The Republic of Ireland

这是一篇关于The Republic of Ireland的思维导图，主要从Geogreaphy,History,Government,people,Economy等这几个方面来概述的，

The Republic of Ireland

• Geography
  • Geographical Features
    • Ireland is located in the south-central part of the western European island of Ireland, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the north-east border with Northern Ireland, the Irish Sea to the east, the territory of 70,280 square kilometers, of which the land area of 68,890 square kilometers, the water area of 1390 square kilometers. The coastline is 3,169 km long. The central part of Ireland is plain, lake and marsh, with an average elevation of about 100 metres. The north, north-west and south are highlands and mountains. The central part is hilly and plain, with mostly highland coastal areas, the longest river, the Abha na Sionainne, is about 370 kilometres long, and the largest lake is 475 kilometres north-south, 275 kilometres east-west and 84,000 kilometres wide square kilometres, of which 5/6 is the Republic of Ireland.
  • Climate
    • It is an oceanic temperate broadleaf forest climate, with an average temperature of 3.2 degrees Celsius in the coldest month, 16.2 degrees Celsius in the hottest month, and an annual precipitation of 750 to 1000 mm. Grasslands and pastures account for about 80 per cent of the country's total area. ‎ The climate is mild and humid, which is typical temperate oceanic climate and is affected by the warm flow of the North Atlantic Ocean. The difference between the four seasons is not obvious. The average annual temperature is between 0C and 20C. Long years of rain, sunny weather about 1/5 of the year. The effects of the Gulf of Mexico warm currents and the effects of southwesterly winds prevailing in the Atlantic Ocean have led to a steady climate in Ireland and a largely consistent national temperature. 4-7C in winter and 14-16C in summer. Precipitation is between 800 and 1000 mm.
  • Major Cities
    • Dublin is the capital of Ireland
    • Located in southwestern Ireland, Cork is the second largest city in the country after Dublin, the capital
    • Other Cities: Galway, Limerick,Waterford
• History
  • Early History
    • Human habitation in Ireland dates back to almost 6,000 BC,when huntergatherers from Britian occupied the island.
    • invaded in the 6th century BC by Celtic tribes
    • In 1801,the British and the Irish Parliament passed the Act of Union
  • Pocess Toward Independence
    • Sinn Fein was found at the begining of the 20th century by Arthur Griffith.
    • In January 1919, issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence
    • In 1932, Fianna Fail, organized by the anti-treaty forces under the leadership of Eamon de Valera
  • Republic of Ireland
    • On April 18, 1949, Ireland declared itself a republic
    • In 1985, after negotiations with the British Prime Minster Margaret Thatcher Ireland signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement
  • Ireland Since 1990
    • On December 3, 1990, Mary Robinson was inaugrated as the first female President of Ireland
    • In 1993, Irish Prime Minster Albert Reynolds and British Prime Minster John Major signed the Downing Street Declaration
    • On April 10, 1998, the Belfast Agreement was reached between the Irish and Britidh governments.
    • In July 2005 the IRA formally declared an end to its armed campaign against the British rule in Northern Ireland
• Government(parliamentary democracy)
  • The Legislateure
    • The Irish Parliament is the highest legislative body in Ireland and consists of the President and the House of Representatives, the Senate and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the main legislative body, and the vast majority of bills passed by it end up in law, and the president can refer the bill to the Supreme Court to determine whether it is unconstitutional if he considers it unconstitutional. The Senate does not have the power to veto the House bill, but can only delay its passage.
  • The Executive
    • The Irish government is the highest administrative body in the country. The cabinet is the core of the government, headed by the prime minister, and consists of 7 to 15 ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President on the basis of a nomination from the Chamber of Deputies (usually by the leader of a political party who has obtained more seats in the Chamber of Deputies); Cabinet members are nominated by the Prime Minister and, with the consent of the Chamber of Deputies, appointed by the President. All members of the Government must be members of Parliament, but no more than two senators. Of the total of 60 members of the Senate, the Prime Minister may appoint 11 senators. The Prime Minister may recommend that the President dissolve Parliament. Members of the Government have the right to attend and speak in both houses of Parliament. The Government prepares the budget for each fiscal year of the State and submits it to the House of Representatives for consideration.
  • The Judiciary
    • The Supreme Court of Ireland, co-located in the Dublin Court of Justice, is the High Court of the Irish judicial system, which is responsible for the final adjudication of all civil cases in the Republic of Ireland (criminal cases are finally adjudicated by the Supreme Court and the High Court, respectively, with the power to interpret the Constitution of the Republic of Ireland and to declare decrees passed by Parliament unconstitutional or to any individual or institutional approach to unconstitutional injunctions
  • Political Parties
    • Fianna Fáil
      • The largest party in parliament, founded in 1926, has traditionally been more conservative, advocating tax cuts, job creation, neutral policies and support for European integration. The leader is Michael Martin.
    • Sinn Féin
      • The second largest party in parliament. Founded in 1905 as a political organization of the IRA, it is committed to the independence and reunification of Ireland. The leader is Mary Lou McDonald
    • Fine Gael
      • The third largest party in parliament. Founded in 1933, it represents the interests of wealthy farmers, the middle class and business capitalists, and is a centre-right party. To advocate cuts in public spending, lower tax rates and privatization, and to open up the economy and participate in the construction of European integration. The leader is Leo Varadkar.
• People
  • As of April 2020, the population was 4.92 million. The vast majority are Irish. More than 80 per cent of Ireland's population is Irish, with the rest mainly English and Scots. In the 1990s, with the rise of the Irish economy, some Chinese from Chinese mainland, Britain, Southeast Asia and other countries. There are about 50,000 to 60,000 overseas Chinese in Ireland, mainly concentrated in Dublin, Cork and other large and medium-sized cities. In Ireland, overseas Chinese are mainly engaged in catering, Traditional Chinese medicine and supermarkets and other service industries. In addition, after graduation, some of the overseas Chinese in the mainstream of Irish occupations such as lawyers, doctors, company staff, university faculty, etc., gradually enhance the social and economic status of overseas Chinese in Ireland.
• Economy
  • Agriculture
    • Ireland's traditional economy is dominated by farming. Mainly animal husbandry. Livestock and their products account for more than 70 per cent of total agricultural output. The main crops are wheat, oats, potatoes, beets and so on. Arable land and forest land account for 75 per cent of the total land area.
  • Industrys
    • Mainly in electronics, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceutical, machinery manufacturing, mining, textiles, clothing, leather, paper, printing, food processing, tobacco, wood processing and other departments. In recent years, the chemical industry, electronic engineering, computer software industry and other rapid progress, the traditional clothing, shoes and leather industry accounted for a significant decline.
• Languages
  • Dominant Official Languages: English & Irish
• Education
  • Ireland's education system has traditionally been divided into three phases: eight years of primary education, five to six years of secondary education, and a wide range of courses in higher education, including vocational education, technical training, undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Ireland's compulsory free education is from the age of 6 to 15. Education is compulsory in Ireland’s primary and secondary schools, with the University partially funded by the State. Illiteracy accounts for about 2% of the population. Ireland spends about 14 per cent of the government's recurrent spending on public education, or about 5 per cent of GDP.
• Religion
  • Guarantees religious freedom
  • about 90% of the population is Roman Catholic
  • small communities of believers such as Muslims, Jews and Presbyterians