Business organisation and their stakeholders

Acca F1 的一个章节，也是国际会计最基础的内容，一般是第一课必学，理清关系，对今后学习有很大帮助。

Business organisation and their stakeholders

• Organisation
  • Definition (2‘filling in the blank)
    • social arrangement 社会分工
      • >=2 除去sole trader/one man show/band
      • Duties&Responsibilities(corporation)
    • which pursues collective goals共同目标
      • controls performance绩效
        • ICS(Internal Control System)内控系统
      • has a boundary边界separate it from the environment
        • tangible
        • intangible
  • Purpose/Benefits/Advantages--more productive/efficient
    • overcome individual limitations
      • physical
      • Intellectual集思广益
    • specialize专业分工（expertise pooling)
    • save time
    • share,accumulate knowledge&experience
    • Synergy协同效应1+1>2
  • Classification/Types
    • Profit-orientation (primary goal完成后可把secondary作为目标）
      • Profit seeking(commercial)
      • Not-for-Profit(NPFOs)
        • VFM:value for money物有所值=3Es
    • Ownership/Control
      • public sector(由政府拥有、控制）
        • mostly to promote public interest
        • 5特征
          • Acoountability问责制度
          • Funding
            • taxpayer
          • Demand for services
            • Limitless需求量庞大
          • Limited resources
          • A variety of objectives
        • 优缺点
      • private sector(不由政府...)
        • mostly for self-interest
        • Cooperatives合作社
          • open membership-owned by workers and customers
          • one member one note一人一票-democratic control
          • Distribution of the surplus in proportion to purchases
          • Established to meet the needs of the members,not for investors
          • normally provide tangible goods(manufacturing)
        • Mutual associations互助会
          • 和合作社基本相同 除以下两点
          • e.g.Credit union信用联盟
          • Normlly provide intangible service
        • Non-governmental organizations NGO
          • not for profit
    • Legal status
      • Unlimited liability 亏多少赔多少(优缺点#表）
        • sole trader
        • partnership
      • Limited company 是责任的有限，不是量的有限 投多少赔多少
        • 特征
          • separate legal personality(incorporation) from its owners独立法人地位
          • ownership和control are legally separate(股东和管理层）
          • 有限责任（投多少赔多少）
          • one share,one vote一股一票
        • 分类
          • Itd-Private limited
          • plc-Public limited
        • 优缺点
          • Adv.
            • more money available
            • reduced risk(separate legal personality) for internal investors
            • separation of ownership and control
            • no restrictions on size
            • flexibility
          • DisAdv.
            • Legal compliance cost合规成本（e.g.audit fee)
            • shareholders have little practical power(因两权分离）
• Stakeholders
  • Definition
    • affect or be affected (不一定只是经济利益）
  • Classification
    • ICE model--John & Scholes （用input-co.-output逻辑思路记忆）
      • internal
        • managers+employees
      • connected
        • Supplier+Customers+Shareholders+Finance provider
      • external
        • 剩余所有人
    • Contractual relationship 是否有契约关系
      • primary stakeholders 有合同关系
        • Internal+Connected
          • 6-manager,employee,creditor,customer,shareholder,supplier
      • secondary stakeholders 没有合同关系
        • External
  • Conflict of interest= Dys functional behaviour功能歧视行为
    • employee vs manager
    • customer vs shareholder
    • general public vs shareholder
    • manager vs shareholder
      • Agency theory代理理论（股东和管理层两权分离）
        • 后续CG解决这个问题
  • Medelow's power-interest matrix=stakeholder mapping
    • 具体情况具体分析，changing 动态的
    • 3 basic choices: Loyalty,Exit,Voice(可说服别人）