导图社区 00831英语语法第五章tense and aspect
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00831英语语法第五章tense and aspect
00831英语语法第五章tense and aspect，动词的时和体最全面的思维导图来啦，需要的可以收藏下哟。
编辑于2022-07-27 04:47:53
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Tense and Aspect
两时两体
时
意义
tense refers to sytematic set of inflcetional featurs that are loosely related to time
时态是指一套系统的曲折变化过程，与时间无关
分类
一般过去时（simple past）
意义
Simple past tense referring to the past（表示过去时间里的事情）
A Everybody was away on holidays. The campus was like a ghost town.
Simple past tense referring to the present（表示现在时间里的事情）
To show politeness（表示礼貌）
I wondered if you could help
Hypothetical use与现在事实相反的主观
Its time you had a holiday. I wish you lived closer to us If only he didn't drive so fast. I'd rather you didn't.
A referring to the future（对将来的主观设想）
If it rained tomorrow, we'd have to stay at home. Suppose father saw you do that, what would he say?
一般现在进行词（simple present）
意义
To express the enternal truths and proverbs(表达客观事情的真理或事实)
EG：The Yangtse River flows into the East China Sea.
To express the habitual or recurrent action（表达经常性或习惯性动作）.
She seldom goes to bed before midnight.
To express the momentary state and instantaneous action（表达瞬间动作）
How do you think of this matter?
referring to the past（表达过去时间）-used in narrative writing（用于叙述性写作）
She was such a nuisance when she lived upstairs. Every time she came back, which was usually in the middle of the night, she kicks off her shoes and I hear "bang, bang”.
referring to the future（表达将来时间）
I hope you have a good time. I will see to it that you don't get lost. Well have to stay at home if it rains tomorrow.
体
进行体
现在进行体（present prefect）
To denote an action in progress at the moment of speaking（有暂时的含义）
Why are you driving so fast? Slow down, please. He is now living in shanghai.
To denote an action in progress over a period of time including the present.
Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics（.现在 阶段在进行而非正在） You are continually finding fault with me .（带感'情色彩，always,constantly）
To denote a future happening according to a definite plan orarrangement （表将来/有计划）.
e.g. Mr. Smith is leaving China in a few weeks. Are you doing anything special?两种可能
lt can also be used to denote an action in the immediate past （表示刚刚过去的动作）.
The following verbs are usually used: tell, talk, say, exaggerate, etc. e.g. You don't believe? You know I am telling the truth.
to make even politer requests（表示婉转）.
e.g. I am hoping/ I am wondering...
过去进行体（past progressive）
To denote an action in progress at a definite point or period of past time表示在过去某一时间点或某一时期正在进行的行动
e.g. What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?
To denote a past habitual action（过去的习惯性持续动作）
e.g.She was getting up at six in the morning that week.
To denote futurity in the past（按照过去计划安排即将发生的）
e.g.They were leaving for Shanghai a few days later.
To make polite requests and express hypothetical 提出礼貌性的要求和表达假设性的要求。
I was hoping that you could do me a favor.婉转 I wish my neighbor was not making so much noise.主观臆想与现在 相反 I'd rather you were going at once. 对未来的臆想 If you were leaving tonight, Td like to go with you.
To express the speaker's attitudes or feelings（表达说话者的态度和感受）
My husband was always beicq busy with his academic research and he seldom accompanied me to going shopping.
现在进行体（present progressive）
完成体
过去完成体（past prefect）
构成
had+ed-participle
用法
Finished use（完成性用法） 题
In the “finished” use, the past perfect aspect denotes an action or a state already in completion before a specified past.（指一个动作或状态在过去的某个时间之前已经完成）
e.g. When we arrived at the station, the train had already left.
Unfinished use（未完成性用法）
In its “unfinished” use, an action or a state extendinq ove「a period up to a past moment and possibly into the future in the past.（在其 "未完成 "的用法中，一个行动或一个状态延伸到 "一个时期，直到过去的一个时刻，并可能延伸到过去的未来。）
e.g. He was frustrated because he had worked on his term paper for three days and didn't make much progress.
作用
Past perfect aspect in when/before/after/until/bv the time/no sooner ...than. ../hardlv.. .when..・过去完成时在当/之前/之后/直到/bv的时间/不早...比.../hardlv...当...。
e.g. When I reached the station, the train had already left. I reached the station after the train had left. I didn't reach the station until the train had left. The train had left before I reached the station. We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
由于连词before和after本身体现动作先后性，所以也能用两个一般过去时。
e.g. The train (had )left before I reached the station.
也可以在以before引导的时间状语分句中川过去完成体,以强调动作的未实现。
e.g. He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat.
Hypothetical use of past perfect aspect与过去事态相反的主观设想
ln a clause introduced bv if, if onlv, as if, as thouqh, etc. （在一个由if、if onlv、as if、as thouqh等引入的句子中。）
e.g. If you had worked harder, you wouldn't have lost the job. If only you had lived here with us. I felt as if I had known her all my life. He lay on the ground as thouqh he had been shot.
ln the clause following wish, would rather, etc.（在wish, would rather等后面的句子中。）
e.g. I wish you hadn't told her the news, rd rather you had told her the truth.
With such verbs as expect, intend, mean, suppose, thick and want to express an unfulfilled intention, plan, etc.过去未曾实现的希望，打算和意图。
e.g. I had wanted to call you, but my mobile phone broke down. The national football team had expected to win the first place, but the referee was just unfair. I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time.
现在完成体（Present perfect ）
构成
Formation of present perfect aspect（现在完成体的构成） have/has+ed-participle
意义
to denote a relation between the past and the present. （表明过去事情与现在事情的一种关系）
to emphasize the influence of past event upon the present. （强调过去事情对现在的影响）
Present perfect can refer to a state（状态），a habit（习惯），or an event（—件事情）.
Ted has lived here for ten years, （state） I have walked to work since I sold my old car, （habit）. My supervisor has been to the U.S. many times, （event）
Adverbials（状语）that often appear in the present perfect aspect
e.g. You have already talked to your boss about your resignation, haven't you?
The differences between present perfect aspect and simple past tense（现在完成时和简单过去时之间的区别）
Both can refer to something! that happened in the past.
The Olympic Games have seen an increasing number of participating athletes in the past hundred years.
The simple past tense is not relevant to the present time.
The 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta saw an unprecedented large number of participating athletes from different parts of the world.
两种基本用法
Finished use（完成性用法）
The “finishecT use refers to the present result of a past event still operative at the moment.（指的是过去发生的事情对现在仍然存在影响）
e.g. She has switched off the air conditioner.
Unfinished use（未完成性用法）
The “unfinished” use denotes that an action or a state extends over s ueriod till the present moment, possibly extending into the future as well.（未完成 "的用法是指一个行动或一个状态延续到现在，也可能延伸到未来）
e.g. I have known him for thirty years.
不同
AThe difference lies in that in the “unfinished” use, the present perfect aspect is accompanied by an adverbial expressing duration, but no such adverbials in thp “finished” use.
完成进行体
现在完成进行体（present prefect progressvie）
构成（formation）
have/has been+inq-participle
用法
Its use is similar to the “unfinished” use of the present perfect aspect. Therefore, in many cases, these two aspects can be used interchangeably（它的使用类似于现在完成时的 "未完成 "的使用。因此，在许多情况下，这两个方面可以互换使用）
e.g. They have lived here for twenty years. They have been livinq here for twenty years.
The present perfect progressive aspect also indicates continuouscess temporinessand incompleteness（not interchangeable）（现在完成时进行时也表示连续性，暂时性和不完全性（（不能互换）。）
egWho has been eating my breakfast? 一还有剩余Who has eaten my breakfast? 一吃光了
过去完成进行体（past perfect progressive）
构成（formation）
had been+inq・participle
意义
It is basically similar in use to the present perfect progressive, only with time reference shifted to a specified past.（ 它在使用上基本上与现在完成时进行时相似，只是时间参照转移到了特定的过去。）
He had been waiting for three hours when she finally came
Its basic use is similar to the “unfinished” use of the past perfect aspect. Therefore, these two forms can be used irterchanqeablv, although in colloquial speech, the past perfect progressive is more common.（ 它的基本用法与过去完成时的 "未完成 "用法类似。因此，这两种形式都可以使用，尽管在口语中，过去完成时更常见）
He had waited for three hours when she finally came.
意义;
aspect refers the way in which the verb action is regarded or expericenced whit respect to time
体是指在时间方面对动词动作的看法或体验的方式。
WHY
in grammatical
because tense is a verb form，moghologically，only present tense and past tense have their forms of verbs。 a language（such as chinese） which has not verb forms has not tense
in the book
第一传统与法是以时间为参照划分英语时态的，而像
第二时（tense）和体（aspect）是两个彼此独立的语法范畴，前者基于词汇的屈折变化，后者基于结构分析，由于tense和aspect经常合用，所以导致时体不分，时指动作发生时间，而体标记动作发生的状态和方式
第三从教学角度来看，新的时体体系简单易学，还可以让学生懂一种意义可以用不同的形式表达，一种形式也可以表达不同的意义
表示未来
will/shall do sth
will用于主语是第一/二/三人称
shall用于主语是第一人称
In the predictive use, interpretation of will/shall is speaker-oriented. 在预测性使用中，对will/shall的解释是以说话者为导向的。 In the non・predictive use, interpretation of will/shall is subiect・oriented.在非预测性使用中，对will/shall的解释是以子句为导向的。
be going to do sth
In the predictive use, it expresses the speaker's assumption of a possible future state of affairs on the basis of evidence, sign, symptom or any other cause that is available at the moment of speech.在预测性使用中，它表达了说话人根据证据、迹象、症状或说话时可获得的任何其他原因，对未来可能出现的事态的假设。
In the non-predictive use, it is found with personal subjects, expressing a premeditated intention to bring aout a future event.在非预测性的使用中，它被发现与个人主题有关，表达了一个有预谋的意图，以引出一个未来的事件。
Present progressive（现在进行时）
They ere leaving tomorrow morning. Australia is hostinq the Olympic Games in 2000.
Simple present（—般现在时）
There do exist some thinqs that we can conceive as unalterable and that we can be as confident of we are of the given facts, such as the future events that are determined in advance by calendar or timetable.确实存在一些我们可以设想为不可改变的东西，而且我们可以对给定的事实有同样的信心，例如由日历或时间表提前确定的未来事件。
In such cases, we will use the simple present to denote the future of unusual definiteness:在这种情况下，我们将使用简单现在时来表示具有不寻常确定性的未来。
Tomorrow is Saturday. School begins at hte first day of September.
will/shall be doing sth
refering to a durative event associated wit the future time. （指与将来时间有联系的持续性事件）
e.g. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
refering to a future happening that is taken for granted, which helps to avoid interpretation of volition, intention, etc. （指将来一定会发生的事，它有助于避免被看作是自己的意图或意志）
e.g. when will you be apologizing to her?
be about to do sth
表立刻要发生的将来事情（用来表示不久的将来） The bus is about to leave.
用过去时，它指要发生的事，实际上没有发生。I was about to leave when she came.
be to do sth
表示计划中的将来事情（注定要发生的） There is to be a police investigation.
还可以表示强迫或命令时，等同于must. You are to turn in your papers on Friday.
动词分类
根据作用（ the roles）
主动词（main verb）
子主题
子主题
助动词（auxiliary vber）
primary auxiliary（基本助动词）
be，do，have
modal auxiliary（情态助动词）
can/could， may/might，must，used，etc
semi auxiliary（半助动词）
have to，seem to
根据补充成分（complements）
及物动词（transitive verbs）
不及物动词(intransitive verbs)
练习动词(linking verbs)
词汇意义（laxical meaning）
动态动词（dynamic verbs）
静态动词（static verbs）
单词构成（word formation）
单数动词single word verbs
（短语动词）phrasal verbs
Verb+preposition（动词+介词）
egaccount for，come across，rely，on，take，to，etc
verb+adverbpratical（动词+副词）
blow up，bring up ，call off， carry on
verb+adverbpratical+preposition(动词+副词+介词)
put up with，make up for，look down on/upon
动词的五种语法形式（five grammatical forms）
two finite verb
现在时（present tense）
过去时（past tense）
there non-finite verb
不定式（infinite）
ing分词（ing-participle）
ed分词（ed-participle）
规则和不规则动词
主题