GENDER in WORKPLACE (Masculinity Hegemonic)

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GENDER in WORKPLACE

• Masculinity in the Workplace: Iranian Women Engineers’ Navigations of Hyper masculine Work Cultures
  • digs deeper into this issue by exploring the experiences of women who transgress boundaries into masculine careers.
  • women mainly experience their workplaces as uncontested venues for men‘s performances of hegemonic masculinity.
  • "creative participation in the gender system" rather than efforts for dismantling gender hierarchies at a macro level.
  • workplaces as venues for the production and performance of hegemonic masculinity
  • Hegemonic masculinity refers to
  • seek to outperform others in masculine performances
  • invoke feelings of threats to not only men‘s exclusive access to these domains, but also the credibility and status that emerges from their everyday achievements of masculinity
  • doing types of work that are culturally perceived as exclusively manly
  • semi-structured in-depth interviews
    • tape-recorded, manually transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis as the main approach
• Doing Gender
  • The concept of doing gender as a contrast to the idea that gender is a static, personal characteristic
  • Rather, gender is a characteristic with some flexibility, which is achieved through successfully performing the socially constructed behaviors assigned to one’s sex.
  • Gender is inherently interactional such that individuals enact gender with awareness that others will assess their performance.
  • Distinguish sex, sex category and sex criteria
  • the relationship between categorization and accountability can be studied through observing experiences in social interactions.
• Still a “Stalled Revolution”? Work/Family Experiences, Hegemonic Masculinity, and Moving Toward Gender Equality
  • women made great gains in labor force opportunities, particularly in stereotypically “masculine” fields, yet men did not move comparably into “feminine” roles
  • hegemonic masculinity as the narrowly constrained expectations for men’s“appropriate” behavior.
  • why the gender revolution will remain incomplete and “stalled” without redefining hegemonic masculinity
  • Cross-national research demonstrates that changing views of masculinity are critical for greater gender equality at work and home.
  • The movement of women into traditionally “masculine” roles, without comparable movement of men into “feminine” roles refer to as the “asymmetry of gender-related change”
  • Until men are expected – and culturally and structurally encouraged – to pursue stereotypically female-dominated occupations and household responsibilities in a truly egalitarian arrangement, the gender revolution will remain incomplete and, therefore, stalled.
• Thoughts on the Workplace as a Masculinity Contest
  • men qua men feeling threatened and insecure and thus compelled to prove their manliness in survival-of-the-fittest competitions
  • in the organizational norms and practices that foster masculinity contests
  • offer possible ways forward for organizational practice and policy aimed at eliminating masculinity contest cultures and their negative effects.
  • masculinity is problematic not only because organizations reward those who perform masculinity but, more, they reward those who outperform others in masculinity.
  • Masculinity Contest Culture (MCC) scale
    • (1) show no weakness, (2) strength and stamina, (3) put work first, and (4) “dog eat dog”mentality.
  • define the workplace in the first place
    • Occupations thought to be masculine require attributes that men ideally possess and that women purportedly lack
  • male-dominated occupations
    • consultants, firefighters, and business executives; policing
  • how the masculinity contest culture operates and speculate about what can be done to mitigate it.
    • “outside-in” approach in which shifts in the broader culture are leveraged to transform the discourse
    • “inside-out” strategy that starts with organizational leaders developing an aspirational vision for their company
• Organizing Men: Power, Discourse, and the Social Construction of Masculinity(s) in the Workplace
  • draw the attention of the role of men in the workplace and the concomitant social construction of organizational masculinity(s)
  • position myself as a male social critic writing from a feminist perspective.
    • how does one critique patriarchy from a masculine subject position?
  • not accepting male power as a given, monolithic structure, but of examining the tensions and contradictions that are inherent in hegemonic masculinity.
  • serving both hegemonic and resistant functions
  • male feminists can both contribute to a critique of male power and explore possibilities for more democratic organizing processes. both men and women are “prisoners of gender.”
• Organizational Hegemonic Masculinity and the Impact of Fatherhood on Earnings
  • the earnings bonus for fatherhood persists after controlling for an array of differences, including human capital, labor supply, family structure, and wives’ employment status.
  • the theory of hegemonic masculinity within bureaucratic organizations, the fatherhood bonus is significantly larger for men with other markers of workplace hegemonic masculinity.
  • whose jobs emphasize cognitive skills and deemphasize physical strength receive the largest fatherhood earnings bonuses.
• MASCULINITIES IN “SAFE” AND “EMBATTLED” ORGANIZATIONS: Accounting for Pornographic and Feminist Magazines
  • the content of these masculine performances varies depending on the specific cultural norms and ideologies present in an organization
    • They bolster their business professional attitude by downplaying the sexualized nature of the workplace
  • men also utilize unique strategies of doing masculinity depending on the degree to which masculinity is “safe” or “embattled” at their workplace
    • different workplace contexts may encourage or discourage men’s differentiation from women and from feminism
  • we consider the possibility that even hegemonic masculinity can be referred to in the plural—as hegemonic masculini(ties).
    • we pay closer attention to how hegemonic masculinities are actively constructed in different contexts
    • achieve a more dynamic understanding of how systems of gender inequality are perpetuated and thus have a better understanding of how they may be challenged.