美国文学

Influence:create both new forms and new subject matter for poetry;For china and the world.

美国文学

• Walt whitman
  • Work:Leaves of Grass
    • One of the great innovators in American literature,He gave America its first genuine peic poem
    • A preface and 12 untitled poems(2315 lines,)1336 lines belonging to the first untitled poem,called Song of Myself
    • About man and nature;in New york,Civil war;combine the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual.
  • I hear America singing(working person)
    • Free verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme,it dosen't use consistent metrical patterns. 新定义：Its lines of irregular length depend for thythmic effects not on recurrent metric feet, but on cadenced units and on the repition ,blance,and bariation of words,phrases ,clauses and lines.
    • Themes:equality,democracy;individualism;work;music;happiness
    • Tones:joyful; hopeful;optimistic
    • Techniques:free verse;catalogue;parallelism;repition;end-stop lines
    • Influence:create both new forms and new subject matter for poetry.;For china and the world.
  • Walt Whitman:America's world poet.one of the roughs ,a Kosmos,disorderly,fleshly and sensual,no sentimentalist,no stander above men or women or apart from them ,no modest than immodest.
• Emily Dickinson
  • Born in Amherst,3 children;extensive reading at home;1800poems appeared during her lifetime and health problem and loss of families;T.W.Higginson---friends with Dickinson.
    • love for nature
  • most creative period:1861-1865
  • Features of her poems:compressed;elliptical;subjective;ambuguity of meanging and syntax;concreteness;assonance;consonance;onomatopoetic;imperfect thyme;obscurity
  • Theme:death ;love;nature; doubt and faith;pain and suffering;mortality;success and failure;individualism;spiritnality
  • Structural pattern:resemble hymns in form;four line stanza(quatrain)
  • Ballad stanza:a quatrain in alterate four and three-stresses lines,usuallly only the scendond and the fourth lines rhyme(abcb)
  • Work:Success:Emily thought she had never gotten success but longed for success, and express a sense of diastance.
  • Work:I taste a liquor never brewed:compare nature to liquor that has never been brewed and herself to a debauchee
  • Work:I am nobody:image is clear and vivid and pregnant with meaning.It sketches three different types of people:nobody,somebody and snobs.
• Realism
  • Romanticism:individualism,nature,imagination,creativity and emotions
  • Transcendentalism:1.man's nature is inherentlu good,divine spark or inner- light 2.man and society are perfertible 3.stress individualism,self -reliance,intuition
  • Dark romanticism:1.use of supermatural elements ,dark landscapes,depressed characters 2.strong use of symbolism:Mathaniel Hawthorne;Herman Melville;Edgar Allan Poe
  • Fireside poets(炉边诗人)：the most popular Romantic poets of the time.It has remained popular in elementary schools for memorization.
  • Realism:a period of an expanding continental nation from1865 till 1890;the grogressive period from 1890s till 1914 狭义：19世纪英法美小说；广义：不论体裁，内容又特殊处理方式。
    • Local colorism(浪漫主义与现实主义的过渡):1.使用dialect
      • 2.symbol of character:Bert Harte;Mark Twain;Harriet Beecher Stowe;
    • Naturalism
    • Feature:1.emphasize the depiction of the familiar and common parts of the daily life ； 2The characters :all average people ;3emphasize objectivity and offer an pbjective ;4 show a keen awareness of morality or ethic
• Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens)
  • Contribution:make a more extensive combination of American folk humor and seriousliterature
  • status:the true father of our national literature
  • Major works:看右侧：
    • 分类：personalized fiction ;travel fiction; historical romance;the short story and tall tales
    • Life on Mississippi:a travel book,recounting his trip up the river from New Orleans to Saint Paul many years after the war.(回忆（暗礁是假的，谁是一本书），叙事人的视角慢慢便深刻（有得有失，经验与知识，情感体验，风景欣赏，自然风光的感受）)
    • Evaluation
      • 1,Colloquial style
      • 2.Colloquial speech
      • 3.Humor and social critic(男女萍梗，印第安人，华谊，社会公平性)
      • 4.describe all sapects of American society
      • 5.inflence:to the development of realism and the American literature as a whole ;2made colloquial speech