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The Chemical Context of Life
matter
elements
classification
essential elements
trace elements
atom
subatomic particles
electrons
energy levels
potential energy
energy shells
valence electrons
valence shell
electron orbitals
atomic nucleus
neutrons
protons
number
atomic number
atomic mass
dalton
isotophes
radioactive tracers
radiometric dating
half-life
molecule
chemical bonds
convalent bonds
single bond
double bond
valence
nonpolar convalent bond
polar convalent bond
ionic bonds
cation
anion
hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interaction
shape and function
large biological molecule
polymer
macromolecules
monomers
dehydration reaction
hydrolysis
sugars
polysaccharides
disaccharides
monosaccharides
aldoses
ketoses
trioses
pentoses
hexoses
glycosidic linkage
storage
starch
glycogen
structure
cellulose
chitin
lipids
fats
fatty acid
saturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid
glycerols
trans fats
phospholipids
steroids
cholesterol
proteins
polypeptides
aminal acid monomers
peptide bond
function
primary structure
secondary structure
α helix
β pleated sheet
three-dementional shape
tertiary structure
hydrophobic interaction
disulfide bridge
quaternary structure
sickle-cell disease
nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acids
double helix
antiparallel
ribonucleic acids
polynucleotides
nucleotides
nitrogenous bases
pyrimidine
purines
deoxyribose
ribose
phosphate groups
enzymes
compounds
convalent compounds
water
cohension
surface tension
adhension
moderation of temperature
thermal energy
kinetic energy
temperature
heat
calorie
joule
specific heat
heat of vaporization
floating of ice on liquid water
the solvent of life
solution
solvent
solute
concentration
molecule mass
molarity
aqueous solution
hydrotion shell
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
acids and bases
hydrogen ion
hydroside ion
hydronium ion
butter
the ph scale
acidification
carbon
diversity
bonding to four other atoms
variation in carbon skeletons
hydrocarbons
isomers
structure isomers
cis-trans isomers
enantiomers
the formation of bonds with carbon
chemical groups
functional groups
adenosiane triphosphate(ATP)
ionic compounds
chemical reactions
reactants
products
reversible reaction
chemical equilibrium