美国文学思维导图

美国文学(American Literature 或 Literature of the United States)指在美国产生的文学(也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品)。

American Literature

• The Colonial Period (1607-1775) from the settlement North America in the early seventeeth century through the end of eighteenth
  • Anne Bradsteet (1612-1672)
    • The first important woman poet in America
    • first book《The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in the America》
  • Jonathan Edwards （1703-1758）
    • religious idealism
    • 1.Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God 2.The Freedom of the Will《自由意志论》
  • Benjamin Franklin （1706-1790）
    • 1.Poor Richard Almanac《穷查理年鉴》 2.Autobiography《富兰克林自传》 3.The Way to Wealth
    • style: 1.rather formal of organization 2.simplicity 3.subtl humor 4.sarcastic
  • Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
    • 1.Commom Sense《常识》 2.The Case of the Offiers of Excise 3.The American Crisis《美国危机》
  • Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
    • Father of American Poetry
    • 1.The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》 2.The House of Night《夜之屋》 3.The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》 4.The Wild Honey-Suckle《野金银花》
• The American Romanticism (from the end of the 18C to the Civil War)
  • Early Romantics
    • The Fireside Poets 炉边诗人
      • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
        • the first American poet
        • 1.Voices of the Night《夜吟》 2.Ballads and Other Poems《歌谣及其他》 3.Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems《布鲁茨的钟楼及其他》
      • William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
        • Collections of his poems: 1.The Fountain《泉》 2.The White-Footed Deer《白蹄鹿》
        • poems: 1.Thanatopsis《死亡随想》 2.To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》
    • Fiction writers
      • James Fenimore Cooper (17899-1851)
        • 1.Precaution《戒备》 2.The Spy《间谍》 3.The Pilot《领航者》
        • The Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》
          • The importance of the frontier and wilderness in American literature was for the first time well illustrated in it.
          • 1.The Pioneers《拓荒者》 2.The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》 3.The Piaire《大草原》 4.The Pathfinder《探路者》 5.The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》
      • Washinton Irving （1783-1859）
        • 1.the first American writer of imaginative literature 2.the father of American short stories
          • 1.A history of New York(1809)《纽约外史》 2.The Sketch book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent《见闻札记》 3.The legend of sleepy hollow《睡谷的传说》 4.Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
  • Transcedentalism
    • the summit of the Romantic Movement and the first renaissance in American literary history
      • emphasize spirit, or the Oversoul stress the power of intuition stress the importance of the individual nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God
    • Ralph Wald Emerson (1803-1882)
      • the chief spokesman of New England Transecendentalism
        • 1.Nature《论自然》—the Manifesto or the Bible of American Transcendentalism 2.Essays:First Series(1841)《散文选：第一集》 3.The American Scholar《美国学者》—America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence
    • Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
      • 1.Civil Disobedience(1849)《非暴力反抗》 2.Walden(1854)《瓦尔登湖》
  • High Romantics
    • Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
      • father of detective story and story of horror
      • Poems:Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》
      • Collections:1.Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque(1840)《荒诞奇异的故事》 2.Tales(1845)《故事集》
      • Short Stories:1.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《毛格街血案》 2.The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
      • Major Themes:love, beauty, death, disintegration of life, horror and negative thoughts of science
    • Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
      • 1.Leaves of Grass(1855)《草叶集》 2.Song of Myself《自我之歌》 3.I Sit and Look Out 《我坐在这儿眺望着》 4.I Hear America Singing《我听见美洲在歌唱》
    • Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
      • America's best-known female poet
      • 1.Because I see New-Englandly《因为我用新英格兰眼光看》 2.Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》 3.I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain《我感受了一场葬礼》
    • Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
      • write about the dark side of society and human nature
      • 1.Collection:Twice-Told Tales(1837)《故事重述》 2.Novels:The Scarlet Letter(1850)《红字》 3.Short Stories:Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》
    • Herman Melville (1819-1891)
      • 1.Moby Dick(1851)《白鲸》 2.Typee(1846)《泰比》 3.Redbum(1849)《莱德伯恩》
• The Realistic period （1861-1914)
  • Background: Civil war(1861-1865)brought the Romantic Period to an end The Gilded Age“镀金时代”
  • 
    • Definition:it expresses the concern for the commonplace and the low,and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience
  • Typical Representative
    • William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
      • A critic of eminent standing and a prolific writer
      • 1.A Modern Instance《一个现代例证》 2.The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》 3.Criticism and Fiction《批评与小说》
    • William Sydney Porter(O.Henry) (1862-1910)
      • A master of surprise endings，who wrote about the life of ordinary people in New York city
      • Collections:1.Cabbages and Kings(1904)《白菜和国王》 2.The Voice of the City(1908)《城市之声》
      • Stories:1.The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》 2.The Gift of Magi《麦琪的礼物》
    • Henry James (1843-1916)
      • James'critical theory on the art of fiction, contributing as it does so much to the literary critical idiom.
      • “international theme," and psychological realism
      • 1.The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇画像》 2.The Princess Casamassima《卡撒玛西玛公主》 3.The Ambassadors《大使》
    • Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
      • One of the finest psychological fiction writers
      • 1.Winesburg Ohio(1919)《小城畸人》—collection of interrelated short stories 2.The Triumph of the Eggs（1921）《鸡蛋的胜利》 3.Death in the Woods(1933)《林中之死》
• Local Color Fiction (the late 1860s and early 1870s)
  • Mark Twain (1835-1910)
    • The true father of American national literature
    • True name: Samuel Longhorne Clemens Mark Twain wrote works which have become part of the American cultural tradition.
    • 1.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County(1865)《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》 2.Innocence Abroad(1869)《傻子出国记》 3.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876)《汤姆索亚历险记》 4.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884)《哈克贝里费恩历险记》 5.Life on the Mississippi(1883)《密西西比河上》
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
    • Uncle Tom's Cabin(1852)《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
• Naturalism (the late 19th and early 20th centuries)
  • Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species《物种的起源》
    • Godless world, human beats, the survival of the fittest适者生存
  • Typical Representative
    • Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
      • 1.Sister Carrie(1900)《嘉莉妹妹》—the work in which naturalism attained maturity 2.An American Tragedy(1925)《美国悲剧》 3.His Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》: The Financier(1912)《金融家》The Titan(1914)《巨人》The Stoic(1917)《斯多葛》
    • Jack London (1876-1916)
      • A spokesman for the working class
      • 1.The Call of the Wild(1903)《野性的呼唤》 2.The Sea Wolf(1904)《海狼》 3.White Fang(1906)《白牙》 4.Martin Eden(1909)《马丁·伊登》
• Modern Poetry
  • Imagism (1908-1917)
    • Influenced by french symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature "haiku"
    • Typical Representative
      • Ezra Pound (1885-1972)
        • father of modern American poetry
        • 1.Cathay(1915)《华夏》—a volume of Chinese translation 2.Cantos(1970)《诗章》 3.Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(1920)《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》—described the death of Western civilization during WWI and the resulting futility of all poetic aims
      • Thomas Steams Eliot (1888-1965)
        • 1.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915)《J·艾尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》—a poem that reveals the spiritual crisis of Modern intellectuals 2.The Waste Land(1922)《荒原》 3.The Hollow Man(1925)《空心人》
  • Robert Frost (1874-1963)
    • Most famous poems: 1.The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》 2.Mending Wall《修墙》 3.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening《雪夜林畔小憩》 Poetry: A Boy's Will(1913)《少年的意志心愿》
  • Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
    • 1.第一部诗集Harmonium(1923)《簧风琴》 2.Ideas of Order(1935)《秩序的概念》 3.Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction(1942)《超小说笔记》
• Modern Fiction Before 1945
  • F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
    • The Great Gatsby(1925)《伟大的盖茨比》
      • the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream
    • This Side of Paradise(1920) 《人间天堂》
      • The first American novel depicting the casual dissipations of "flaming youth"
    • Flapper and Philosophers(1920)《新潮女郎与哲学家》
    • All the Sad Young Man(1926)《所有悲伤的年轻人的故事》
  • Ernest Hemingway (1898-1961)
    • reveal man's importance and his despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds