语言学第一章

这是一篇关于语言学第一章的思维导图，主要内容有Linguistics和Language两部分内容。

Chapter 1 Introduction

• Linguistics
  • Definition
    • The scientific study of language
    • Linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general.
  • Scope
    • Phonetics
      • the study of sounds used in linguistic communication
    • Phonology
      • the combination of sounds to convey meaning
    • Morphology
      • the arrangement and combination to form words
    • Syntax
      • the combination of words to form sentenses
    • Semantics
      • the study of meaning
    • Pragmatics
      • the study of meaning in context
    • The core of linguistics
    • Sociolinguistics
      • the study of language in social context
    • Psycholinguistics
      • the interrelation of language and psychology
    • Applied Linguistics
      • narrow sense: language teaching
      • the application of linguistic studies in sloving practical problems
  • Some important distinctions
    • prescriptive VS descriptive
      • prescriptive: lay down rules/standards
      • descriptive: actually use
    • synchronic VS diachronic
      • synchronic: at some point of time
      • diachronic: over a period of time
    • speech VS writing
      • speech: reveals more true features of human speech
      • writing: the rexised record of speech
    • langue VS parole
      • 语言 langue: abstract and stable (conventions and rules)
      • 言语 parole: concrete and variiable (realization of langue in actual use)
      • F.de Saussure
    • competence VS performance
      • competence: ideal user's knowledge of the rules
      • performance: realization of the knowledge in communication
      • N.Chomsky
    • traditional grammar VS modern linguistics
      • traditional grammar: prescriptive; writing; a Latin-based framework
      • modern linguistics: descriptive; speech; a universal framework based on features shared by most language
• Language
  • Definition
    • (1)a system of (2)arbitrary (3)vocal symbols used for (4)human communication
      • (1) elements are combined by rules
      • (2) no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and meaning
      • (3) primary medium for all languages is sound
      • (4) different from the communication systems other forms of life possess
  • Design Features
    • Arbitrariness 任意性
      • no logical connection between sound and meaning apart from onomatopoeic words and some compound words
    • Productivity 多产性
      • construction and interpretation of new signals unique to human language
    • Duality 双重性
      • language consists of two levels Double articulation
    • Displacement 位移性
      • free from barriers caused by separation in time or place
        • present or not present
        • real or imagined
        • things in the past, present or future
    • Cultural transmission 文化传承性
      • not genetically transmitted
      • passed on through teaching and learning
    • Charles Hockett
  • Functions
    • Descriptive function
      • convey factual information
    • Expressive function
      • supply information about the users' feelings, preferences, prejudices and vaues
    • Social function
      • serve to establish and maintain social relations bwtween people
    • Meta-function 语言三大元功能
      • textual function 语篇功能
      • interpersonal function 人际功能
      • ideational function 概念功能