朱伟极简语法

不讲语法的语法课，建立自己的语感才是王道 除了主谓宾，都是修饰 传统语法教学 ·专业术语晕头转向 ·五颜六色眼花缭乱 ·强调概念弱化实操 ·繁杂枯燥缺乏趣味 一、化繁为简，提炼要点 二、重实操性，情境演练 三、选材考究，词句串联 四、要点归纳，结构明晰

朱伟极简语法

• 基本句型
  • 总：主谓宾+修饰 修饰：拉长句子 1、which / who / that / whose / in which / of whom 2、v-ing v-ed There is a boy swimming over there. who swims There is a boy with great mastery of swimming skill. 3、n. + with + n. a girl with an angel-like face and a fairy-like figure
  • 主干结构
    • 句型一 主+谓
      • 句型判断
        • ① But individually, the responses varied considerably. 主干：The responses varied. 主 谓
          • 【笔记】 Your words count. Your words count (a lot) to me. It matters. The pill works. It depends.= It depends on a lot of factors.再说吧。
          • 【笔记】 及物 强调对象 不及物 强调状态
      • 官宣。 爷青回。 心态崩了。
      • Forrest Gump《阿甘正传》 “Miracles happen every day." — Forrest
        • 【笔记】 every day 相当于 副词 I will work home. 相当于 副词 我会在家里工作。
      • 例1 Smaller species survived. 例2 More apparent reasonableness followed.更多的显而易见的合理性出现了。
      • 真题演练
        • ② Shows with surreal, sci-fi elements, like Lost, have triumphed before. 修饰成分 with…, like.…, before 句子主干 Shows have triumphed.
          • 【笔记】 surreal 超现实的
    • 句型二 主+谓+宾
      • 句型判断
        • ③ Westworld features a cast of androids learning how to rebel against their human masters. 主干：Westworld features a cast of androids. 主 谓 宾
          • 【笔记】 a + n. + of / n.s + of 一些 机器人：android / robot（人形的） AI-learning 机器学习 metaverse 元宇宙
      • 好奇害死猫。 贫穷限制了想象。
      • "You ruined the one good thing I had." “你毁了我唯一美好的东西。” ———BoJack Horseman《马男波杰克》
        • 【笔记】 主谓宾 才能 省 that You ruined the one good thing (that) I had.
      • 例1 Others await trial. 有些人在等待审判。 例2 They do not fund peer-reviewed research.他们不资助同行评议的研究。
        • 【笔记】 fund vt.为···提供资金 n.资金
      • 真题演练
        • ④ The measures have adequate protections, including rules against disclosing personal information such as health data and citizenship status. 修饰成分 including
          • 【笔记】 citizenship status 国籍；公民身分 PR : permanent residence 永久居留 / green card 绿卡
        • ⑤ But all energy transitions, such as that from coal to hydrocarbons in the 20th century, take many decades. 转折连词 but 修饰成分 such as..., in.… 句子主干 All energy transitions take many decades.
          • 【笔记】 hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物 hydrogen 氢气 hydrogen energy 氢能 oxygen 氧气 碳排放 the emission of carbon dioxide 碳达峰 to reach the peak gas emission 碳中和 carbon neutrality
    • 句型三 主+谓+双宾
      • 句型判断
        • ① ...the Falcons have presented the company with some serious technical difficulties so far. 主干：The Falcons have presented the company with some serious technical difficulties so far. 主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语
        • 【笔记】 这家公司自打开始研发猎鹰火箭之后已经面临了各种焦头烂额的技术问题。 present n.目前；礼物 a.目前的；当下的；出席的（反义：absent) v.呈现；表明，表现
      • 伟哥赐予我力量。 本宫赏你一丈红。
        • 【笔记】 ··· to me
      • 例1 ... send messages to the brain. 直接宾语 间接宾语 例2 ... provide digital services to consumers.…. 直接宾语 间接宾语
      • 真题演练
        • ② ... it gave him the sense of proportion all presidents need if they are to elevate their office into the realm of statesmanship. 修饰成分 all presidents need, if... 句子主干 It gave him the sense of proportion. 主 谓 间宾 直宾
          • 【笔记】 谈条件：if / when / while the sense of proportion 分寸感 politician 政客 statesman 政治家
          • 【笔记】 realm 王国，区域，管辖范围 kingdom 王国，区域 domain 管辖范围 territory 领土 terrain 管辖范围 regime 政体 district 管理区域；管辖范围
    • 句型四 主+谓+宾+宾补
      • 句型判断
        • ③ ... it will compel you to continue down that path. 主干 It will compel you to continue down that path. 主 谓 宾 宾补
      • 我劝你善良。 我带你去爬山。
      • 例1 This allows the TSA to focus on travelers. 例2 These tools can help you (to) win every argument.
      • 真题演练
        • ④ A highly efficient parking enforcement officer slaps a ticket on your windshield two minutes after the meter expired. 修饰成分 two minutes after the meter expired 句子主干 A highly efficient parking enforcement officer slaps a ticket on your windshield. 主 谓 宾 宾补
          • 【笔记】 meter n.米；计，仪，表 barometer 气压计，晴雨表
      • 语法福袋
        • 如何区分双宾和宾补结构
          • 例1 We all made him our monitor. He is our monitor.√ 宾补 例2 I bought him a dog. He is a dog. × 双宾 例3 He asked us to plant trees. We plant trees. √ 宾补
    • 句型五 主+系+表
      • 句型判断
        • ⑤ Leather, prized for its durability and suppleness, is a business worth $100bn a year. 主干 Leather is a business. 主 系 表
          • 【笔记】 be prized for 因为···而被赞美/褒奖 durability 耐用性 supple a.柔软的；柔韧的 suppleness 柔软度 elastic a.有弹性的 elasticity 弹性 flexible a.灵活的；柔韧的，易弯曲的 flexibility 灵活性 soft 柔软的 fragile 脆弱的；易碎的 make up a fragile excuse 编造一个蹩脚/站不住脚的借口
      • 伟哥是工具人。 什么是快乐星球？
      • 例1 Advertisers are horrified. 谓语无实义 例2 Habits are a funny thing.
        • 【笔记】 Habits are 视作整体概念 Are human beings a species that constantly abandons itself ?人类是一个不断抛弃自我的物种吗？
      • 真题演练
        • ⑥ Apple remains largely an iPhone company with stock performance remaining tied to iPhone shipments. 修饰成分 largely,with... 句子主干 Apple remains an iPhone company.
          • 【笔记】 苹果主要还是一家手机公司，它的股票表现依然和手机绑在一起。 remain v.仍然是，保持；剩余；留下 shipments 出货量 sales volumn 销售量 turnovers ①失误率（体育比赛中）②交易额，交易量③人员流动率
        • ⑦ Franklin D. Roosevelt's lightheartedness seemed undignified, while the youthful John F. Kennedy often felt compelled to suppress his sense of humor in public. 修饰成分 while... 句子主干 Franklin D.Roosevelt's lightheartedness seemed undignified. 主 系 表
          • 【笔记】 felt compelled to while = however = whereas 然而 while 开头 = Although while 中间 = however or when lightheartedness n.无忧无虑；轻松愉快
  • 主干成分
    • 名词 Online love 代词 It 主语 v-ing Smoking cigarettes hurts. to do To leave home 句子 That my friend didn't say goodbye to me
      • 【笔记】 hurt vi. 强调状态 that 不能 省略 It hurts that my friend didn't say goodbye to me. 形式主语
    • 宾语 名词、代词、v-ing、to do、句子
      • I don't know that. what he wants.
    • 谓语 谓语动词有···的变化
      • 语态 It may rain this afternoon. Could you help us? You should leave now.
        • 主被动 I love you. We are loved.总有人会爱我们。
          • 【笔记】 英文 多用 被动
        • 【笔记】 这些词代表一些 猜测
      • 情态 We learn together. We have seen that film before. You will understand it one day.
        • 常见情态动词：must,can,could,would,may,might,shall,should...
      • 时态 It didn't rain last night. I wasn't here yesterday.
        • 一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般将来时..…
      • 否定 ⑥ What you see on the outside may not reflect what's on the inside.【背】 句子主干 What... may not reflect what's... 主从 谓 宾从
        • 【笔记】 当局者迷旁观者清： Outsiders see clearer (than insiders see).
      • 真题演练
        • ⑦ BlackBerry is entering a highly competitive field, with some of the world's biggest tech companies investing in autonomous-vehicle research.修饰成分 with ... 句子主干 BlackBerry is entering a highly competitive field.
          • 【笔记】 investing 可换成 that invest autonomy 人身自由，自治
        • ⑧ Similarly, smuggling can wreck a country's ability to control the supply and price of tobacco, which is critical to any country's strategy to curb tobacco consumption. 修饰成分 similarly, to..., which... 句子主干 Smuggling can wreck a country's ability. v-ing 做主语
          • 【笔记】 smuggle 走私
    • 宾语补足语 名词、形容词、副词、v-ing、to do、过去分词、介词短语
      • I find it a boring film. [n.] It makes us happy. [a.] They kept the child indoors. [adv.] I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog. [主动] I asked him to help me. You must make yourself respected. [被动] She put herself in danger. {at stake}
        • 【笔记】 用好 被动 make yourself seen/understood
    • 表语 名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、v-ing、to do、过去分词、句子
      • She is a liar! It is mine. Are you OK? He is not at home. My job is teaching English. To see is to believe.眼见为实 The novel is well written.作者很用心地写这本小说。 That's why I respect you.
      • 系动词 be动词 表变化 表感官 表状态
        • 是 be 动词 变得 get, become, go, turn, grow... 看/听/闻/尝/感觉/似乎 look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear 保持/证明是，结果是 keep, stay, remain, prove...
• 特殊句型
  • 特殊句型
    • it 作形式主语
      • 句型判断
        • ① It is unlikely that lying will be completely eliminated, … *it作形式主语，无实际语义 真正的主语
          • 【笔记】 这件事是不太可能发生的
      • 覆水难收。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is never too late to be what you might have been.
        • 【笔记】 spill 溅出来；洒出来 spray 水花飞溅；水柱（消防水柱） sprinkle 水滴飞溅（海边浪花） splash 水花（抽在身上会痛）
      • 真题演练
        • ② In theory, it is possible that some microbes have evolved the ability to break down plastics. 形主 真正的主语
    • it 作形式宾语
      • I find it easy to learn English. 形式宾语 真正的宾语
      • 真题演练
        • ③ They presume it best to satisfy that demand with tusks harvested from elephants that have died of natural causes... 形宾 真正的宾语
          • 【笔记】 tusk 象牙
  • 特殊句型
    • 强调
      • 就是这个男人帅了57年。 就在那一瞬间阿珍爱上了阿强。
      • It was yesterday that she left here. It is my mom that/who loves me most in the world.
      • It is/was + A(被强调部分）+ that/who + B(其他部分）
      • 语法福袋
        • 如何区分强调和形式主语
          • It is the boy who I care for. I care for the boy. √ 强调 A B It is wonderful that you won. A+B≠句子 x 不是强调 A B
  • 特殊句型
    • 倒装
      • 句型判断
        • ④ At stake is America's long, proud effort to protect the essential diversity natural life.
          • 【笔记】 diversion ~ distraction 分心的事物
      • 弹幕上飘过了一个名字。 床下藏了一个陌生男子。
      • 完全倒装
        • 时间 + 整个谓语 + 主语
          • Now comes your turn. 3 2 1 Then came the bus.
          • There goes the last bus. Here comes the postman! By the window sat a young man.
          • There are two books on the desk. There was an accident last night.
        • 空间 + 整个谓语 + 主语
          • Up went the plane. In came the chairman.
        • 运动方向 + 整个谓语 + 主语
          • Happy are those who are contented. Among these people was my friend. Gone are the days when we learned together.
            • 【笔记】 Let bygones be bygones.
        • 表语 + 整个谓语 + 主语
      • 部分倒装
        • 否定词 +助动词+主语+谓语动词
          • Hardly could I believe my own eyes. Never before have I seen such a moving film. On no accounts must this switch be touched.
            • 【笔记】 I have never seen such a moving film before.
        • only +助动词+主语+谓语动词
          • Only in this way can we learn English well. Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
            • 【笔记】 (Only) Under these circumstances would we .…
      • 真题演练
        • ⑤ Among the concerns is whether the virtual currency’s largest market is becoming a venue for overly risky speculation and capital flight.【3 2 1】
          • 【笔记】 digital currency = cryptocurrency 数字货币/加密货币 Bitcoin Doge coin speculation 投机行为 venue （公共事件的）发生场所，举行地点
• 修饰
  • 修饰成分
    • 形容词 & 副词
      • 修饰演习
        • ① There is currently no evidence in the literature which anyone can confidently use to causally link violent video game play and school shootings.
          • 【笔记】 causally 因果关系地 cause casually 偶然地 casual
      • He is a man suitable for the job. We learn together. Obviously, this is a trap!
      • 真题演练
        • ② Unable to properly wash their clothes or even clean dishes, they're slowly reconciling themselves to a world with almost no water.
    • 介词短语
      • There will be no living things without water. Who knows what will happen in the future? Most of the products on display are new ones.
      • 真题演练
        • ③ Unlike shares in oil majors like Exxon Mobil and Chevron, coal is not a must-hold stock for investors.
          • 【笔记】 portfolia 公文包；投资组合 hedge funds 对冲基金
        • ④ The worth of a company depends on its integrity with employees, with the communities it operates in, and even with the environment.
          • 【笔记】 COO：Chief Operational Officer
    • 非谓语动词
      • Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. Nothing reported in the newspaper interested him.
      • 真题演练
        • ⑤ Today's breakthrough represents the first step to a larger goal—creating a digital model of the entire human brain to probe consciousness itself.
          • 【笔记】 deep learn 深度学习
        • ⑥ Much of that growth was legitimate, fueled by China's fast-paced rollout of theaters and the widespread adoption of online- and mobile-ticketing platforms.
          • 【笔记】 rollout n.首次展示；试运行 fast-paced rollout of 大量的出现；越来越多的 = more and more sth. fueled by 归因于
    • 综合练习
      • ⑦ The focus on academic "skills and drills" has cut deeply into recess and other time for free play.
        • 【笔记】 cut into 打断；切入
      • ⑧ Money once reserved for wage increases is now diverted to pay for employer-provided health insurance.
      • ⑨ For the bottom 60 percent of U.S. workers, wage gains have been completely wiped out by contributions for employer-provided health insurance.
        • 【笔记】 wipe out 消灭；彻底毁灭
  • 修饰成分
    • 从句
      • 同位语从句
        • 修饰演习
          • ① The effort is Facebook's most explicit acknowledgment that it has some responsibility for the consumption and mass distribution of media.
            • 【笔记】 explicit 解释清楚的 inexplicable magic 无法解释清楚的魔力
        • 抽象n. *引导同从的that不能省略 I heard the news that she had gone. I have no idea why he resigned. The question whether it's right or wrong depends on the result.
        • 语法福袋
          • 常见的可以跟同从的名词
            • news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, word(消息）, possibility, decision.…
          • 常见的同从引导词
            • that, whether, what, who, how, when, where, why...
        • 真题演练
          • ② The unprecedented move would reverse a long-held stance that the federal government should not fund the purchase of weapons.
            • 【笔记】 precedent 先例 precedence n.优先 precede sb. in doing sth. 先于某人做某事
      • 定语从句
        • 修饰演习
          • ③ These are some of the common life disappointments that can flip your mood from good or neutral to bad.
        • Which is the bike (that) you lost? You lost the bike. This is the boy who often helps me. The boy often helps me. This is the book which interests me. The book interests me.
          • 【笔记】 只有做宾语可以省略
        • 先行词 关系词 物/事 which/that/as 人 who/whom/that/as 谁的 whose 时间 when 地点 where 原因 why
          • 【笔记】 where = 介词 + which We need to protect the environment in which / where we live.
        • 真题演练
          • ④ The data we present also hint that further deterioration of the Western microbiota is possible.
        • 定从的分类
          • 限定性定语从句 I don't like people who are never on time. 非限定性定语从句 I like to chat with Luna, who is a clever girl.
            • 【笔记】 in time 立刻，及时 on time 准时
          • My brother who is 18 years old won the prize. My brother, who is 18 years old, won the prize.
          • 真题演练
            • ⑤ Therapists who specialize in cognitive therapy, which teaches practical ways to cope with persistent and unwanted thoughts, may be particularly helpful.
              • 【笔记】 over-insistence 偏执狂 = paranoia
        • 综合练习
          • ⑥ Triclosan is so widespread that there are concerns that this may encourage bacteria to evolve resistance to it, posing a problem for hospitals that use antibacterials to prevent infections spreading.
            • 【笔记】 posing = which poses pose a threat to/for 对···造成威胁
      • 状语从句
        • 1.时间状语从句
          • 修饰演习
            • ① Even as the city builds more housing every year, thousands of affordable apartments exit the city's housing programs as agreements expire—unless the city intervenes.
              • 【笔记】 even as = even if / even though
          • I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
          • 引导词 when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, till, until the minute, the moment, every time, by the time .…
          • 真题演练
            • ② Taking positive action when you're in the dumps could improve your outlook.【背，人生观】
              • 【笔记】 anti-dumping 反倾销 anti-dumping duty rate 反倾销税率
        • 2.地点状语从句
          • You can go wherever you like. We must camp where we can find water.
          • 引导词 where wherever, anywhere, everywhere
            • 【笔记】 This is just a common road between nowhere and nowhere. 这就是我们农村的一条小路而已。 Where there's a will, there's a way.
        • 3.原因状语从句
          • I do it because I like it. As it is raining, you'd better take a taxi.
          • 引导词 because, since, as, for in that, considering/given that
          • 真题演练
            • ③ Self-driving cars have the potential to reduce those numbers, because they eliminate the driver inattention that leads to thousands of collisions, injuries and deaths.
        • 4.条件状语从句
          • We'll start our project if the boss agrees. You will fail in English unless you work hard.
          • 引导词 if, unless, once as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, on condition that ...
          • 真题演练
            • ④ The likelihood of success is slim as long as those questions remain unanswered.
              • 【笔记】 a slim chance 机会渺茫
        • 5.目的状语从句
          • I'll tell you all the facts so that you can judge for yourself. She spoke very slowly in order that we could follow her.
          • 引导词 so that, in order that so<口>, for fear that, for the purpose of ...
            • 【笔记】 lest = for fear that 唯恐
          • Sometimes I just agree with people so they can stop talking. —— Jet Li 李连杰
        • 6.结果状语从句
          • He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.
          • 引导词 so... that, such... that, so that... to the degree that, to the extent that .…
          • 真题演练
            • ⑤ At the time of departure, the ship was berthed so that the marks caused by the fire were facing the sea, away from the dock, and therefore (were) concealed from passengers.
        • 7.让步状语从句
          • Although I was worn out, I kept on working. We'll make a trip even if the weather is bad.
            • 【笔记】 wear out = exhausted / weary workout = physical exercise
          • 引导词 though, although, even if, even though despite, in spite of, while, no matter, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever …
          • 真题演练
            • ⑥ At this point, there is no solid research linking any of this fall's prominent disasters to climate change, though such examinations are under way.
              • 【笔记】 prominent = eminent 卓越的
        • 8.方式状语从句
          • He treats me as if I am a stranger. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
          • 引导词 as, as if, the way ...
          • 真题演练
            • ⑦ No matter how persuasive our evidence, we routinely encounter disbelief and even hostility, as if accentuating the positive was callous.
              • 【笔记】 accentuate v.强调，使突出 callous a.无情的，麻木的
        • 9.比较状语从句
          • You look younger than you are. The work is not so difficult as you imagine.
          • 引导词 as,than the more...the more..., so..as..., no...more than ...
            • 【笔记】 no...more than .../no...less than = the same as
          • 真题演练
            • ⑧ Still, the central government has promised much more than it has delivered.