Morphology

Morphology，包括了Introduction、Open class and closed class,想要学习 Morphology的小伙伴可以点赞加收藏哦。

Morphology

• Introduction
  • Words carry meaning.
  • Sentences are made up with different classes of words,which are stored in a speaker's mental dictionary or lexicon,they are the fundamental building of a language.
• Open class and closed class
  • Nouns,verbs,adjectives and adverbs are the content words of a language,which are sometimes called open class words,since new words can be added to these regularly.
  • Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added,therefore such words is have been referred to as closed class words.
• Morphemes-the minimal units of meaning
  • Linguists define the word as the smallest free from found in language.
  • The most important component of a word structure is the morpheme-the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.
  • A morpheme is a meaning and a stretch of sound joined together.
    • Morphemes are usually arbitrary:there is no natural connection between their sound and their meaning.
    • When people wish to distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morpheme,they may use the term morph.
  • Morpheme
    • The division between simple words and complex words is that the former refers to words consisting of a single morpheme,the latter words contain two or more morphemes.
    • Free and bound morphemes
      • A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.
      • A morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.
    • Allomorphs
      • Morphemes may have different forms.
• Analyzing word structures
  • Roots and affixes
    • The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning,typically belong to a lexical category.
    • Affixes do not belong to lexical category and are always bound morphemes.
• Derivational and inflectional morphemes
  • Derivational morphemes:when they are conjoined to other morphemes(or words),new words are derived,or formed.
  • It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes.
    • To has only a grammatical "meaning" as an infinitive marker.
  • That bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense,number,case and so on are called inflectional morphemes.
• Morphological rules of word formation
  • The ways words are formed are called morphological rules.
  • Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words are called productive morphological rules.
• Derivation
  • Derivation is an affixational process that forms a woed with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.
    • Sometimes derivation can appy more than once.
    • Sometimes, a derivational affix attaches only to bases with particular phonological prosperities.
• Compounds
  • Compound words is by stringing words together.
    • When the two words are in the same grammatical category,the compound will be in this category.
    • Whenthe two words fall into different categories,the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound in many cases.
    • It is often the case that compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence.
    • The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.