英国文学

英国文学思维导图：包含Chapter 1: Colonial Period，Chapter 2:The Age of Reason and Revolutio(1765-1800)，Chapter 3:The Age of Romanticism(1800-1865)等等

British Literature

• Chapter 1: Old and Medieval British Literature（5世纪~1485）
• Chapter 2: The Renaissance Periody（14th~mid-17th）
  • Introduction
    • 英国的黄金时代就是英国的文艺复兴
    • 印刷术的到来®翻译时代的到来
    • Two stages
      • the early stage
        • imitation and assimilation(模仿和同化)
      • Mature stage（伊丽莎白一世Elizabethan）
        • drama
    • most famous dramatists
      • Christopher Marlowe
      • William Shakespeare
      • Ben Jonson
  • 重要的代表人物和作品(11个)
    • Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙斯冰塞)
      • some
        • 诗人中的诗人“poet" poet、the queen′s deputy(女王代理人的秘书)
        • planned to write twelve... but he completed only six
      • 作品
        • most ambitious poetic achievement
          • The Faerie Queene(仙后)
        • Sonnet 75 斯宾塞爱情
    • Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗 马洛(University Wits)
      • 作品
        • Tamburlaine
        • The Jew of Malta
        • Dr.Faustus
        • poetry
          • Hero
          • Leander
          • The Passionate Shepherd to His Love(激情牧羊人的诗歌)
        • translation
          • Ovid′s Amorses
      • 贡献
        • M's greatest achievement lines in that he perfected the blank verse and made the principal medium of English drama(完善了无韵诗)（mighty lines）
        • M's second achievement is his creation of the Renaisssance hero for English drama
        • But his brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama 英语戏剧的先锋
    • Walter Raleigh沃尔特 雷利
      • History of the World
      • The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd(仙女对牧羊人的回答)
        • reply to "The Passionate Sheherd to his Love
        • love will not last forever and thus reject the shepherd's courtship
    • William Shakespeare(戏剧之父)
      • Four period
        • In the first period ( apprenticeship)
          • Five history plays
            • Henry VI亨利六世
            • Parts I,II,and III
            • Richard III 理查三世
            • Titus Andronicius泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯
          • Four comedies
            • The comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧
            • The Two Gentlement of Verona 维洛那二绅士
            • Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记
            • Love's Labour's Lost 爱的徒劳
        • 四大喜剧
        • In the secong period(highly individualized)
          • Five histories
            • Richard II 理查二世
            • King John 约翰王
            • Henry IV亨利四世
            • Parts I and II
            • Herny V亨利五世
          • Six comedies
            • A Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦
            • The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们
            • The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人
            • Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非
            • As You Like It 皆大欢喜
            • Twelfth Night 第十二夜
          • Two tragedies
            • Remio and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶
            • Julius Caesar 朱利叶斯·凯撒
        • 四大悲剧
        • In the third period
          • tragedies
            • Hamlet 哈姆雷特
            • Othello 奥赛罗
            • King Lear 李尔王
            • Macbeth 麦克白
            • Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉
            • Troilus and Cressida 特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达
          • dark comedies
            • All's Well That Ends Well 终成眷属
            • Measure For Measure 一报还一报
        • The last period
          • romantic tragicomedies
            • Pericles 泰尔亲王佩里克里斯
            • Cymbeline 辛白林
            • The Winter's Tale 冬天的故事
            • The Tempest 暴风雨
          • two final plays
            • Henry VIII 亨利八世
            • The Two Noble Kinsmen
        • two narrative poems
          • Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与阿都尼
          • The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克丽丝受辱记
      • 主题
        • against religious peresecution and racial discrimination
        • against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold andd money(eg:King lear)
        • He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty,godness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality
    • Francis Bacon培根（现代科学奠基人）
      • Works
        • The Advancement of Learning 学术的进展
        • Novum Organum 新工具论
        • Bacon′s Essays（一个人成就这种文学形式）
          • The essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions(圣经典故)、metaphors(巧妙的比喻)and cadence(节奏多变)
        • Of Studies
    • John Donne 约翰邓恩
      • 生平
        • 前半生诗歌，后半生散文
        • metaphysical school 玄学派的领军人
      • Works
        • Valediction Forbidding Mourning 别离辞莫悲伤
        • Death Be Not Proud
    • George Herbert 乔治赫伯特（玄学派代表之一）
      • 诗歌特色
        • His poem are marked by quietness of tone, precision of language,metrical versatility,
        • and the use of conceits that was favored by the metaphyphysical school of poets
      • Works
        • Virtue(最有名的)
        • The Temple 圣堂（first published）
    • Andrew Marvell 安德鲁马德尔
      • To His Coy Mistress(致娇羞的情人)(及时行乐)
      • the seizing of erotic pleasure before the onset of inevitable death
    • Ben Jonson本琼森
      • Works
        • plays(called the "comedy of humors")
          • Volpone
          • the Fox
          • Every Man in His Humor
        • poetry
          • Song-To Celia(至西莉亚)
      • 贡献
        • poetry was to adapt the poetic form that had been used by the classic writers of ancient Rome
    • Robert Herrick 罗伯特赫里克
      • Works
        • To the Virgins,to Make Much of Time(致少女们，珍惜时光)
      • 贡献
        • His simplicity, his sensuousness
        • his rare for design and detail
        • his management of words and rhythms
    • John Milton约翰弥尔顿
      • prose
        • Areopagitica《论出版自由》
      • poems
        • Paradise Lost( greatest)
        • Paradise Regained
        • Sams on Agonistes
• Chapter 3:The Neoclasssical Period (新古典主义时期)（1660~1798）
  • In troduction
    • 子主题
    • 子主题
  • 重要人物及作品
    • John Dryden约翰德莱顿
      • Works
        • poems
          • Heroic Stanzas英雄诗章
          • Astraea Redux
          • Panegyric on the Coronation回来的星辰
        • tragedies
          • Love or The World Well Lost《一切为了爱》
            • masterpieces of Restoration tragedy最重要的代表作，改编自莎士比亚Antony and Cleopatra
        • critical work
          • An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗》
            • first major critical
            • 政治讽刺诗，奠定了批评文学的发展
          • A Defence of an Essay
          • Eassy of Heroic Plays
    • John Bunyan 约翰班扬
      • The Pilgrim′s Progress 天路历程
    • Jomathan Swift 斯威福特（讽刺小说家）
      • Gulliver′s Travels《格列弗游记》
        • 营造安全的氛围
      • satiric prose. Style：simplicity,directness and vigor
    • Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲伯
      • poet、satirist、translator
        • An Essay on Criticism《论批评》
        • The rape of the Lock《夺发记》
          • 一夜成名
        • An Essay on Man《论人类》
        • Homer′s Iliad 翻译作品
      • 把英雄双韵体发扬光大
    • Daniel Defoe笛福
      • Robinson Crusoe 鲁兵逊漂流记
      • speaks thrillingly to the universal huma n sense of romance
      • The book records how a plain Englishman overcame all kinds of di fficulties in a deserted island through the plain virtues of courage, patience, perseverance and mechanical ingenuity
    • Henry Fielding 菲尔丁(英国小说之父)
      • The History of Tom Jones《汤姆琼森》
        • 英国小说奠基人
      • a Foundling
      • The History of Amelia
    • Samuel Johnson
      • Dictionary《英文大辞典》
        • 做出的巨大贡献
      • The Lives of Poets《诗人传》
        • 批评文学
    • Thomas Gray托马斯格雷
      • the founder of the Graveyard School ( death and graves(墓地诗歌流派的代表
      • Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 代表作
      • Ode on the Spring
    • Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯
      • O Once I Loved
        • first poem
      • Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
        • first work
    • William Blake 布莱克
      • Songs of Experience重要的代表作
      • Songs of Innocence
      • "prophetic books"预言性小册子
    • Richard Brinsley Sheridan 谢利丹
      • only impotant English dramatist of the 18th century
      • The Rivals《情敌》
        • comedy
      • The School for Scandal
        • 自莎士比亚以来最好的英国喜剧
• Chapter 4:The Romantic Period(1798~1832)
  • Introduction
  • 重要人物及作品
    • William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯（湖畔派领军人物）
      • An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches
        • written in the stylized idiom
      • Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》
        • (共同出版)标志着浪漫主义的开始
      • The Prelude《序曲》
        • 是他最伟大的作品，在他死后才出版
      • I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 《水仙花》
        • 别名：Daffodiles
      • it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility
        • 创作理念
    • Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞穆尔泰勒柯勒律治
      • Lyrical Ballands《抒情歌谣集》
      • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《老水手之歌》
        • 代表作
        • wrote "Kubla Khan"忽必烈汗“Chritabel" and some conversational poems
        • the best of "Frost at Midnight"
      • Biographia Literaria
        • 批评文学
    • George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦
      • first lyric poems
        • Hours of Idleness
      • first two cantos
        • Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
          • 成名作
      • Don Juan 《唐瑛》代表作
        • a great comic epic of the early 19th century
      • the Byronic hero 拜伦式英雄，高傲反叛又带有贵族血统
      • Song for the Luddites卢德分子之歌
      • When We Two Parted当初我们分别
    • Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西雪莱
      • ”Revolutionary poets"和社会主义的急先锋
      • The Revolt of Islam
      • The Cenci
      • A Song:′Men of England′
      • Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》
    • John Keats
      • The Eve of St Agnes
      • La Belle Dame
    • Jane Austen 简奥斯丁
      • two period
        • The first lasted from 1795~1798
          • Sense and Sensibility
          • Pride and Prejudice
          • Northanger Abbey
        • second important period1811~1816
          • Mansfield Park
          • Emma
          • Persuasion
      • focused on
        • middle-class provincial life
        • depicted ming landed gentry, cauntry clergymen, and their famlies
        • combine romanttt comedy with socia satire and psychological insight
• Chapter 5:The Victorian Period(1837~1901)
  • Introduction
    • 子主题
    • Main Features o fVictorian Poetry
      • In many ways, Victorian poetry is a continuation of the Romantic poetry.
      • Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白诗) is the greatest achievement of Victorian poetry.
  • 重要的人物和作品
    • Charles Dickens查理狄更斯
      • 现实小说家、现实主义大师
      • 第一本书
        • Sketches by Boz
      • first novel
        • The Posthumous Papers of Pickwick Club
      • style
        • His humor and wit seem inexhaustible
      • in language
        • compared with Shakesphere foe his deftness with the vernacular
      • Great Expectations
      • Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》
      • David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
    • Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷 丁尼生
      • He is regarded as the most representative poet of the Victorian period.
      • Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》
        • It centers on Tennyson's grie fover the death ofhis best friend, Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet.
      • Crossing the Bar《越过沙洲》
      • The Eagle 《鹰》
      • Idylls ofthe King《国王之歌》
    • Robert Browning罗伯特布朗尼
      • works
        • Meeting at Night《夜会》
        • Home-Thoughts, from Abroad《异乡情思》
        • My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》
      • contribution
        • Browning's fame today rests mainly on his dramatic monologue( 戏剧独白)
    • Elizabeth Browning伊丽莎白.勃朗宁
      • She defends a woman's right to intellectual freedom and discusses issues of gender, class and the relation of art to politics
      • Battle ofMarathon (《马拉松战役》
      • An Essay on Mind and Other Poems (1826)《〈论心智〉及其它诗作》
      • Sonnets from the Portuguese《葡萄牙十四行诗集》
      • “How Do I Love Thee?《我是多么爱你?》
    • Emily Brontë 艾米莉·勃朗特
      • Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄
        • only novel
    • Charlotte Brontë 夏洛蒂·勃朗特
      • Jane Eyre
        • first-person narrative perspective, and is the first important governess novel in the English literary history.
      • combine with romanticism
    • Matthew Arnold
      • The Strayed Reveller and Other Poems 《(迷途浪子)及其它诗作》
      • Dover Beach 《多佛海滩》
      • Culture and Anarchy 《文化与无政府主义》
    • Gerard Manley Hopkins
      • Spring
      • The Starlight Night
      • The Sea and the Skylark,
      • The Windhover and Pied Beauty
    • Thomas Hardy托马斯哈代
      • 维多利亚时期最后的一位小说家
      • Tess of the d′Urbervilles
• Chapter 6：The Modern Period
  • Introduction
  • 重要的作品及人物
    • George Bernard Shaw
      • Widower′s Houses
        • First play
      • Mrs.Warren′s Profession
      • Caesar
      • Cleopatra
      • St.Joan
      • Man and Superman
      • Back to Methuselah
    • Alfred Edward Housman阿尔弗雷德·豪斯曼
      • Housman was dipessimist,and his homosexuality was certainly an element in his pessimisim.
      • A Shropshire Lad (1896)《什罗普郡一少年》
      • Last Poems(1922)《最后的诗》
      • More Poems《更多的诗》
      • When I Was One-and-Twenty”p225《当我二十一岁》
    • John Galsworthy
      • From the Four Winds 《来自四个吹奏者》
      • first trilogy
        • 《福尔赛世家三部曲》（第一部）
        • The Man ofProperty《财主》
          • 代表作
        • In Chancery 《骑虎难下》
        • To Let 《出租》
      • second trilogy
        • The Forsyte Saga Trilogy II《福尔赛世家三部曲》(第二部)
        • A Modern Comedy 《现代喜剧》
        • VEnd ofthe Chapter 《篇章末尾》
    • William Butler Yeats
      • The Lake Isle of Innisfree”《茵尼斯弗里岛》
      • Down by the Salley gardens"《柳园里》
      • “The Second Coming”《次圣临》
    • T.S.Eliot 托马斯·艾略特
      • Poetry
        • Ash Wednesday(《星期三的烟灰》
        • Four Quartets(1944)《四个四重奏》
        • The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》
        • Prufrock and Other Observations 《普鲁弗洛克与其他情况》
        • The Waste Land 《荒原》
      • Drama:Christian themes
        • Murder in the Cathedral 《大教堂凶杀案》
        • The Family Reunion 《家庭聚会》
        • The Cocktail Party 《鸡尾酒会》
        • The Confidential Clerk 《机要秘书》
        • The Elder Statesman 《老政治家》
      • Eliot was awarded the Noble Prize in Literature in 1948.
      • His achievement in plays : verse drama 诗剧
    • James Joyce詹姆斯乔伊斯
      • the stories
        • Dubliners
        • Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man(自传体式小说)
        • Ulysses《尤利西斯》
          • 代表作，
          • become a prime example of modernism in literature
          • Stream-of-Consciousness 意识流小说
          • no story,no plot, no action,and little characterization in the usual sense
        • Finnegans Wake
      • volumes of poetry
      • play
      • psychological aspects
    • D.H.Lawrence
      • Songs and Lovers《儿子与情人》
        • 自传体，恋母情节
      • The Rasinbow《彩虹》
      • Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》
        • Lawrence made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships, expecially those between men and women
      • Lady Chatterley′s Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》
      • Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.
    • William Golding威廉戈尔丁
      • His wartime experiences
      • Lord of the Flies蝇王
        • first novel,Nobel Prize for Literature
    • Samuel Beckett
      • Samuel Beckett is the most important representative of “Theater of the absurd”荒诞派戏剧
      • “the world was absurd, and the human life was un agony"
      • Waiting for Godot 《等待戈多》
        • Nobel Prize for Literature
        • theme: the world is absurd and meaningless
    • Dylan Thomas狄兰托马斯
      • Themes: birth, childhood, sex and death; Death casts it shadow on almost every poem.
      • Deaths and Entrances《死亡与出场》
      • Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"《不要温和地走进那个良夜》
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• Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; and the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.