英国文学史选读 课堂笔记 乔叟(1)

这是一篇关于英国文学史选读 课堂笔记 的思维导图，主要内容有A brief description of this class、About Geoffrey Chaucer (1343--1400)、《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)等。

英国文学史选读 课堂笔记 乔叟

• A brief description of this class
  • How the classical literature evolve into the modern Literature?
  • Which may be referred to the real Literature?
  • What is the nature of Literature?
  • An introduction of one of your favorite English Literature ( Sons and Lovers and so on)
• About Geoffrey Chaucer （1343--1400）
  • Geoffrey Chaucer (1343?-1400), one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. 杰弗里·乔叟（1343-1400），英国最伟大的诗人之一，他的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学的发展产生了重要影响。 His life is known primarily through records pertaining to his career as a courtier and civil servant under the English kings Edward III and Richard II.The son of a prosperous London wine merchant, Chaucer may have attended the Latin grammar school of Saint Paul's Cathedral and may have studied law at the Inns of Court. 乔叟的一生主要是通过有关他在英国国王爱德华三世和理查德二世统治下的朝臣和公务员生涯的记录来了解的。乔叟是一位富裕的伦敦葡萄酒商人的儿子，他可能曾就读于圣保罗大教堂的拉丁语语法学校，可能曾在法院客栈学习法律。 In 1357 he was page to the countess of Ulster, Elizabeth, the wife of Prince Lionel, third son of Edward III; there, he would have learned the ways of the court and the use of arms. 1357年，他被任命为阿尔斯特伯爵夫人伊丽莎白，她是爱德华三世第三个儿子莱昂内尔王子的妻子；在那里，他将学会法庭的方式和武器的使用。 By 1367 Chaucer was an esquire to Edward. About 1366 he married Philippa Roet, a lady-in-waiting to the queen and afterward in the service of John of Gaunt, who was duke of Lancaster and Edward's fourth son. 到1367年，乔叟成了爱德华的绅士。大约1366年，他娶了菲利帕·罗特，一位等候女王的夫人，后来又为朗卡斯特公爵约翰和爱德华的第四个儿子服务。
  • Why is Chaucer the "father of English poetry"? 为什么称乔叟为“英国诗歌之父”？ Chaucer is a representative writer of the early English Renaissance. He was the first to write in Cockney dialect, which laid the foundation of modern English literary language. He inherited the tradition of describing reality in urban literature and started the road of realism in English literature. His works are characterized by humor and satire. In terms of character portrayal, language use and narrative skills, his works far surpass other previous and contemporary English literary works. Chaucer earned the reputation of "the father of English poetry" because of his high realism. 乔叟是英国文艺复兴早期的代表作家。他第一个用伦敦方言进行创作，奠定了近代英国文学语言的基础。他继承了城市文学描写现实的传统，开创了英国文学的现实主义道路。他的作品以幽默和讽刺为其风格特征，在人物刻画、语言运用、叙事技巧等方面，都远远超过了以前和同时代的英国其他文学作品。乔叟以很高的现实主义成就，赢得了“英国诗歌之父”的盛誉。
  • Chaucer's major works 乔叟的主要作品——《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）《公爵夫人之书》( Book of the Duchess)、《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、必《百鸟会议》( The Parliament of Fowles )、公《贤妇传说》(The Legend of Good Women).☆《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)。●
  • Artistic features 艺术特色 Chaucer wrote poetry in three periods: ① French Influence Period (1359 ~ 1372) : Mainly translated and imitated the works of French poets, created the Duchessa, translated the French medieval narrative poem The Legend of the Rose in London dialect, etc. Geoffrey Chaucer ② Italian Influence Period (1372 ~ 1386) : The poet came into contact with the progressive thought of bourgeois humanism. The works of this period, such as "The Meeting of the Hundred Birds", "Troilus and Classid", "The Story of a Good Woman", reflect the author's creative attitude towards the reality of life and humanistic views. ③ Mature Period (1386 ~ 1400) : Chaucer worked on the Canterbury Tales during this last 15 years. Both in content and technique have reached the peak of his creation. His pioneering heroic couplets were widely adopted by later English poets, and he was hailed as the "father of English poetry". Chaucer's early works were influenced by Italian and French literature. He introduced romances of chivalry, lyric poetry and bestiary stories from French literature into English literature. His early work, Trollus and Classid (1385), features vivid and delicate characters and witty and humorous language. Beginning in 1377, Chaucer made several missions to the continent, where he came into contact with the works of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. These writers anti-feudalism and anti-religion spirit and humanism thought, Chaucer's creative thought had a profound change, began to turn to realism. [6] The common feature of the narrators in Chaucer's works is that they are avid readers and outsiders in love. What he knows about love comes not from personal experience but from a lot of reading. Chaucer himself, as a poet, wrote most of his works, especially his dream poems, based on his reading, not his life. "Authority" rather than "experience" or reality is the source of his writing. This is also in accordance with the medieval literary tradition. The mainstream literature of the Middle Ages, whether religious literature or court literature, was in essence far away from real life and settled in the world designed in people's minds and recognized by people through "authority". Medieval people lived a difficult life, with wars, diseases, natural and man-made disasters all threatening their daily life. They either relied on religion, or indulged in idealized and stylized court-love and chivalry, or imagined a distant and beautiful classical "golden age". Typical medieval writings, such as fantasy and allegorical, reflect the psychological tendency of the Middle Ages to wander away from the reality, and indeed enable poets to get rid of the scope of real life and wander freely in an illusory world constructed by "authority". The reliance on dreams and books in Chaucer's major works attests to his epoch as a medieval writer. [7] Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer was eclectic in both classical and new literature. His greatest characteristic is humor, Chaucer's humor is lively, or quiet elegant, or rough and strong. 乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期： ①法国影响时期（1359～1372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品，创作了《悼公爵夫人》，用伦敦方言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》等。 杰弗雷·乔叟 ②意大利影响时期（1372～1386）：诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。这一时期的创作如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。 ③成熟时期（1386～1400）：乔叟在这最后15年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作。无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。 乔叟早期的创作受意大利和法国文学的影响。他把法国文学中的骑士传奇、抒情诗和动物寓言故事等引入英国文学。其早期作品《特罗勒斯和克莱西德》（1385），人物性格塑造生动细腻，语言机智幽默。 从1377年开始，乔叟多次出使欧洲大陆，接触了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。这些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主义思想，使乔叟的创作思想发生了深刻的变化，开始转向现实主义。[6] 乔叟作品中的叙述者的共同特点就是热衷于读书，同时又是爱情的局外人。他对爱情的了解并非来自亲身经历，而是来自大量的阅读。而乔叟本人作为诗人来讲，他写作的大多数作品，特别是梦幻诗，都取材于他的阅读，而非来源于生活。“权威”而非“经验”或现实是他的写作来源。这也是符合中世纪的文学传统的。中世纪的主流文学，无论是宗教文学还是宫廷文学，实质上都是远离现实生活，沉淀于人们头脑中设计的，并通过“权威”而为人们所认可的世界里。中世纪人生活艰难，战争、疾病、天灾、人祸无不威胁着他们的日常生活，他们要么寄望于宗教，要么沉迷于理想化、程式化的宫廷爱情和骑士精神，要么幻想一个遥远而美好的古典“黄金时代”。中世纪典型的文类如梦幻和寓意，都集中地反映了中世纪入游离于现实之外的心理倾向，也确实能够让诗人摆脱现实生活的范围，而自由地徜徉于一个由“权威”构建的虚幻的世界。乔叟的主要作品对梦幻和书籍的倚重证明了他作为一个中世纪作家的时代特性。[7] 杰弗雷·乔叟 乔叟对古典文学和新文学兼收并蓄。他最大的特点便是幽默，乔叟的幽默生动活泼，或恬淡尔雅，或粗犷浓郁。
• 《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）
  • "The Canterbury Tales," a collection of short stories in verse, recounts The meeting at The Taiba Inn of a group of 30 pilgrims -- knights, monks and nuns, merchants, craftsmen, doctors, lawyers, scholars, farmers, housewives and other members of every class of English society at The time, They were going to Canterbury to pay homage to St. Thomas. The shopkeeper, who loved excitement, volunteered to be their guide, and proposed to tell two stories to each other on the way to and from the Holy Land in order to solve the loneliness of the journey, and the shopkeeper was the judge to select the best storyteller. After returning to the hotel, we all invited him to dinner together. The crowd accepted the shopkeeper′s suggestion, so the next day they went on a pilgrimage together, and began to tell stories. 《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）是一部诗体短篇小说集，叙述朝圣者一行30人会聚在泰巴旅店，这些朝圣者有骑士、僧尼、商人、手工艺者、医生、律师、学者、农夫、家庭主妇等当时英国社会各个阶层的人士，他们准备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。店主爱热闹，自告奋勇为他们担任向导，并提议在往返圣地的途中每人来回讲两个故事，以解旅途中的寂寥，并由店主做裁判，选出讲故事最好的人，回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。众人接受了店主的建议，于是次日一同踏上朝圣之途，并开始讲故事。
  • Work characteristics
    • First, it shows a broad social picture. Pilgrims came from all walks of life: knights, monks, scholars, lawyers, merchants, craftsmen, yeoman farmers, millers, etc. Canterbury Cathedral Second, it comprehensively adopts various literary genres of the Middle Ages, such as chivalric romances, hagiography, sermons and fables. The description of the characters and the story itself in the preface and prologue are interesting and full of humor. Four, the language with the characteristics of the narrator, everyone's story reflects the narrator's identity, interests, hobbies, occupation and life experience. 一、它展现了广阔的社会画面。香客来自社会各个阶层：骑士、僧侣、学者、律师、商人、手工业者、自耕农、磨坊主等。 坎特伯雷大教堂 二、它综合采用了中世纪的各种文学体裁，有骑士传奇、圣徒传、布道文、寓言等。 三、总序和开场白中对人物的描写和故事本身饶有趣味，充满幽默感。 四、语言带上了讲述人自身的特征，每人所讲的故事都体现出讲述人的身份、趣味、爱好、职业和生活经验。
• Heroic Couplet
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• The genre of Literature
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• 推荐课程相关书目， 小说及作家
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• 英国文学史时期划分
  • 序言一中世纪文学（约5世纪﹣1485)二，文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期一17世纪初）三，17世纪文学四，启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期一18世纪中期）五，浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832)六。现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代一1918)七现代主义文学时期（1918一1945)八当代文学（1945-)●