教学法 Unit 1

教学法 Unit 1的思维导图，有Views on language、Current theories about language learning、How can one become，快来看。

Unit 1

• Views on language
  • The structural view of language
    • Larsen-Freeman & Long, 1991
    • ~ sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：phonology(语言学), morphology(词形学), syntax（句法学).
    • When ~ was combined with stimulus-response principles of behaviouristic psychology, the audiolingual approach to language learning emerged.
  • The functional view of language
    • British linguists, in the 1960s
    • ~ not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things.
    • Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing.
  • The interactional view of language
    • ~ considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people
    • Learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.
• Current theories about language learning
  • ★ research on ~
    • the Natural Approach, Total Physical Response, and the Silent Way are based on one or more dimensions of processes and conditions.
    • process-oriented theories
      • how the mind organizes new information such as habit formation, induction(归纳，particular→specific), making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.
    • condition-oriented theories
      • emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere.
  • Behaviorist theory
    • Skinner
    • It is based on a stimulus-response theory of psychology.
      • stimulus, response, reinforcrment
    • language is also a form of behavior. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.
    • influential
      • audio-lingual method
        • constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected
  • Cognitive theory
    • Noam Chomsky
    • students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.
    • language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system.
    • A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.
    • influential
      • students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. (opp to the audio-lingual method) .
  • Constructive theory
    • John Dewey
    • learning is process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his or her own experiences and what he or she already known.
    • Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners.
  • Socio-constructive theory
    • Vygotsky (1978)
    • emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)” and scaffolding(support).
• What makes a good language teacher
  • ethic devotion
  • professional qualities
  • personal styles
• How can one become ~
  • the most important and difficult
    • the development of professional competence
  • Wallace(1991), uses a 'reflective model' to demostrate the development of professional competence.
    • language development
      • Stage 1
      • learning, practice, reflection
        • Stage 2
        • professional competence
          • Goal