被动关系（看名词和V1的主被动）
第三步：看V1和V2的发生顺序
（1）V1、V2同时发生
主动
doing
被动
done
（2）V1先于V2发生
主动
having done
被动
having been done
Having been told many times,he still didn't understand it.