句子结构及成分

句子结构及成分思维导图，包括句子的中心成分和外围成分、分句结构、5/7种基本句型等内容，值得收藏。

句子

• 句子成分
  • 中心成分/Central Element
    • 不可缺少
      • 主语/Subject
        • 语义分类
          • 人称主语/Personal S 与非人称主语/Non-personal S
            • The postman banged the door. The door was banging in the wind.
          • 施动主语/Agentive S 与受动主语/Recipient S
            • She struck a match. The matches won't strike.
          • 时间主语/Temporal S 与地点主语/Locative S
          • 工具主语/Instrumental S 与实践主语/Eventive S
      • 谓语动词/Predicate Verb/Predicator
        • ≠谓语，详见语法层次
      • 状语/Adverbial
        • 修饰性状语/Depictive A/Adjunct
          • 时间/地点状语
          • 方式/伴随状况状语
          • 原因/结果/目的状语
          • 条件/让步状语
        • 评注性状语/Stance A/Disjunct
        • 连接性状语/Linking A/Conjunct
      • 补语/Complement
        • 主语补语/SC
          • 与系动词连用—系表/系补关系，表某种身份、特征、性状···
          • He only wish is to be a doctor.
        • 宾语补语/OC
          • 补足宾语意义-复杂宾语CO;某些动词后必须由as/for引出
          • We found the house empty. Don't take me for a fool.
      • 宾语/Object
        • 语义分类
          • 受动宾语/Recipient O
            • He said nothing.
          • 结果宾语/Resultant O
            • He painted a flower.
          • 使役宾语/Causative O
            • He stood the little child.
          • 转喻宾语/Metonymic O
            • They are hatching chickens. =The hen is hatching eggs. He is not smoking a pipe. =He somkes cigarettes.
          • 同源宾语/Cognate O
  • 外围成分/Peripheral Element
    • 连接性/结合性状语Linking A/Conjuct
      • 子主题
        • 表列举/顺序
          • in the first place; for a start; to conclude~
        • 表意义增补/引申
          • in addition~
        • 表同位关系
          • namely; for instance; that is (to say)~
        • 表结果
          • hence~
        • 表意义等同
          • likewise; in the same way~
        • 表推论
          • in that case; (or) else; otherwise~
        • 表换个说法
          • alternatively; rather~
        • 表意义转折
          • conversely; in contrast; by comparison~
        • 表让步
          • in any case; at any rate; nevertheless; after all; all the same~
        • 表时间过渡
          • meantime~
        • 表改变话题
          • incidentally; by the way~
        • 表概括/总结
          • in conclusioin; to sum up~
    • 评注性/分离性状语 SA/Disjunct
      • 定义
        • 说明解释整句，表明说话人态度/看法
        • 位于句首，有时位于句中/句尾
      • 用法
        • 副词/副词词组
        • 介词词组/非限定从句/无动词分句
        • 间或限定分句
    • 呼唤语
    • 插入语
    • 感叹语
    • 句首肯定/否定词
• 句子结构
  • 分句结构
    • 主语/Subject结构特征
      • =分句话题，指明已知信息
        • 实义主语
          • 事实性/实体性的词语/词组
          • e.g. Actions speak more than words.Whoever says that is a liar.
        • 形式主语
          • 本身无意义
          • e.g. It's nice to meet you.There is no use to do it.
    • 谓语/Predicate结构特征
      • 对主语加以说明，传递新信息，使分句带有叙述性/描述性
        • Linking verb+complement
        • Mono-transitive verb+object
        • Di-transitive verb+indirect object+direct object
        • Complex-transitive verb+object+complement
        • Intransitive verb+zero complementation
        • Intransitive verb+adverbial
        • Transitive verb+object+adverbial
    • 双重谓语/DP
      • 两个谓语合二为一≠并列谓语
        • e.g. Everybody stood listening intently. He left home a mere child and returned an old man.
    • 英汉主谓结构对比
  • 5/7种基本句型
    • 主-动-补/S-V-C
      • 连系动词/Linking verb
        • 谓语不是个“动作”，赋予主语信息
          • He looks/is tall.(主系表)
    • 主-动/S-Vi
      • 不及物动词/Intransitive verb
        • 动词表示动作可独立完成
          • Papa rabit sleeps.
    • 主-动-宾S-Vt-O
      • （单宾语）及物动词/Mono-transitive verb
        • 动词有一个承受者
          • Papa rabit likes you.
    • 主-动-宾-宾S-V(di)-o-O
      • （双宾语)及物动词/Di-transitive verb
        • 动词有两个“承受者”
          • Papa rabit teaches you(Indirect object) English(Direct object).
    • 主-动-宾-补S-V(c)-O-C
      • (复杂宾语)及物动词/Complex-transitive verb
        • 动词只有一个承受者，但不同于SVO
          • Papa rabit considers you(object) smart(object complement).
    • 谓语词汇意义+状语/Adverbial，不可省，使意义明确、完整
      • S-V-A
        • The train leaves at six.
      • S-V-O-A
        • He treated her vilely.