Chinese Literature

中国文化概况chapter3 Literature的思维导图，主要内容有Classical literature :pre-Qin--4 May 1919、Modern literature :1919--1949、 Contemporary literature :1949--present等。

Chinese Literature

• Classical literature :pre-Qin--4 May 1919
  • The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu
    • 《诗经》
      • a collection of Chinese oldest poems,which is regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China
      • mainly written in four-character lines
      • classification: 1.according to the rhythms :feng(风)/ya(雅)/song(颂) 2.according to the writting technique :fu(赋)/bi(比)/xing(兴)
    • 《楚辞》
      • the character "xi(兮)" often put in the middle or at the end of some lines
      • Qu Yuan, who further the development of poetic styles.His work is a romantic masterpiece.
    • The Book of Songs is the fountainhead of realism and The Songs of Chu romanticism.
  • Prose of the Pre- Qin Times
    • historical prose
      • The Book of History《尚书》
      • The Spring and Autumn Annals《春秋》
      • Zuo's Commentary《左传》
      • Intrigues of the Warring States《战国策》
      • Discourses of the States《国语》
    • philosophical prose
      • Daodejing《道德经》
      • Mozi《墨子》
      • Mencius《孟子》
      • Zhuangzi《庄子》
      • The Analects of Confucius《论语》
  • Literature in the Han Dynasty
    • Hanfu(汉赋）
      • a popular liberature genre originating in the Han dynasty
      • emphasises elaboration and discription, and is the combination of poem and prose.So,it also called rhymed prose.(押韵散文)
      • types: Sao-style essays (骚体赋), long essays(大赋), short essays(小赋)
      • outstanding writers: Jia Yi(贾谊)/ Sima Xiangru(司马相如)/ Sima Qian(司马迁)
    • yuefu folk songs(乐府民歌)
      • mostly written in five-character lines
      • It reflects the reality and life of working people.Stories are vivid by using figurative speech and personification.
      • representative work: Southeast the Peacock Flies《孔雀东南飞》
  • literature in the Wei, Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties
    • During this period, the stories recording spirits and anecdotes(志人怪志小说) become a genre.
    • outatanding literature figures: Three Caos(三曹)→Cao Cao,Cao Pi and Cao Zhi /Seven masters of the Jian'an period(建安七子)→Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Ying Yang, Liu Zhen
    • The emergence of Tao Yuanming made the link between Chinese poetry and art.He is the master of the five-character-a-line poetry.
  • Tang Poetry
    • Early Tang(初唐)
      • four pre-eminent poets:Wang Bo /Yang Jiong /Luo Binwang /Lu Zhaolin
      • Friendship across the word, make near neibours of far horizons.(海内存知己天涯若比邻）
    • High Tang(盛唐)
      • representative poets: Li Bai ,Du Fu
        • 李白
          • the "Immortal of Poems"(诗仙）/ the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature
        • 杜甫
          • the “Sage of Poets(诗圣)" / the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature
      • frontier poets(边塞诗人)
        • Gao Shi , Cen Shen
        • depict the frontier scenery,military life, and soldiers' homesickness, passionate patriotism, and devotion to the state.
      • pastoral poets(田园诗人)
        • Meng Haoran ,Wang Wei
        • depict country life and reflect the beauty of nature
    • Middle Tang(中唐）
      • Bai Juyi→followed Du Fu and wrote poems reflecting the reality of society
      • forcefully exposed the social corruption of their times
    • Late Tang(晚唐)
      • convey the helpless feelings of the people,turn to the theme of nostalgia(怀旧之情) for the former splendour of old times.
  • Song Ci Poetry
    • express more refined and delicate feelings with irregular metre
    • depending on its length: xiaoling(小令), zhongdiao(中调), changdiao(长调)
    • In the Northern Song dynasty appeared two major ci styles:①婉约派"Soft and Tuneful School" ②豪放派”Powerful and Free School"
  • Yuan Dramas in the Yuan Dynasty
    • sanqu散曲
      • Ma Zhiyuan: Autumn Thought《秋思》
    • zaqu杂曲
      • Guan Hanqing ,Bai Pu
  • Fiction in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
    • Four Great Classical Novels
      • Romance of the Three Kingdom《三国演义》
      • Water Margin《水浒传》
      • Journey to the West《西游记》
      • A Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》
    • Townfolk literature
      • Jin Ping Mei《金瓶梅》
      • Strange Tales from a Scholar's Studio《聊斋志异》
      • The Scholos《儒林外史》
• Modern literature :1919--1949
  • Works of this period reflect the hard struggle and tremendous sacrifice during the War of Literation from 1919-1945, and eulogise the selflessness displyed in the building of socoalist New China.
  • Lu Xun(1881-1936)
    • ①a great thinker ② a revolutionary figure in literature with pioneering thoughts ③one of the founders of modern Chinese literature in China ④use literature and art as weapons to transform the national spirit and character
    • A Madman's Diary《狂人日记》 、Outcry《呐喊》、The True Story of Ah Q《阿Q正传》 、Wandering《彷徨》
  • Guo Moruo(1892-1978)
    • writer, poet, dramatist, historian, archaeologist, paleography expert, social activist
    • The Goddess《女神》、QuYuan《屈原》、Zhuo Wenjun《卓文君》、Wang Zhaojun《王昭君》
  • Mao Dun(1896-1981)
    • critic, novelist, and short-story writer writer noted for his commitment to realism
    • Midnight《子夜》、Spring Silkworms《春蚕》、The Shop of Lin Family《林家铺子》
  • Ba Jin(1904-2005)
    • Trilogy of the Turbulent Currents(激流三部曲）：Family(家)、Spring(春)、Autumn(秋)
• Contemporary literature :1949--present
  • scar literature（伤痛文学）: Liu Xiuwu
  • misty poets(朦胧诗人）：Bei Dao/ Gu Cheng/ Duo Duo/ Yang Shuo
  • woman writer:Wang Anyi/ Wei Hui/Chi Li
  • representative writers:①Wang Meng:Long Live Youth《青春万岁》 ②Yu Hua：Chronicle of a Blood Merchant《许三观卖血记》、To Live《活着》 ③Su Tong:Wives and Concubines《三妻四妾》、Rice《米》
  • winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature 2012--Mo Yan
  • many works on the theme of heroes and revolutions sprang up during this period.
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