Introduction of Reserch Method in Psychology

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Reserch

• Qualitative reserch
  • ask a questigon(no prediction), then let people answer it
    • Naturalistic
    • Inductive
    • Subjective
    • Resech question
    • Mainly word based data
  • opened minded questions（what and how）
    • what strategy students use for developing their skills?
    • how do people living an inner city view their country?
• Quantitative reserch
  • set a hypothesis(prediction) and use data to prove or disprove it
    • Manipulative
    • Deductive
    • Objective
    • Hypothesis
    • Numeric
  • looking for variables(what,how and does)
    • how much money students spend a week?
    • what is the percentage of students who come from China?
    • does this policy lower the crime rate?
• The Object of Research
  • WORD
    • Abstraction
      • Theory
        • An explanatian of a particular behaviour or phenomenon, typically based on psychological reserch
  • Experimentation
    • Revision
      • Derivation
  • Data
    • Interpretation
      • Empirical Hypothsis
        • A specific prediction about a behaviour or phenomenon which is could be tested by psychologycal reserch project
        • Null hypothesis
          • prediotion that no effects will be found
            • Example: after drinking Cola, the personality of sample would not be changed
        • Alternative hypothesis
          • prediction that the effects will be found
            • Example: after drinking Cola, the mood of sample would be changed
            • one-tailed hypothesis
              • The effects would be specified
                • Example: the participants would be very happy after drinking Cola
            • two-tailed hypothesis
              • The effects will be found, but without directional predictions
                • Example: after drinking Cola, the mood of participants would be changed, but only diff before and after. not sure better or worse
• Resech Process
  • Two factors in a well designed piece of reserch 1 Validity: Does the design measure what you what it to? 2 Reliability: Does the design provide a consistent measure?
  • 1 Reserch idea
    • 1 Pick a topic 2 Translate topic into question or translate topic into hepothesis 3 Preemption reserch
    • 2 Reserch design
      • 1 Selection the methodological approach 2 Operationalizing variables/materials 3 Crafting procedures/ paradigms 4 Determing sample 5 Evaluating the practicality of the reserch
      • 3 Collecting data
        • 1 Approvel for study via RIB 2 Preparation to connect study 3 Recruiting subjects 4 Conducting the study 5 Coding and entering data
        • 4 Analyzing
          • 1 Data prepation and screening 2 Evaluating sample or materal statistically 3 Evaluating procedure statistically 4 Analysing reserch hypothesis 5 interpreting the results
          • 5 Publication Process
            • 1 Decide when to start writing paper 2 How to write psychology manuscript 3 How to write in APA fomat 4 how to decide where to submit manuscript 5 Journal review Process 6 Talks, Posters, and other ways to disserminate your work
  • 1 Identify research questions
    • 2 Develop hypotheses
      • 3 Design study to test the question
        • 4 Apply for ethical approval
          • 5 Run the study, collect data from sample
            • 6 Analyze the data
              • •use descriptive statistics, inferential statistics
              • 7 Write up results in a report, disseminate
• Reserch Design
  • 
  • Basic question about reserch design
    • Type of study: Observational? Experimental?
    • Who will take part? Why? Do they represent the wider population? How will you source them?
    • What will be data look like?
    • Will the data answer the question?
• Reserch ethics
  • •See excellent guides by the British Psychological Society; American Psychological Association; Research Councils •Any research carried out will need to be approved by the University Ethics Committee (at the School level or higher)
  • Respect the individual and groups,
  • Align with your competence
  • Be carried out with responsibility
  • Be performed with integrity and honestly
  • Maximise positive impact on individuals and society;
  • Minimise risk and harm
  • Respect the right of the individual and groups
  • Participation should be voluntary and informed (your participants should consent to taking part and to the use of their data)
  • Be conducted with integrity and transparency. With honesty and with clear lines of responsibility and accountability
  • Be free of undue influence. No conflicts of interest or if they exist they should be declared
• Data Analysis
  • Descriptive Statistics
    • Single numbers that best represent and capture the entire data set
      • Central tendency, its centre
      • Data Dispersal, its spread
      • other will be showed on later class
    • Split the statistics into two types
      • Numbers
      • Description of statistics
  • Inferential Statistics
    • Use a measure of the data (a statistic) that captures the data so that it answers your research question
    • Use of what are commonly referred to as statistics here such as t-tests, correlation and many others
• Disseminate
  • Reporting your study
    • Write a report
    • A blog or a tweet
    • Give a talk or a presentation
    • Write an academic journal article
  • Describe your study thoroughly
  • Answering the common questions of:
    • Why do the study?
    • What did you do?
    • How did you do it?
    • What do you find?
    • What does it mean?
• Individual difference
• Social psychology
• Development psychology
• Biological psychology
• Cognitive psychology
• 浮动主题
• 浮动主题
• 浮动主题
• Spread e.g：the range
• Central eg: the average
• Needed skills for developing any studies
  • Leadership
  • Time management
  • Communication
  • Financial management
  • Data management
  • Patience
  • Sense of humour