The Chemical Context of Life

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The Chemical Context of Life

• matter
  • elements
    • classification
      • essential elements
      • trace elements
    • atom
      • subatomic particles
        • electrons
          • energy levels
            • potential energy
          • energy shells
            • valence electrons
              • valence shell
          • electron orbitals
        • atomic nucleus
          • neutrons
          • protons
      • number
        • atomic number
        • atomic mass
        • dalton
      • isotophes
        • radioactive tracers
          • radiometric dating
            • half-life
      • molecule
        • chemical bonds
          • • convalent bonds
              • single bond
              • double bond
              • valence
              • nonpolar convalent bond
              • polar convalent bond
          • ionic bonds
            • cation
            • anion
          • hydrogen bonds
          • Van der Waals interaction
        • shape and function
        • large biological molecule
          • polymer
            • macromolecules
              • monomers
                • dehydration reaction
              • hydrolysis
              • sugars
                • polysaccharides
                  • disaccharides
                    • monosaccharides
                      • aldoses
                      • ketoses
                      • trioses
                      • pentoses
                      • hexoses
                    • glycosidic linkage
                  • storage
                    • starch
                    • glycogen
                  • structure
                    • cellulose
                    • chitin
              • lipids
                • fats
                  • fatty acid
                    • saturated fatty acid
                    • unsaturated fatty acid
                  • glycerols
                  • trans fats
                • phospholipids
                • steroids
                  • cholesterol
              • proteins
                • polypeptides
                  • aminal acid monomers
                  • peptide bond
                • function
                • structure
                  • primary structure
                    • secondary structure
                      • α helix
                      • β pleated sheet
                      • three-dementional shape
                        • tertiary structure
                          • hydrophobic interaction
                          • disulfide bridge
                        • quaternary structure
                  • sickle-cell disease
              • nucleic acids
                • deoxyribonucleic acids
                  • structure
                    • double helix
                    • antiparallel
                • ribonucleic acids
                • polynucleotides
                  • nucleotides
                    • nitrogenous bases
                      • pyrimidine
                      • purines
                    • deoxyribose
                    • ribose
                    • phosphate groups
            • enzymes
  • compounds
    • convalent compounds
      • water
        • cohension
          • surface tension
        • adhension
        • moderation of temperature
          • thermal energy
            • kinetic energy
          • temperature
          • heat
            • calorie
            • joule
            • specific heat
            • heat of vaporization
        • floating of ice on liquid water
        • the solvent of life
          • solution
            • solvent
            • solute
              • concentration
                • molecule mass
                • molarity
            • aqueous solution
              • hydrotion shell
              • hydrophilic
              • hydrophobic
            • acids and bases
              • hydrogen ion
              • hydroside ion
              • hydronium ion
              • butter
              • the ph scale
        • acidification
      • carbon
        • diversity
          • bonding to four other atoms
          • variation in carbon skeletons
            • hydrocarbons
          • isomers
            • structure isomers
            • cis-trans isomers
            • enantiomers
        • the formation of bonds with carbon
        • chemical groups
          • functional groups
        • adenosiane triphosphate(ATP)
    • ionic compounds
  • chemical reactions
    • reactants
    • products
    • reversible reaction
      • chemical equilibrium