Speech sound

胡壮麟语言学speech sound思维导图，包括：Speech Production and Phonetic Transcription、Consonant and Vowels、Phonological Analysis。

Speech sound

• the definition of Phonetics and Phonology
  • Phonetics语音学
    • study how speech sounds are produced,transmitted and perceived
    • Three branches
      • Articulatory phonetics发音 the study of the production of speech sounds.
      • Acoustic phonetics声学 study the physical properties of speech transmission.
      • Auditory phonetics听觉 the perception of speech sounds.
  • Phonology音系学
    • aiming to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
• Speech Production and Phonetic Transcription
  • Speech production
    • Speech organs
      • oral cavity
      • Nasal cavity
      • pharynx咽喉
  • IPA. Phonetic Transcription
    • Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound,and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
• Consonant and Vowels
  • The definition of the consonant
    • it is sounds producted by constricting or obstructing the vocaltract at some places to divert,completely shut off the flow of air inthe oral cavity.
    • The manner of articulation
      • stop爆破音[p,b,t,d,k,g]
      • Nasal鼻音[m,n]
      • fricative摩擦音[f,v,s,z,h]
      • approximant近音[w,j]
      • lateral边音[l]
      • trill颤音[r]
      • tap and flap触音和闪音
      • affricate破擦音[ts,dz,tr,dr]
    • The place of articulation
      • bilabial双唇音[p,b,m]
      • labiodental唇齿音[f,v]
      • dental齿音
      • alveolar齿龈音
      • postalveolar齿龈后音
      • retroflex卷舌音
      • palatal腭音
      • velar软腭音
      • uvular小舌音
      • pharyngeal咽头音
      • glottal喉音
  • Vowels
    • Definition
      • Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction,so on turbulence or atotal stopping of the air can be perceived.
    • The classification of vowels
      • The position of tongue
        • Front v
        • center v
        • back v
      • The openness of the month
        • close v
        • semi-close v
        • semi-open v
        • open v
      • The shape of the lip
        • Unrounded
        • Rounded
  • The sound of English
    • A chart of English consonants
      • 子主题
    • English vowels
      • 子主题
• Phonological Analysis
  • Phoneme音位
    • A basic unit of Phonological study it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. 它是能够区分意义的语音特征的抽象集合。
  • Phone音素
    • It is a basic unit of phonetic study语言学 It is a minimal soundsegmentproduce human speech organ can produce. 它是语音研究的基本单位，是人类语音器官能够产生的最小声段。
  • Allophones
    • 在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位phoneme的音素Phone被叫做该音位的音位变体。
  • minimal pairs最小对立体
    • Definition
      • can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaning 可以用来找出哪些声音替换会导致意义的差异。
  • Phonemic constrast音位对立
    • Different phonemes
  • Complementary distribution
    • Allophones of the same phoneme
• Phonological rules
  • sequential rule 顺序规则
  • Assimilation rule同化规则
  • Deletion rule 省略规则
• Suprasegmentals超音段
  • Features
    • Syllable音节
    • Stress重音
      • At the word level
        • it only applies to words with at least two syllables
          • 它只适用于至少有两个音节的单词
      • At the sentence level
        • a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative to other words in the sentence.
          • 一个单音节单词可以说是相对于句子中的其他单词来重读的。
    • Intonation and tone
      • Pitch directions
        • falling tone
          • A statement
        • rising t
          • A question
        • the fall-rising
          • implied massage