语言学 第五章 meaning

主要书本内容，并不那么全面，是lexical meaning 像sense relation in sentence就没有包括 因为我老师没讲，不知道是不是之后会讲

Meaning

• 7 types of meaning
  • conceptual meaning
    • cognitive denotative
  • associative meaning
    • Connatative meaning
      • eg: home : family& love
    • social meaning
      • dialect
        • eg: first floor in British =the second floor in America
      • time
        • the language of 18th
      • province
        • in the language of psychology, geography, linguistics law ect
      • status
        • polite colloquial slang jargon
        • five clocks from formal to informal by Martin Joos: Frozen, formal, consultative, intimate
      • modality
        • language of memoranda, lectures, jokes ect
      • singularity
        • the style of Dickens ect
    • affective meaning
      • to show attitudes towards sb. or sth. eg: short and small. The first is derogatory while the second is commodatory
    • reflected meaning
      • when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense eg: 去了=离世 方便=上厕所
    • collocative meaning
      • pretty good is OK while pretty perfect is not
  • thematic meaning
    • massage is organized in terms of order and emphasis to show standpoint or sth else.
• The Referential Theory
  • first phase: Words → things second phase(called 'semantic triangular'): Words → concepts → things by Ogden& Richard
• Sense relation
  • synonymy
    • eg: thrifty economical stingy
  • antonymy
    • gradable antonymy
      • eg: long &short good &bad
        • differ in terms of degree by the same measurement
        • can be modified by ''very'
        • have comparative form
        • can be asked with 'how'
    • complementary antonymy
      • alive& -alive=dead pass& fail=-pass boy &girl =-boy
    • converse antonymy
      • buy&sell smaller&bigger lend&borrow shorter&longer
        • show the reversal of a relationship between two entities
  • Hyponymy
    • inclusiveness: A is included in / a kind of B eg: chair&furniture
      • superordinate :the more general term Hyponymy: the more specific term Co-Hyponymy: members of the same class
  • homonymy
    • different words are identical in sound or spelling or in both eg: rain reign tear tear fast 1 fast 2 分别为 快的；放荡的
• Componantial Analysis
  • a way to analyze lexical meaning
  • the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features
  • eg: Man +human +adult +male Boy +human -adult +male woman +human +adult -male Girl +human -adult - manle