导图社区 Diction
这是一篇关于Diction的思维导图,An idiom is a set expression made up of two or more words.
编辑于2022-10-11 21:30:22Diction
Words
Types of Meaning
Grammatical Meaning 语法义
The part of meaning that varies from one inflectional form to another (as from plays to played to playing) girls, winters, tables, joys (the grammatical meaning of plurality) forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting (Conjugation: tense, aspect, voice)
Lexical Meaning 词汇义
Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. go, goes, went, gone, going
Conceptual Meaning 概念义
Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning / denotation) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.
The denotation of red is the color (or, from the viewpoint of physics, light of a certain wavelength) sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat, and energy
Associative Meaning 联想义
Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.
Connotative Meaning Connotation 涵义
It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.
Connotation is the secondary meaning (or meanings), associated with but different from the denotation.
Connotative meaning is peripheral and relatively unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
Stylistic Meaning 文体义 Levels of Words
Many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.
Affective Meaning 情感义
Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.
Collocative Meaning 搭配义
It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs.
Sense relation: General and specific words
The relations of meaning between words, as expressed in synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy.
Synonym
In linguistics, hyponymy refers to the semantic relation between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word.
在语言学中,上下位关系是指一个子类型的下位词(hypernym)与一个父类型的上位词(hyponym)之间的语义关系。
Use of Hyponyms
More vivid, concrete and expressive
Trees surround the water near our summer place.
cf.
Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
Cohesion by hyponymy
There was a fine rocking-chair that his father used to sit in, a desk where he wrote letters, a nest of small tables and dark, imposing bookcase. Now all this furniture was to be sold, and with it his own past.
Antonym
Hyponymy
Idioms
Definition
An idiom is a set expression made up of two or more words.
It functions as a unit of meaning which cannot be predicted from the literal meaning of its component words.
Characteristics
. Semantic unity
The meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent words.
1.2 The semantic unity can also be shown in the illogical relations between the literal meanings of the constituent words and the meaning of the idiom (semantically inexplicable).
. Structural stability
The structure of an idiom usually remains unchangeable.
The grammatical form of an idiom is invariable and fixed.
The constituents of idioms cannot be changed or replaced.
The constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.
The word order cannot be inverted or changed.
Many idioms are grammatically unanalyzable
Classification
1) Nominal idioms
2) Adjectival idioms
cut and dried 已成定局的; 不可改变的
The plan is cut and dried.
off the mark / wide of the mark 不正确的;不准确的
His guesses were all very wide of the mark.
up in the air 悬而未定的
The plan is still up in the air.
3) Verbal idioms
a) verb + preposition
look after, look into, dig into, pick up
b) verb + particle*
look up, put off, turn on, put on
c) verb + particle + preposition
come up with, live up to, get away with
4) Adverbial idioms
tooth and nail 竭尽全力地,坚决地
We will work tooth and nail.
heart and soul
We will serve people heart and soul.
in nothing flat 立刻
We will go there in nothing flat.
through thick and thin 历尽千辛万苦
We made it through thick and thin.
5) Sentence idioms
Never do things by halves.
All is not gold that glitters.
Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
Stylistic Features
Inappropriate for formal setting.
Occasionally extremely formal and used only in frozen style.
A phrase or expression that uses words in a figurative way rather than in a literal way.
Figures of Speech
A phrase or expression that uses words in a figurative way rather than in a literal way.
simile (a comparison, usually indicated by “like” or “as”)
metaphors (implied resemblances)
personification (giving human qualities to animals or objects )
metonymy (using the name of one thing for another closely related to it)
synecdoche (use of a part to imply the whole)
euphemism (using a mild word or group of words instead of one that is unpleasant or offensive)
irony (wherein the real meaning of a statement is concealed or contradicted)
hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration for the sake of effect)
alliteration (the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables)
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