美国文学

美国文学思维导图：包含Chapter 1: Colonial Period，Chapter 2:The Age of Reason and Revolutio(1765-1800)，Chapter 3:The Age of Romanticism(1800-1865)等等

美国文学

• Chapter 1: Colonial Period
  • Historical background
    • The Anglo-Saxons
      • the religious group（基督教）
        • biblical(圣经) themes
        • Genesis A，Gensis B and Exodus based on the Old Testament
        • The Dream of the Road ®the New Testament
        • national epic poem® Beowulf
      • the secular one(世俗诗歌，异徒教)
        • The Wanderer,Deor,The Seafarer and The Wife's Complaint
    • Norman
  • Literay term: American Puritanism
    • i.e.from 1066 up to the mid-14th century（上古时期）
      • barren period(文学创作的荒漠期)
    • 14th~1510（中世纪）（文学创作的繁荣期）
      • the folk ballad(民间抒情诗)
      • the Romance(骑士抒情诗)(骑士的时代)
    • Geoffrey Chaucer这时期的代表人物
  • Main features of the literature
  • writers and their works
    • Anne Bradstreet安妮·布莱德斯特里特
      • “the first poet of the colonial period”殖民时期的第一位诗人
      • Puritan poet
      • Works
        • The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Upin America 《美洲新诞生的第十位缪斯》(生前唯一出版的饿作品)
        • Contemplations《沉思》®best work
        • Several Poems(1678)《安妮·布莱德斯特里特诗集》
      • Theme
        • daily life and religious life
      • Style
        • She wrote many poems on familiar British themes and produced skilled imitations of British forms.
      • Significance:
        • Her poetry contains a muted declaration ofindependence from the past and a challenge to authority, and records early stirrings of female resistance to a social and religious system in which women are subservient to men.
        • 她的诗歌包含了一个无声的独立宣言和对权威的挑战，并记录了女性对服从于男性社会和宗教制度的早期反抗。
    • Edward Taylor爱德华 泰勒
      • Puritan poet
      • the best Puritan poet of the colonial America美国殖民地时期最好的清教徒诗人
      • Style
        • Taylor wrote metaphysical poems in the tradition of Donne and Herbert.玄学派诗歌在北美的优秀继承者
      • Theme
        • religious themes and burning with an intense love for God.
      • Works
        • Huswifery《家务》most famous verse
• Chapter 2:The Age of Reason and Revolution (1765-1800)
  • Historical background
    • √Thus came a series ofinfuriating laws and taxes.
      • to increase taxes from the colonies the conflicts further intensified
        • The Boston Massacre erupted in 1770 波士顿惨案
        • (1773)The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件
          • ®a symbol of American resistance
  • Cultural Background
    • Form
      • Most American literature in the 18th century was political.
      • ballads, skits, broadsides, poems, editorials , essays, satires,pamphlets
    • Purpose
      • serve for anti-colonialism or encourage people fight for independence and freedom
    • Theme
      • natural wilderness and the Revolution.
    • Work
      • Thomas Godfrey's The Prince ofParthia (1765)《安息王》®The first American play
      • Royal Tyler's The Contrast(1787)《对比》®(The first stage comedy)
  • Writers and their works
    • Thomas Paine(托马斯·潘恩)(1737~1809)
      • Common Sense《常识》
        • precipated the American War of Independence.
        • √It pointed the way toward the Declaration of Independence in July
      • The Age of Reason《理性时代》
        • They spread the ideals of the Frence Revolution among the people
    • Benjamin Franklin（富兰克林）(1706-1790)
      • The spokesman of enlightenment in the 18th-century America The first symbol of self-made America man ,Leader of American Revolution
      • Poor Richard's Almanac《穷查理年鉴》1732-1758
        • “God helps those who help themselves.” 自助者天助之
      • The way to wealth
        • thrift carefulness and independence
      • Autobiography《富兰克林自传》1771-1790
        • America dream
    • Philip Freneau帕特里克·亨利
      • Father of American Poetry A Leader of the American Revolution
      • Speech in Virginia Convention《在弗吉尼亚州议会的演讲》
        • “give me liberty or give me death"
• Chapter 3:The Age of Romanticism (1800-1865)
  • The Sketch Book signs the beginning of the Amrica literature
  • Early Romantics
    • The Fireside Poets (schoolroom)
      • New England poets(the Victorian culture、 conventional conservative and imitative 、Modern criticism )
      • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow（亨利· 沃兹沃恩·朗费罗） (1807-1882)
        • Voices of Night 《夜吟》
          • A Psalm of Life 《人生颂》
        • The Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》
    • Fiction Writers
      • Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文 (1783-1859)
        • tales about America (features of writing: decorun、humor、imagination)
        • The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent《见闻札记》
          • a collection of essays and short stories,marking the begining of american Romanticism
          • Rip Van Winkle《瑞普.凡.温克尔》
          • The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》
        • The Life and Voyages ofChristopher Columbus(1832)《哥伦布的生平和航行》
        • The Alhambra (1832)《阿尔罕伯拉》
        • A Tour ofthe Prairies (1835) 《大草原之旅》
        • The Adventures of Captain Bonneville USA(1837)《美国波恩维尔船长历险记》
        • The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Colubus《哥伦布传》
  • Transcendentalism
    • nature,individualism,indepence of mind self-reliance ,spirit.
    • Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生
      • The greatest advocate of New England Trranslendentalism
      • The American Scholar《美国学者》
        • The "Declaration of intellectual Independence"美国的知识分子独立宣言
      • Nature(1836)《论自然》
        • the manifests or the Bible of New England Transcendentalism新英格兰超验主义的表现形式或圣经
    • Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维梭罗
      • Enthusiasm wit,humor,irony metaphor
      • Walden《瓦尔登湖》1854
        • Great Transcendentalist work major theame:regeneration a spiritual book
a belletristic achievement
a satirical criticism of modern life and living. a do-it-yourself guide to simple life
a nature book

        • ”Where I lived, and what I lives fo“我生活的地方，我为何生活
      • Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》1849
  • Hign Romantics
    • Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撤尼·霍桑 （1804-1864）
      • 1.The most influential novelist in Romantic peroid 2.He is considered as the "The founder of the symbolism in American literature"美国文学中象征主义的奠基人
      • The Scarlet Letter《红字》
        • 1.It is regarded as the opens of American psychoanalysis novels.美国心理分析小说的开篇 2.frist symbolic novel第一部象征小说
      • The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》
    • Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔 （1819-1891）
      • 1.American Shakespeare 2.He agrees with Hawthrone's view on human nature-man is potentianlly a sinner,3.style：a master of symbolism象征主义
      • Moby Dick《白鲸》1851
        • Self vs.the hostile world Alienation Symbolic quest of truth and knowledge loeliness and suicidal individualism
        • 1.the first American prose epic第一部美国散文史诗2.It shows Melville's negative view of human nature and the world
      • Pierre《皮埃尔》
    • Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦坡 （1809-1849）
      • father of modern short story father of detective story
father of psychoanalytic criticism
      • To Helen《致海伦》
      • The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
      • √The Goldbug《金甲虫》(1843)
    • Emily Dickison埃米莉·狄金森 （1830-1886）
      • 1.America's best-known female poet religion,death,immortality,love,and nature 2.For the whole 19th century Dickinson was the only woman poet who enjoys highly academic esteem today
      • Because I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》
    • Walt Whitman(沃尔特·惠特曼) （1819-1892）
      • 1. Father of American free verse 2.Father of modern American Poetry
      • Leaves of Grass《草叶集》1855
        • It marks the ending of the American Romantic Period. Whitman as the most popular American poet of the 19th century
      • Song of myself《自我之歌》
    • Abranham Lincoln(亚伯林肯)
      • Gettysburg Address《葛底斯堡演说》
• Chapter 4：Realistic Period (1865~1914)
  • Contemporary life and everyday scenes
  • Realism
    • William Dean Howells (1837-1920)
      • Dean of American Realism Writing Features:Optimistic tone Moral development Lacking of Psychological depth
      • √Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》(1841)
      • The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹》1885
      • Criticism and fiction《批评与小说》1891
    • O.Henry欧亨利
      • 1.a prolific American short-story writer 2.O.Henry's ending
      • Cabbages and Kings (1904)《白菜与国王》
      • The Four Million (1906)《四百万》
      • The Cop and The Anthem《警察与赞美诗》
      • The Voice of the City《城市之声》
      • The Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物
    • Henry James 亨利詹姆斯
      • one of the three major spokesman of American Realism
      • 1.international theme、 psychological approach（inner world of man） 2. “stream-of- consciousness" novel and the founder of psychological realism 20世纪意识流写作的先驱心理现实主义的奠基人
      • The Portrait of a lady《贵妇画像》
        • Major themes:American versus European Chanacter Social and Emotional Maturation
      • The American 《美国人》
      • The Golden Bowl《金碗》
      • The Wings ofthe Dove (1902)《鸽翼》
      • The Ambassadors(1903)《专使》
    • Sherwood Anderson （1876-1941）
      • Writing Features:simple,easy,direct
      • Winesburg,Ohil《小城畸人》1919
      • Poor White《穷白人》1920
      • Death in the Woods《林中之死》1933
  • Local Color Fiction
    • Mark Twain（马克吐温） (1835-1910)
      • Father of American literature
      • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆.索亚历险记》 1876
        • Tom:美国儿童的英雄人物
      • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finne《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》1884
        • most representative work
        • "All modern American literature comes"所有现代文学的源泉，说自海明威
      • Innocents Abroad《傻子出国记》1869
      • Life on the Mississippi《密西西比河上》1883
        • Clemens is known as a local colorist乡土文学家
    • Harriet Beecher Stowe （1811-1896）
      • Uncle Tom's Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》1852
        • the evil of slavery
  • Naturalism
    • Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛
      • A pioneer o fnaturalism in American literature自然主义的先驱 his novels reflect his mechanistic view oflife 机械自然观
      • Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》成名作
        • Materalism American dream Dreiser’s fiction: a world of jungle, where“kill or to be killed" was the law丛林法则.
      • An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》 greastest work
      • His "Trilogy of Desire"《欲望三部曲》
        • The Financier《金融家》1912
        • The Titan 《巨人》1914
        • The Stoic 《斯多噶》
    • Jack London (1876-1916)
      • a spokesman for the working class love ,vivid frank great will
      • The Call for the Wild《野性的呼唤》1903
      • White Fang 《白牙》1906
      • Martin Eden《马丁.伊登》
  • Poet
    • Robert Lee Frost 罗伯特·李·弗罗斯特
      • 1.Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for poetry 2.Form: semi-free and semi-conventional “半自由体半传统”
      • Fire and Ice”《火与冰》
      • Nothing Gold Can Stay”《美景易逝》
      • The Road Not Taken”《未选择的路》
      • Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening《雪夜林边停》
• Chapter 5：Modernist Period(1914~1945)
  • Imagism
    • Thomas Stearns Eliot 《托马斯.斯特尔那斯.艾略特》1888-1965
      • The Waste Land 《荒原》1922
      • The Hollow Man《空心人》1925
    • Ezra Pound
      • Father of modern America poetry America's first self-conscious innovator in poetry
      • Cathay《华夏》1915
      • Cantos《诗章》1970
        • language,intricate and obscure no fixed framworks no central theme
    • Robert Frost （1874-1896）
      • The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》
      • Love and A Queation
      • Minding Wall《修墙》
    • Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)
      • self-assured humanist tradition, order, pleasure chaotic
      • The Snow Man
      • Ideas of Order 《秩序的概念》1935
      • The Man with the Blue Guitar《带蓝色吉他的人》
  • Lost Generatin
    • Scott Fitzgerabld
      • The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》
      • Tender Is the Night《夜色温柔》
      • The Last Tycoon 《最后的大亨》1941
• The Stamp Act in 1765《印花税法案》 The Quartering Act in 1765 《驻营条例》The Townshend Acts in 1767《汤森法案》
• 1.the first American writer of

imaginative literature to

gain international fame.

2.the father of American short

stories