The Family

The FamilyFunctions of family，types of family，Reconsituted:after the death of a parten anddivorce ,a new family that is created by someoneremarrying .

The Family

• family diversity
  • definition
  • The increase in number of different types of families
  • Stratification of family diversity
  • -在uk大家庭和工人阶级有strongly associate（密切联系）。 -Area with old industries such as coal,steel had strong working class communities.在那里年轻男女结婚并stay in the area and is normal for close to their parents. -with secure jobs there was no reason for them to leave. btw!! -The industries decline, 很多男人失去了工作，女人往往become the main breadwinner，而一些男人took an domestic roles（家庭角色）they were not prepared for. -The strong communities declined as people move away for work. -and surviving extended families ties were weakness.
  • Ethnicity and family diversity
  • In some societies, some ethnic groups are associated with particular types of families.在英国两个主要的少数民族一个是African Caribbean 一个是south Asian
    • there is a higher-than-average number of matrifocal family.
      • 1strong extended family and extended family ties
      • 2Large family 原因就是South Asian minority孩子和妇女的平均数量larger than uk average
      • 3arrange marriage (包办婚姻)，父母或其他家庭成员决定他们的孩子嫁给谁，或者给他们limited choice.
• types of family
  • Nuclear family:made up of an adult men and women who are married,or in a relationship, and living together with dependent children.
    • The most normal kind of family in the USA ,the UK an other modern industrial societies.
      • functionalists 的看法
      • Functionalists George Murdock argue that the nuclear family of a mother,father and dependent children was the basic family unit worldwide Types of family seem to be different,he argue, had a nuclear family at their heart.例如母亲，父亲，孩子的家庭单位 exist within extended family
      • 其实就是在说核心家庭是所有类型家庭的中心啦
  • Extended family:a nuclear family live with other relatives such as grandparents or great grandparents or aunts uncles and cousin.如果有大于two generation它就是vertically extended family，如果是叔叔阿姨表亲就是horizontally extended family,如果是一个家庭单位跟住的远的亲戚联系靠手机什么的就是modified family
    • more common in the past 现在减少了 因为they seem less suited to life in modern industrial societies .in working class British communities in the past.
      • 现代工业社会中的extended family
      • in modern industrial society，with better communication and transport ，relatives who are live far apart are better able to stay in contact by phone ,the family like these we call modified extended family.
  • Single parent family:one parent and their dependent children living together .
    • in the past there were usually the result of the death of one of the parents.但是the number of single parent families are increase.
      • 为什么现在有很多单一家庭的原因
      • 1 divorce has become common and it leaves one parent looking after the children
      • 2 women have greater financial independent. They are more likely to have qualifications that allow them to work to support their family and they may be able to receive welfare benefits,so they don’t need a man as breadwinner.就是女人更加经济独立，她们有资格允许她们支持自己的家庭且她们可以收到福利津不需要男人了
      • 3 some women now choose to raise children on their own,without father around
  • Reconsituted :after the death of a parten and divorce ,a new family that is created by someone remarrying .
    • 再婚会产生很多新的关系，例如step children,step parents,step siblings
      • 重组家庭存在的问题是什么呢
      • this situation is new, and so the norm and values are often not clear and may need to be negotiated (谈判）
      • example：一个继母不确定多大程度上她应该correct bad behavior in the children of her husband and his former wife (前妻）。当然，孩子也不确定这位新人在他们的生活中应该有什么authority（权威）
  • Step family:after remarriage a step parent share with their new partner parental responsibility for children from previous marriages.
  • Same sex family:when two adults are of the same sex.
    • in the past the arrangements like this were often not accepted but increasingly modern industrial societies allow same sex couples to adopt children and give same sex couples the same or similar rights and responsibilities that opposite sex couples have .
      • 在UK两个同性的结合是通过建立civil partnership (a relationship between two people usually of the same sex that has been formally registered 正式登记giving them similar rights to married couples )当然啦其他国家不recongise这种关系，可以cohabit但是没有相同的right
        • 关于同性恋抚养孩子
        • 1 children raised by gay parents are no more likely than others to grow up gay or to suffer bullying at school
        • 2 在decide谁来bring up孩子的问题上，parents’ sexual orientation 越来越被认为不如mother-child bond重要
        • 3在同性家庭中成长的孩子在intelligence，他们gender roles 和identities跟opposite sex families没有区别
        • ps ：在抚养孩子的方面，女同性恋比男同性恋更容易被接受，因为他们认为母亲对孩子很重要
  • Matrifocal family:one in which the mother heads the family and father has less important role in the family and bringing up children (母权家庭)
• Household:a group of people living together in the same residence and sharing living space 一组人住在一起在同一个住宅分享生存空间
• Kinships:when the tie between people are related by descent by marriage and by adopting.一种带子在人们之间联系通过血缘婚姻收养
• Functions of family
  • -Nuclear family is functional for patriarchal society -The institution of family gives men a powerful and privileged role,so it is a institution society 核心家庭对父权社会起作用 家庭制度赋予男性强大的特权角色，所以这是一个制度社会
    • Patriarchy: the term used by feminism to describe the societies and organizations in which men are dominant and women are subordinate
    • -The family as having several functions. -From gender roles,families are functional for men .Traditional gender roles make men the breadwinner and head of household. Men benefit from the family because they have a wife whose expected role is look after their need:to cook, clean,support their husbands emotionally and put her interests behind those of her husband’s. Families socialise both boy and girl in the gender roles
      • -agree with functionalists that family is important because they carry out functions that are vital for individuals and societies -但是他们不同意这些功能是什么，在马克思主义看来，the family is functional for capitalist society
  • 1 reproduction. Society must produce new generations of children in order to survive;and marriage and the family are closely associated with having children. Reproduction is encouraged. Not having children may be regarded as a misfortune. 1繁殖。为了生存，社会必须生育新一代的孩子;而婚姻和家庭与生育孩子密切相关。鼓励生育。没有孩子可能被认为是一种不幸。
    • 1 Liberal feminists:they believe the equality can be achieved without fundamental changes to the nature of society.For example,persuading(劝说)men to do more house work,bring up children in non-sexist（非性别歧视） ways and by encouraging women to have career.
  • 2 socialisation. Children need to learn norm and value of their society,and this happens through primary socialisation in their families. Families transmit the culture of the society to next generation; they are the vital link between individuals and the wider society. 2社会化。孩子们需要学习社会规范和价值，这通过他们家庭中的初级社会化来实现。家庭将社会文化传递给下一代;它们是个人与更广泛社会之间的重要联系
  • 3 social control. Closely related to socialisation, this refers to how the behaviour of children is controlled so that they conform to norms. For example, they maybe punished for being‘naughty ’or rewarded for behaviour their parents define as good. 3社会控制。这与社会化密切相关，指的是如何控制孩子的行为，使他们符合规范。例如，他们可能会因为“淘气”而受到惩罚，或者因为父母认为好的行为而受到奖励。
  • 4 Care of children.children need to be fed,clothed,sheltered and nurtured intellectually and emotionally. In the family people are given responsibility to ensure that this happens. 儿童需要吃饱穿暖，需要在智力和情感上得到庇护和培养。在家庭中，人们有责任确保这种情况发生
  • 功能主义认为以上的功能在核心家庭中preformed best。 1在这种家庭中the main responsibility for emotional and home-based needs is given to the mother, and the economic and material well-being need of the family are given to the father 2 this gender division,suits the natures of men and women (这就是为什么核心家庭最common的原因，因为核心家庭是最好的)
  • against this
  • However,these functions can be met by other types of family,and perhaps by arrangements that are not families at all. For example , in modern industrial societies part of socialisation and childcare functions are undertaken by schools and other institutions. 但是，这些职能可以由其他类型的家庭来履行，也许可以由根本不是家庭的安排来履行。例如，在现代工业社会，部分社会化和托儿功能由学校和其他机构承担。
  • Edmund Leach’s views
  • -The nuclear family I’m modern industrial societies is dyfunctional. -cereal packet family(the stereotypical nuclear family of mother, father and children with traditional gender roles that is often shown in advertisements ):The image of a happily married couples with healthy children was found everywhere in advertising and the media,它设立了一个ideal that 很多家庭都不能reach -Conflict:the demands (要求)made on the nuclear family too great,and this leads to conflict within the family.这种冲突主要expressed对家庭以外的世界感到fear. -So for Leach the modern nuclear family is less functional than an extended family that is closely embedded (融入)in a community
  • definition：the functions the family has ,that is ,what roles it plays and for whom ,according to functionalists theory
• African Caribbean
• Definition
• South Asian minority
• Functionalism’s view
• Feminist views of family function
• Marxist view